Gender identity disorder in boys: The interface of constitution and early experience

References

• Bates , J. E. , Bentler , P. M. and Thompson , S. K. 1979 . Gender‐deviant boys compared with normal and clinical control boys . J. Abnormal Child Psychol. , 7 : 243 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , A. P. , Weinberg , M. S. and Hammersmith , S. K. 1981 . Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women , Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bem , S. 1989 . Genital knowledge and gender constancy in preschool children . Child Development , 60 : 649 – 662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin , J. 1988 . The Bonds of Love , New York : Pantheon .
   Google Scholar
• Biederman , J. , Rosenbaum , J. F. , Bolduc‐Murphy , E. A. , Faraone , S. , Chaloff , J. , Hirshfeld , D. R. and Kagan , J. 1993 . A 3‐year follow‐up of children with and without behavioral inhibition . J. Amer. Acad. Child Adol. Psychiat. , 32 : 814 – 821 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1969 . Attachment and Loss , Vol. 1 , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , S. J. 1985 . “ Gender disorders in childhood: A formulation ” . In Gender Dysphoria , Edited by: Samson , J. 175 – 188 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ , Doering , R. W. , Zucker , K. J. , Finegan , J. K. and Gonda , G. M. 1980 . “ Assessment of the gender‐disturbed child: A comparison to sibling and psychiatric controls ” . In Childhood and Sexuality , Edited by: Samson , J. 554 – 568 . Montreal, , Canada : Editions Etudes Vivantes .
   Google Scholar
• Byne , W. and Parsons , B. 1993 . Human sexual orientation: The biologic theories reappraised . Arch. Gen. Psychiat. , 50 : 228 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodorow , N. 1978 . The Reproduction of Mothering , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coates , S. 1992 . “ The etiology of boyhood gender identity disorder: An integrative model ” . In Interface of Psychoanalysis and Psychology , Edited by: Barren , J. W. , Eagle , M. N. and Wolitzky , D. L. 245 – 265 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• _____ and Person , E. S. 1985 . Extreme boyhood femininity: Isolated finding or pervasive disorder? . J. Amer. Acad. Child Psychiat. , 24 : 702 – 709 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• _____ , Friedman , R. C. and Wolfe , S. 1991 . The etiology of boyhood gender identity disorder: A model for integrating psychodynamics, temperament and development . Psychoanal. Dial. , 1 : 341 – 383 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ , Hahn‐Burke , S. and Wolfe , S. Do boys with gender identity disorder have a shy, inhibited temperament? . Presentation at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . October , New York.
   Google Scholar
• _____ , Wolfe , S. , Hahn‐Burke , S. , Shindledecker , R. and Neirenberg , O. Sensory reactivity in boys with gender identity disorder: A comparison with matched controls . Presentation at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . October , New York.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , A. 1987 . “ How to do the history of psychoanalysis: A reading of Freud's Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality ” . In The Trial(s) of Psychoanalysis , Edited by: Meltzer , F. 39 – 64 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dimen , M. 1986 . Surviving Sexual Contradictions , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Dinnerstein , D. 1976 . The Mermaid and the Minotaur , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• DiPietro , J. A. 1981 . Rough and tumble play: A function of gender . Devel. Psychol , 4 : 429 – 433 .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. and Baker , S. W. 1974 . “ Fetal androgens, human central nervous system differentiation, and behavioral sex differences ” . In Sex Differences in Behavior , Edited by: Friedman , R. C. , Ricart , R. M. and Van de Wiele , R. L. 33 – 51 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• _____ and Meyer‐Bahlburg , H. F. L. 1981 . Effects of prenatal sex hormones on gender‐related behavior . Science , 211 : 1312 – 1318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emch , M. 1944 . On the “need to know” as related to identification and acting out . Internat. J. Psycho‐Anal. , 25 : 13 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Emde , R. N. 1980 . “ Emotional availability: A reciprocal reward system for infants and parents with implications for prevention of psychosocial disorders ” . In Parent‐Infant Relationships , Edited by: Taylor , P. M. 87 – 115 . Orlando, FL : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1983 . “ The prerepresentational self and its affective core ” . In The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1988a . Development terminable and interminable I . Internat. J. Psycho‐Anal. , 69 : 23 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1988b . Development terminable and interminable II . Internat. J. Psycho‐Anal. , 69 : 283 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagot , B. I. 1989 . Cross‐gender behavior and its consequences for boys . Italian J. Clinical Cultural Psychol. , : 79 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ and Leinbach , M. D. 1993 . Gender‐role development in young children: From discrimination to labeling . Devel. Rev. , 13 : 205 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fast , I. 1984 . Gender Identity , Hillsdale, NJ : The Analytic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy , P. 1991 . Thinking about thinking: Some clinical and theoretical considerations in the treatment of a borderline patient . Internat. J. Psycho‐Anal. , 72 : 1 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , R. C. 1988 . Male Homosexuality , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ and Downey , J. 1993 . Neurobiology and sexual orientation: Current relationships . J. Neuropsychiat. , 5 : 131 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghent , E. 1990 . Masochism, submission, surrender: Masochism as a perversion of surrender . Contemp. Psychoanal. , 26 : 108 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1994 . Empathy—Whence and whither? Commentary on papers by Kiersky and Beebe, Hayes, and Feiner and Kiersky . Psychoanal. Dial. , 4 : 473 – 486 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldner , V. 1991 . Toward a critical relationship theory of gender . Psychoanal. Dial , 1 : 249 – 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , A. 1986 . “ The dead mother ” . In On Private Madness , 142 – 173 . Madison, CT : IUP .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. 1974 . Sexual Identity Conflicts in Children and Adults , Baltimore, MD : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• _____ and Money , J. 1966 . Stage‐acting, role‐taking, and effeminate impersonation during boyhood . Arch. Gen. Psychiat. , 15 : 535 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ , Neuberg , D. S. and Finch , S. J. 1983 . Sex‐typed motor behaviors of “feminine” boys, conventionally masculine boys, and conventionally feminine girls . Sex Roles , 9 : 571 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenson , R. 1968 . Dis‐identifying from mother . Internat. J. Psycho‐Anal. , 49 : 370 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , A. 1991 . Gender as contradiction . Psychoan. Dial , 1 : 197 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Herzog , J. M. 1982 . “ On affect hunger: The father's role in the modulation of aggressive drive and fantasy ” . In Father and Child , Edited by: Cath , S. H. , Gurwitt , A. K. and Ross , J. M. 163 – 174 . Boston : Little Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Kagan , J. 1989 . Unstable Ideas: Temperament, Cognition and Self , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kochanska , G. 1991 . Patterns of inhibition to the unfamiliar in children of normal and affectively ill mothers . Child Devel , 62 : 250 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlberg , L. A. 1966 . “ A cognitive‐developmental analysis of children's sex‐role concepts and attitudes ” . In The Development of Sex Differences , Edited by: Maccoby , E. E. Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krafft‐Ebing von , R. 1902 . Psychopathic Sexualis , Edited by: Wedeck , H. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons . 1965
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , D. , Nash , S. and Bracken , L. 1978 . Sex role concepts of two‐ and three‐year‐olds . Child Devel. , 49 : 445 – 451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachman , F. M. and Beebe , B. 1992 . “ Reformulations of early development and transference: Implications for psychic structure formation ” . In Interface of Psychoanalysis and Psychology , Edited by: Barron , J. W. , Eagle , M. N. and Wolitzky , D. L. 133 – 153 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , M. 1975 . Early sex differences in the human: Studies of socioemotional development . Arch. Sexual Behav. , 4 : 329 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry , C. B. and Zucker , K. J. Is there an association between separation anxiety disorder and gender identity disorder in boys? . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology . Zandvoort, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. E. 1990 . Gender and relationships . Amer. Psychologist , 45 : 513 – 520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marantz , S. and Coates , S. 1991 . Mothers of boys with gender identity disorder: A comparison to normal controls . J. Amer. Acad. Child Adol. Psychiat. , 30 : 136 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J. 1975 . Psychoanalysis and Feminism , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Moll , A. 1907 . The Sexual Life of the Child , New York : Macmillan . 1912
   Google Scholar
• Moller , L. C. , Gulko , J. and Serbin , L. A. 1988–89 . “ Same‐sex affiliation in preschoolers: Influence of behavioral compatibility ” . In Centre for Research in Human Development Research Bulletins , Vol. 7 , Montreal, , Canada : Concordia University Press . No. 5
