The gerrymandering of cities and the politics of racial exclusion: Evidence from a spatial typology of municipal boundary changes

References

• Aiken, C. S. (1987). Race as a factor in municipal underbounding. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77(4), 564–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00181.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. W. (2008). Cities inside out: Race, poverty, and exclusion at the urban fringe. 55 UCLA Law Review, 1095–1160.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. W. (2010). Mapped out of local democracy. Stanford Law Review, 62(4), 931–1004. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1531888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumle, A. K., Fossett, M., & Warren, W. (2008). Strategic annexation under the Voting Rights Act: Racial dimensions of annexation practices. Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal, 24, 81–116. https://harvardblackletter.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2012/11/vol24/Baumle.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Blair, J. P., Staley, S. R., & Zhang, Z. C. (1996). The central city elasticity hypothesis—A critical appraisal of Rusk’s theory of urban development. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(3), 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369608975699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, M. A. (2015). Metropolitan secession and the space of color-blind racism in Atlanta. Journal of Urban Affairs, 37(4), 436–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durst, N. J. (2014). Municipal annexation and the selective underbounding of colonias in Texas’ Lower Rio Grande Valley. Environment and Planning A, 46(7), 1699–1715. https://doi.org/10.1068/a130038p
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durst, N. J. (2018). Racial gerrymandering of municipal borders: Direct democracy, participatory democracy, and voting rights in the United States. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108(4), 938–954. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1403880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durst, N. J. (2019). Race and municipal annexation after the Voting Rights Act. Journal of the American Planning Association, 85(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2018.1556113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, M. M. (2008). Understanding the complexities of annexation. Journal of Planning Literature, 23(2), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412208322921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal, C., Rice, S. S., Mann, J., & Tran, J. (2013). California unincorporated: Mapping disadvantaged communities in the San Joaquin Valley. PolicyLink. http://www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/CAUNINCORPORATED_FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gillette, C. P. (2005). Voting with your hands: Direct democracy in annexation. Southern California Law Review, 78(4), 835–868. https://southerncalifornialawreview.com/2005/05/13/voting-with-your-hands-direct-democracy-in-annexation-article-by-clayton-p-gillette/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, C. B. (2019). Local government fragmentation: What do we know? State and Local Government Review, 51(2), 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160323X19856933
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, C. B. (2020). Political fragmentation and economic growth in U.S. metropolitan areas. Journal of Urban Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1742578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim, C. E. (2012). Border wars: Tax revenues, annexation, and urban growth in Phoenix. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 36(4), 831–859. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01045.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell-Moroney, M. (2008). The Tiebout hypothesis 50 years later: Lessons and lingering challenges for metropolitan governance in the 21st century. Public Administration Review, 68(1), 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00840.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. H., Parnell, A., Joyner, A. M., Christman, C. J., & Marsh, B. (2004). Racial apartheid in a small North Carolina town. The Review of Black Political Economy, 31(2), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-004-1012-4
   Google Scholar
• Kübler, D. (2018). Citizenship in the fragmented metropolis: An individual-level analysis from Switzerland. Journal of Urban Affairs, 40(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, B. D. (2017). Does local government proliferation improve public service delivery? Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Urban Affairs, 39(8), 1047–1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1323544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichter, D. T., Parisi, D., Grice, S. M., & Taquino, M. (2007a). Municipal underbounding: Annexation and racial exclusion in small Southern towns. Rural Sociology, 72(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1526/003601107781147437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichter, D. T., Parisi, D., Grice, S. M., & Taquino, M. C. (2007b). National estimates of racial segregation in rural and small-town America. Demography, 44(3), 563–581. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2007.0030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichter, D. T., Parisi, D., Taquino, M. C., & Grice, S. M. (2010). Residential segregation in new Hispanic destinations: Cities, suburbs, and rural communities compared. Social Science Research, 39(2), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey, G., Palmer, J., Paris, S., Gilles, G. J., Craig, S. A., Fernandez, M. J., Beery, J., Williams, L., & Boehm, P. (1998). Annexation in Indiana: Issues and options. Center for Urban Policy and the Environment ~ School of Public and Environmental Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Liner, G. H., & McGregor, R. R. (2002). Optimal annexation. Applied Economics, 34(1993), 1477–1485. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110108035
   Google Scholar
• Manson, S., Schroeder, J., Van Riper, D., Kugler, T., & Ruggles, S. (2020). IPUMS national historical geographic information system: Version 15.0 [dataset]. IPUMS. https://doi.org/10.18128/D050.V15.0
   Google Scholar
• McCrary, P. (2014). The interaction of policy and law: How the courts came to treat annexations under the Voting Rights Act. Journal of Policy History, 26(4), 429–458. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030614000219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNaughton, G. T. (1975). Annexation and the jurisdictional attack in Indiana: The city comes to visit. Indiana Law Journal, 50(2), 403–420. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol50/iss2/12/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meligrana, J. (2007). Testing the elastic-cities concept within a nonmetropolitan environment: Evidence from British Columbia, Canada, 1971 to 2001. Environment and Planning A, 39(3), 700–727. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3849
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mothorpe, C., Woolsey, W. W., & Sobel, R. S. (2020). Do political motivations and strategic considerations influence municipal annexation patterns ? Public Choice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-020-00833-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhija, V., & Mason, D. R. (2013). Reluctant cities, colonias and municipal underbounding in the US: Can cities be convinced to annex poor enclaves? Urban Studies, 50(14), 2959–2975. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013482503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Municipal Annexation or Contraction Act, ss. 171.011 (2019) (Fl.) http://www.leg.state.fl.us/STATUTES
   Google Scholar
• Naman, J. M., & Gibson, J. M. (2015). Disparities in water and sewer services in North Carolina: An analysis of the decision-making process. American Journal of Public Health, 105(10), e20–e26. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, L. (1992). Rethinking municipal annexation powers. The Urban Lawyer, 24(2), 247–303. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27894759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusk, D. (1993). Cities without suburbs. Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, M. (1989). The competitive city: The political economy of suburbia. University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steinbauer, P. E., Hudson, B. J., Hayes, H. W., & Facer, R. L. I. (2002). An assessment of municipal annexation in Georgia and the United States: A search for policy guidance. Carl Vinson Institute of Government, The University of Georgia.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. D., Faulk, D., & Schaal, P. M. (2017). Where are the cost savings in city–county consolidation? Journal of Urban Affairs, 39(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiebout, C. M. (1956). A pure theory of local expenditures. The Journal of Political Economy, 64(5), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1086/257839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tkacheva, O. (2008). New cities, local officials, and municipal incorporation laws: A supply-side model of city formation. Journal of Urban Affairs, 30(2), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00385.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trounstine, J. (2018). Segregation by design: Local politics and inequality in American cities. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tyson, C. J. (2012). Localism and involuntary annexation: Reconsidering approaches to new regionalism. Tulane Law Review, 87, 297–352. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2194012#
   Google Scholar
• Waldner, L., Stilwell, K., & Smith, R. M. (2019). Wither or thrive: Post hoc municipal incorporation outcomes in new cities of color. Journal of Urban Affairs, 41(6), 821–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2018.1555438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, B., & Edwards, M. M. (2014). Annexation and ethnicity in the American Midwest. Urban Affairs Review, 50(3), 417–447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087413485207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar