Who has more walkable routes to parks? An environmental justice study of Safe Routes to Parks in neighborhoods of Los Angeles

References

• Active Transportation Alliance. (2012). Safe park zones: Crating safe park zones for communities in Illinois. Retrieved from http://atpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Creating-a-Safe-Park-Zone-for-Communities-in-Illinois-Active-Transportation-Alliance_BGW.pdf
   Google Scholar
• American Planning Association. (2015). Safe routes to parks. Retrieved from http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health/toolsforhealth/pdf/saferoutestoparks.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Barr, D. A. (2008). Health disparities in the United States: Social class, race, ethnicity, and health. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blanck, H. M., Allen, D., Bashir, Z., Gordon, N., Goodman, A., Merriam, D., & Rutt, C. (2012). Let’s go to the park today: The role of parks in obesity prevention and improving the public’s health. Childhood Obesity, 8, 423–428. doi:10.1089/chi.2012.0085.blan
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone, C. G., Buckley, G. L., Grove, J. M., & Sister, C. (2009). Parks and people: An environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99, 767–787. doi:10.1080/00045600903102949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla, L. (2015). Benefits of nature contact for children. Journal of Planning Literature, 30, 433–452. doi:10.1177/0885412215595441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• City of Los Angeles. (2016). Los Angeles GeoHub. Retrieved from http://geohub.lacity.org/
   Google Scholar
• City of Los Angeles. (n.d.). Vision Zero Los Angeles—2015–2025. Retrieved from http://visionzero.lacity.org/
   Google Scholar
• City of New York. (2015). Vision Zero year two: Year end review. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/visionzero/assets/vz-year-end-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Clifton, K. J., Livi Smith, A. D., & Rodriguez, D. (2007). The development and testing of an audit for the pedestrian environment. Landscape and Urban Planning, 80, 95–110. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombes, E., Jones, A. P., & Hillsdon, M. (2010). The relationship of physical activity and overweight to objectively measured green space accessibility and use. Social Science and Medicine, 70, 816–822. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutts, B. B., Darby, K. J., Boone, C. G., & Brewis, A. (2009). City structure, obesity, and environmental justice: An integrated analysis of physical and social barriers to walkable streets and park access. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 1314–1322. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dills, J. E., Rutt, C. D., & Mumford, K. G. (2012). Objectively measuring route-to-park walkability in Atlanta, Georgia. Environment & Behavior, 44, 841–860. doi:10.1177/0013916511404409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolesh, R. J. (2005, December). Advocacy update: Routes to school provide funding: Providing safe routes to and from school creates funding opportunities for parks and recreation. Parks & Recreation, 14.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, S., Kelly-Schwartz, A., Schlossberg, M., & Stockard, J. (2005). Active community environments and health: The relationship of walkable and safe communities to individual health. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72, 19–31. doi:10.1080/01944360608976721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayish, A. C., & Gross, F. (2010). Safety effectiveness of leading pedestrian intervals evaluated by a before–after study with comparison groups. Transportation Research Record, 2198, 15–22. doi:10.3141/2198-03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferenchak, N. N., & Marshall, W. E. (2017). Redefining the child pedestrian safety paradigm: Identifying high fatality concentrations in urban areas. Injury Prevention. Advance online publication. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. D., Richardson, S., & Hosier, A. S. (2010). Reliability test of an established pedestrian environment audit in rural settings. American Journal of Health Promotion, 25, 134–137. doi:10.4278/ajhp.081218-ARB-311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, L. D., Schmid, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Chapman, J., & Saelens, B. E. (2005). Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: Findings from SMARTRAQ. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(Suppl. 2), 117–125. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles-Corti, B., & Donovan, R. J. (2002). Socioeconomic status differences in recreational physical activity levels and real and perceived access to a supportive physical environment. Preventive Medicine, 35, 601–611. doi:10.1006/pmed.2002.1115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GP RED. (n.d.). Safe routes to play. Retrieved from http://www.gpred.org/initiatives/safe-routes-to-play/
   Google Scholar
• Grow, H. M., Saelens, B. E., Kerr, J., Durant, N. H., Norman, G. J., & Sallis, J. F. (2008). Where are youth active? Roles of proximity, active transport, and built environment. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40, 2071–2079. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181817baa
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heynen, N., Perkins, H. A., & Roy, P. (2006). The political ecology of uneven urban green space: The impact of political economy on race and ethnicity in producing environmental inequality in Milwaukee. Urban Affairs Review, 42, 3–25. doi:10.1177/1078087406290729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoehner, C. M., Brennan Ramirez, L. K., Elliott, M. B., Handy, S. L., & Brownson, R. C. (2005). Perceived and objective environmental measures and physical activity among urban adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(Suppl. 2), 105–116. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoehner, C. M., Handy, S. L., Yan, Y., Blair, S. N., & Berrigan, D. (2011). Association between neighborhood walkability, cardiorespiratory fitness and body-mass index. Social Science and Medicine, 73, 1707–1716. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jago, R., Thompson, J. L., Page, A. S., Brockman, R., Cartwright, K., & Fox, K. R. (2009). Licence to be active: Parental concerns and 10–11-year-old children’s ability to be independently physically active. Journal of Public Health, 31, 472–477. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdp053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerrett, M., Su, J. G., Macleod, K. E., Hanning, C., Houston, D., & Wolch, J. (2016). Safe routes to play? Pedestrian and bicyclist crashes near parks in Los Angeles. Environmental Research, 151, 742–755. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaczynski, A. T., Koohsari, M. J., Stanis, S. W., Bergstrom, R., & Sugiyama, T. (2014). Association of street connectivity and road traffic speed with park usage and park-based physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 28, 197–203. doi:10.4278/ajhp.120711-QUAN-339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, C. M., Schootman, M., Baker, E. A., Barnidge, E. K., & Lemes, A. (2007). The association of sidewalk walkability and physical disorder with area-level race and poverty. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 978–983. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.054775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, C. M., Wilson, J. S., Baker, E. A., Miller, D. K., & Schootman, M. (2013). Using Google Street View to audit the built environment: Inter-rater reliability results. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45(Suppl. 1), 108–112. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9419-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C., & Moudon, A. V. (2006). The 3Ds + R: Quantifying land use and urban form correlates of walking. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 11, 204–215. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2006.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, R. P., & Hynes, H. P. (2009). Obesity, physical activity, and the urban environment: Public health research needs. In H. P. Hynes & R. P. Lopez (Eds.), Urban health: Readings in the social, built, and physical environments of U.S. cities (pp. 169–181). Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
   Google Scholar
• Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2006). Is it safe to walk? Neighborhood safety and security considerations and their effects on walking. Journal of Planning Literature, 20, 219–232. doi:10.1177/0885412205282770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukaitou-Sideris, A., & Sideris, A. (2009). What brings children to the park? Analysis and measurement of the variables affecting children’s use of parks. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76, 89–107. doi:10.1080/01944360903418338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukaitou-Sideris, A., & Stieglitz, O. (2002). Children in Los Angeles parks: A study of equity, quality and children’s satisfaction with neighbourhood parks. Town Planning Review, 73, 467–488. doi:10.3828/tpr.73.4.5
   Google Scholar
• McCormack, G. R., Rock, M., Toohey, A. M., & Hignell, D. (2010). Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research. Health & Place, 16, 712–726. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennis, J. L. (2006). Socioeconomic–vegetation relationships in urban, residential land: The case of Denver, Colorado. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 72, 911–921. doi:10.14358/PERS.72.8.911
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Recreation and Park Association. (2015). Safe routes to parks: Improving access to parks through walkability. Retrieved from http://www.nrpa.org/uploadedFiles/nrpa.org/Publications_and_Research/Research/Papers/Park-Access-Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nehme, E. K., Oluyomi, A. O., Calise, T. V., & Kohl, H. W. (2016). Environmental correlates of recreational walking in the neighborhood. American Journal of Health Promotion, 30, 139–148. doi:10.4278/ajhp.130531-QUAN-281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. Journal of the American Medical Association, 311, 806–814. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, A. A., Besenyi, G. M., Kaczynski, A. T., Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., Blake, C. E., & Barr-Anderson, D. J. (2015). Investigating issues of environmental injustice in neighborhoods surrounding parks. Journal of Leisure Research, 47, 285–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, L. L., Orsega-Smith, E., Roy, M., & Godbey, G. C. (2005). Local park use and personal health among older adults: An exploratory study. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 23(2), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Pikora, T., Giles-Corti, B., Bull, F., Jamrozik, K., & Donovan, R. (2003). Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling. Social Science & Medicine, 56, 1693–1703. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00163-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigolon, A. (2016). A complex landscape of inequity in access to urban parks: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 153, 160–169. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez, D. A., Brisson, E. M., & Estupiñán, N. (2009). The relationship between segment-level built environment attributes and pedestrian activity around Bogota’s BRT stations. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 14, 470–478. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2009.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero, A. J. (2005). Low-income neighborhood barriers and resources for adolescents’ physical activity. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 253–259. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.02.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundle, A. G., Bader, M. D. M., Richards, C. A., Neckerman, K. M., & Teitler, J. O. (2011). Using Google Street View to audit neighborhood environments. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40, 94–100. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Frank, L. D. (2003). Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 80–91. doi:10.1207/S15324796ABM2502_03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., & Fisher, E. B. (2008). Ecological models of health behavior. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 465–485). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Sallis, J. F., Slymen, D. J., Conway, T. L., Frank, L. D., Saelens, B. E., Cain, K., & Chapman, J. E. (2011). Income disparities in perceived neighborhood built and social environment attributes. Health and Place, 17, 1274–1283. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stodolska, M., Shinew, K. J., Acevedo, J. C., & Roman, C. G. (2013). “I was born in the hood”: Fear of crime, outdoor recreation and physical activity among Mexican-American urban adolescents. Leisure Sciences, 35, 1–15. doi:10.1080/01490400.2013.739867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2014). American Community Survey. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, K. B., Kaczynski, A. T., Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., Besenyi, G. M., Bergstrom, R., & Heinrich, K. M. (2013). Exploring the distribution of park availability, features, and quality across Kansas City, Missouri by income and race/ethnicity: An environmental justice investigation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45(Suppl. 1), S28–S38. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9425-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veitch, J., Bagley, S., Ball, K., & Salmon, J. (2006). Where do children usually play? A qualitative study of parents’ perceptions of influences on children’s active free-play. Health and Place, 12, 383–393. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities “just green enough.” Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234–244. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolch, J. R., Jerrett, M., Reynolds, K., McConnell, R., Chang, R., Dahmann, N., …, Berhane, K. (2011). Childhood obesity and proximity to urban parks and recreational resources: A longitudinal cohort study. Health & Place, 17, 207–214. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolch, J. R., Wilson, J. P., & Fehrenbach, J. (2005). Parks and park funding in Los Angeles: An equity-mapping analysis. Urban Geography, 26, 4–35. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.26.1.4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zick, C. D., Smith, K. R., Fan, J. X., Brown, B. B., Yamada, I., & Kowaleski-Jones, L. (2009). Running to the store? The relationship between neighborhood environments and the risk of obesity. Social Science and Medicine, 69, 1493–1500. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, S. (2015, October). Safe routes to school national partnership: Working to make underserved communities safer for walking and biking. Parks & Recreation, 24–25.
   Google Scholar