   Google Scholar
• Money , J. , ed. 1965 . Sex Research: New Developments , New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1973 . Gender role, gender identity, core gender identity: Usage and definition of terms . J. Amer. Acad. Psychoanal. , 1 : 397 – 403 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ and Ehrhardt , A. A. 1972 . Man and Woman, Boy and Girl , Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ , Hampson , J. G. and Hampson , J. I. 1955a . An examination of basic sexual concepts: The evidence of human hermaphroditism . Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. , 97 : 301 – 319 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• _____ , _____ and _____ . 1955b . Hermaphroditism: Recommendations concerning assignment of sex, change of sex, and psychologic management . Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. , 97 : 284 – 300 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moss , H. 1967 . Sex, age and state as determinants of mother‐infant interaction . Merrill‐Palmer Quart. , 13 : 19 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , L. , Kempton , C. , Woolgar , M. and Hooper , R. 1993 . Depressed mothers’ speech to their infants and its relation to infant gender and cognitive development . J. Child Psychol. Psy‐chiat. , 34 : 1083 – 1101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osofsky , J. D. and O'Connell , E. J. 1977 . Patterning of newborn behavior in an urban population . Child Develop. , 48 : 532 – 536 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Person , E. 1980 . Sexuality as the mainstay of identity . Signs , 5 : 605 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoenix , C. H. , Goy , C. W. and Gerall , A. A. 1959 . Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone proprionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig . Endocrinology , 65 : 369 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saghir , M. T. and Robins , E. 1973 . Male and Female Homosexuality , Baltimore, MD : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Slade , A. and Aber , J. L. 1992 . “ Attachments, drives, and development: Conflicts and convergences in theory ” . In Interface of Psychoanalysis and Psychology , Edited by: Barron , J. W. , Eagle , M. N. and Wolitzky , D. L. 154 – 185 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Sroufe , L. S. 1985 . Attachment classification from the perspective of infant‐caregiver relationships and infant temperament . Child Devel. , 56 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , D. 1985 . The Interpersonal World of the Infant , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Stoller , R. J. 1968 . Sex and Gender , Vol. 1 , New York : Science House .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1975 . Sex and Gender , Vol. 2 , London : Hogarth Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1985 . Presentations of Gender , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Suomi , S. J. 1991a . “ Primate separation models of affective disorders ” . In Neurobiology of Learning, Emotion and Affect , Edited by: Madden , John IV . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1991b . “ Early stress and adult emotional reactivity in rhesus monkeys ” . In The Childhood Environment and Adult Disease , Ciba Foundation Symposium Monograph No. 156 171 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Tyson , P. 1982 . A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of love object . J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn. , 30 : 61 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , I. L. 1984 . The prenatal stress syndrome: Current status . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 9 : 3 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg , M. K. and Tronick , E. Z. Sex differences in emotional expression and affective regulation in 6‐month‐old infants . Presentation at the annual meeting of the American Pediatric Society and the Society for Pediatric Research . May , Baltimore, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , S. 1990 . Psychopathology and psychodynamics of parents of boys with a gender identity disorder , City University of New York . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Zeanah , C. H. , Anders , T. F. , Seifer , R. and Stern , D. 1989 . Implications of research on infant development for psychodynamic theory and practice . Amer. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiat. , 28 : 657 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. and Green , R. 1992 . Psychosexual disorders in children and adolescents . J. Child Psychol. Psychiat. , 33 : 107 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ , Wild , J. , Bradley , S. J. and Lowry , C. B. 1992 . Physical attractiveness of boys with gender identity disorder . Arch. Sexual Behav. , 22 : 33 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Zuger , B. 1988 . Is early effeminate behavior in boys early homosexuality? . Comprehen. Psy‐chiat. , 29 : 509 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar