312
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Memorializing Violence: Identity, Temporality, and the “Vulnerability” of a Mythical Figure in State Graffiti

Works Cited

  • Abaza, Mona. “Walls, Segregating Downtown Cairo and the Mohammed Mahmud Street Graffiti.” Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 30, no. 1, 2012, pp. 122–39.
  • Abel, Ernest and Barbara Buckley. The Handwriting on the Wall: Toward a Sociology and Psychology of Graffiti. Connecticut Greenwood P, 1977.
  • Agbese, Pita. “The Political Economy of Militarization in Nigeria.” Africa Spectrum, vol. 25, no. 3, 1990, pp. 293–311.
  • Ahnert, Ruth. “Writing in the Tower of London during the Reformation, Ca. 1530–1558.” Huntington Library Quarterly, vol. 72, no. 2, 2009, pp. 168–92.
  • Alagoa, Ebiegberi. A History of the Niger Delta: A Historical Interpretation of Ijo Oral Tradition. Onyoma Research Publication, 2005.
  • Albert, Isaac. The Odi Massacre of 1999 in the Context of the Graffiti Left By the Invading Nigerian Army. U of Ibadan P, 2003.
  • Anderson, Martha G. “Bulletproof: Exploring the Warrior Ethos in Ijo Culture.” Ways of the Rivers: Arts and Environment of the Niger Delta. UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 2002.
  • Annegret, Steiger. “School Walls as Battle Grounds: Technologies of Power, Space and Identity.” Pedagogical Historical vol. 41, no. 4–5, 2005, pp. 555–69.
  • Baird, Jennifer and Taylor Claire. Ancient Graffiti in Context. Routledge, 2011.
  • Bates, Benjamin R. “Participatory Graffiti as Invitational Rhetoric: The Case of O Machismo.” Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, vol.18, no. 1, 2017, pp. 64–72.
  • Beroujon, Anne. “Lawful and Unlawful Writings in Lyon in the 17th Century.” The Anthropology of Writing: Understanding Textually Mediated Worlds, edited by David Barton and Utah Papen, Continuum, 2010, pp. 190–213.
  • Blair, Carole. “Contemporary U.S. Memorial Sites as Exemplars of Rhetoric’s Materiality.” Rhetorical Bodies, edited by Jack Selzer and Sharon Crowley. U of Wisconsin P, 1999, pp. 16–57.
  • Bodunrin, Itunu. “Rap, Graffiti and Social Media.” Media Development, vol. 61, no. 4, 2014, pp. 10–15.
  • Bush, Kenneth. “The Politics of Post-Conflict Space: The Mysterious Case of Missing Graffiti in ‘Post-Troubles’ Northern Ireland.” Contemporary Politics, vol. 19, no. 2, 2013, pp. 167–89.
  • Canwell, Diane, and Jonathan Sutherland. African Americans in the Vietnam War. World Almanac Library, 2005.
  • Chabal, Patrick. Power in Africa: An Essay in Political Interpretation. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Cochrane, Laura. “Bamba Merci: The Intersections of Political and Spiritual Graffiti in Senegal.” Journal of African Identities, vol. 14, no. 1, 2014, pp. 3–18.
  • D’Angelo, Frank. “Sacred Cows Make Great Hamburgers: The Rhetoric of Graffiti.” College Composition and Communication, vol. 25, no. 2,1974, pp. 173–80.
  • de Voogt, Alex and Hans-Jörg Döhla. “Nubian Graffiti Messages and the History of Writing in the Sudanese Nile Basin.” The Idea of Writing: Writing Across Borders, edited by Alex de Voogt and Joachim Friedrick Quack, 2012, Brill, pp. 53–68.
  • Dolmage, Jay. “Metis, Mêtis, Mestiza, Medusa: Rhetorical Bodies across Rhetorical Traditions.” Rhetoric Review, vol. 28, no. 1, 2009, pp. 1–28.
  • Donals, Bernard-Michael. “Ethos, Witness, and Holocaust ‘Testimony’: The Rhetoric of Fragments.” JAC, vol. 20, no. 3, 2000, pp. 565–82.
  • Edbauer, Jennifer. “(Meta)Physical Graffiti: Getting Up as Affective Writing Model.” JAC, vol. 25. no. 1, 2005, pp. 131–59.
  • Ellaway, Anne, et al. “Graffiti, Greenery, and Obesity in Adults: Secondary Analysis of European Cross Sectional Survey.” BMJ, vol. 331, no. 7517, 2005, pp. 611–12.
  • ERA Field Report. “A Compendium of Graffiti Left Behind at Odi by Invading Nigerian Soldiers.” Web. 25 Dec. 1999.
  • Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Random House, 1995.
  • Gomez, Marisa A. The Writing on our Walls: Finding Solutions through Distinguishing Graffiti Art from Graffiti Vandalism. U of Michigan P, 1992, pp. 633–707.
  • Gonos, George et al. “Anonymous Expression: A Structural View of Graffiti.” The Journal of American Folklore, vol. 89, no. 351, 1976, pp. 40–48.
  • Grieb, Kenneth J. “The Writing on the Walls: Graffiti as Government Propaganda in Mexico.” The Journal of Popular Culture, vol. 18, no. 1, 1984, pp. 78–91.
  • Gross, Daniel and Gross, T. “Tagging: Changing Visual Patterns and the Rhetorical Implications of a New Form of Graffiti.” A Review of General Semantics, vol. 50, no. 3, 1993, pp. 250–64.
  • Hanauer, David. “The Discursive Construction of the Separation Wall at Abu Dis: Graffiti as Political Discourse.” Journal of Language and Politics, vol. 10, no. 3, 2011, pp. 301–21.
  • Hanauer, David.. “Silence, Voice and Erasure: Psychological Embodiment in Graffiti at the Site of Rabins’ Assassination.” The Arts in Psychotherapy, vol. 31, no. 1, 2004, pp. 29–35.
  • Hawhee, Debra. Bodily Arts: Rhetoric and Athletics in Ancient Greece. U of Texas P, 2005.
  • Joab-Peterside, Sofiri. “On the Militarization of Nigeria’s Niger Delta: The Genesis of Ethnic Militia in Rivers State.” African Conflict Profile, vol. 1, no. 2, 2004, pp. 40–45.
  • Khosravi, Shahram. “Graffiti in Tehran.” Anthropology Now, vol. 5, no. 1, 2013, pp. 1–17.
  • Lennon, John. “Assembling a Revolution: Graffiti, Cairo and the Arab Spring.” Cultural Studies Review, vol. 20, no.1, 2014, pp. 237–75.
  • Ley, David and Roman Cybriwsky. “Urban Graffiti as Territorial Markers.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 64, no. 4, 1974, pp. 491–505.
  • Luckham, Robin. “The Military, Militarization and Democratization in Africa: A Survey of Literature and Issues.” African Studies Review, vol. 37, no. 2, 1994, pp. 13–75.
  • Mackay, Taryn Jeanie. Reading Rebellion: Hip Hop Graffiti Art as a Public Literacy Text: The Case of mak1one, Cape Town, South Africa. 2016, University of Witwatersrand, PhD dissertation.
  • McAtackney, Laura. “Graffiti Revelations and the Changing Meanings of Kilmainham Gaol in (Post)Colonial Ireland.” International Journal of Historical Archaeology, vol. 20, no.3, 2016, pp. 492–505.
  • Merrill, S., & Hack, H. “Exploring Hidden Narratives: Conscript Graffiti at the Former Military Base of Kummersdorf.” Journal of Social Archaeology, vol. 13, no. 1, 2013, pp. 101–21.
  • Nilsen, Don L. F. “The Grammar of Graffiti.” American Speech, vol. 55, no.3, 1980, pp. 234–39.
  • Nwoye, Onuigbo. “Social Issues on Walls: Graffiti in University Lavatories.” Discourse and Society, vol. 4, no. 4, 1993, pp. 419–42.
  • Obeng, Samuel Gyasi. “Doing Politics on Walls and Doors: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Graffiti in Legon (Ghana).” Multilingua: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, vol. 19, no. 4, 2000, pp. 337–66.
  • Obiozor, William. “Language and Graffiti of Exceptional Individuals: Pedagogical Strategies in West Africa.” African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, 2008, pp. 1–34.
  • Omeje, Kenneth. “The Egbesu and Bakassi Boys: African Spiritism and the Mystical Re-traditionalisation of Security.” Civil Militia: Africa’s Intractable Security Menace?, edited by David J. Francis, Ashgate, 2005, pp. 71–88.
  • Penfold, Tom. “Writing the City from Below: Graffiti in Johannesburg.” Current Writing: Text and Reception in Southern Africa, vol. 29, no. 2, 2017, pp. 141–52.
  • Peteet, Julie. “The Writing on the Walls: The Graffiti of the Intifada.” Cultural Anthropology, vol. 11. no. 2, 1996, pp. 139–59.
  • Roberts, Allen F., and Mary Nooter. Roberts. “Mystical Graffiti and the Refabulation of Dakar.” Africa Today, vol. 54, no. 2, 2007, pp. 50–77.
  • Rodriguez, Amardo, and Robin Patric Clair. “Graffiti as Communication: Exploring the Discursive Tensions of Anonymous Texts.” Southern Communication Journal, vol. 65, no.1, 1999, pp.1–15.
  • Russell, Emma. “Writing on the Wall: The Form, Function, and the Meaning of Tagging.” Journal of Occupational Science, vol.15, no.2, 2008, pp. 87–97.
  • Sanmartín, Patricia, et al. “Current Methods of Graffiti Removal: A Review.” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 71, no.1, 2014, pp. 363–74.
  • Sheon, Aaron. “The Discovery of Graffiti.” Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, 1976, pp. 16–22.
  • Taylor, Francesca. “Fela!”: Fela Kuti, Bill T. Jones, and the Marketing of Black Masculine Excess on Broadway.” Biography, vol. 34, no. 3, 2011, pp. 492–517.
  • Taylor, Myra F., and Umneea Khan. “A Comparison of Police Processing Reports for Juvenile Graffiti Offenders: Societal Implications.” Police Practice and Research, vol. 14, no. 5, 2013, pp. 371–85.
  • Thomas, Kette. “Haitian Zombie, Myth, and Modern Identity.” Comparative Literature and Culture, vol. 12, no. 2, 2010, pp.1–9.
  • Urbain, Olivier and Lindsay Opiyo. “Introduction: Creative Approaches to Transforming Conflict in Africa.” African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015, pp. 1–17.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.