5,304
Views
173
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Kudzu (Pueraria montana): History, Physiology, and Ecology Combine to Make a Major Ecosystem Threat

&
Pages 401-413 | Published online: 10 Aug 2010

REFERENCES

  • Aber , J. , McDowell , W. , Nadelhoffer , K. , Magill , A. , Berntsen , G. , Kamakea , M. , McNulty , S. , Currie , W. , Rustad , L. and Fernandez , I. 1998 . Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems: hypotheses revisited . BioScience , 48 : 921 – 934 .
  • Abramovitz , J. N. 1983 . Pueraria lobata Willd. (Ohwi) Kudzu: Limitations to Sexual Reproduction , College Park, MD : University of Maryland . Master's Thesis
  • Allen , B. P. , Pauley , E. F. and Sharitz , R. R. 1997 . Hurricane impacts on liana populations in an old-growth southeastern bottomland forest . J. Torrey Botanical Society , 124 : 34 – 42 .
  • Archibold , O. W. 1995 . Ecology of World Vegetation , New York : Chapman & Hall .
  • Bailey , R. Y. 1939 . Kudzu for erosion control in the Southeast , USDA . #1840
  • Bailey , R. Y. 1944 . Is it true … what they say about Kudzu? Seed of phenomenal crop now available in limited quantities is now being increased . Southern Seedsman , 7 : 46 – 47 .
  • Baldocchi , D. , Guenther , A. , Harley , P. , Klinger , L. , Zimmerman , P. , Lamb , B. and Westberg , H. 1995 . The fluxes and air chemistry of isoprene above a deciduous hardwood forest . Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Series a—Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. , 351 : 279 – 296 .
  • Bazzaz , F. A. 1979 . The physiological ecology of plant succession . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 10 : 351 – 371 .
  • Benjamin , M. T. , Sudol , M. , Bloch , L. and Winer , A. M. 1996 . Low-emitting urban forests: a taxonomic methodology for assigning isoprene and monoterpene emission rates . Atmos. Environ. , 30 : 1437 – 1452 .
  • Bennett , H. W. 1940 . Acid Treatment or Scarifying Improves Kudzu Germination , Starkville, MS : Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station Farm Research .
  • Bergmann , C. and Swearingen , J. M. 2003 . Kudzu (Pueraria Montana var lobata) , Plant Conservation Alliance Alien Plant Working Group . Available at
  • Blackwell , J. 1975 . The vine that ate the south . Plants Gardens , 30 : 29 – 30 .
  • Blaustein , R. J. 2001 . “ Kudzu's invasion into Southern United States life and culture ” . In The Great Reshuffling: Human Dimensions of Invasive Species , Edited by: McNeeley , J. A. 55 – 62 . Gland, , Switzerland : IUCN, The World Conservation Union . and Cambridge, UK
  • Boring , L. R. , Swank , W. T. and Monk , C. D. 1988 . “ Dynamics of early successional forest structure and processes in the Coweeta basin ” . In Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta , Edited by: Swank , W. T. and Crossley , D. A. Jr. 161 – 179 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Boyette , C. , Walker , H. and Abbas , H. 2002 . Biological control of Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) with an isolate of Myrothecium verrucaria . Biocontrol Sci. Technol. , 12 : 75 – 82 .
  • Brender , E. V. 1960 . Progress report on control of honeysuckle and Kudzu . Southern Weed Conf. Proc. , 13 : 187 – 192 .
  • Brender , E. V. 1961 . Control of Honeysuckle and Kudzu USDA Forest Service Southeastern Forestry Experiment Station. #120
  • Britton , K. O. , Orr , D. and Sun , J. 2003 . Invasive plants of the Eastern United States. Kudzu Available at
  • Brown , S. L. and Schroeder , P. E. 1999 . Spatial patterns of aboveground production and mortality of woody biomass for eastern U.S. forests . Ecol. Applications , 9 : 968 – 980 .
  • Callaway , R. and Aschehoug , E. 2000 . Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion . Science , 290 : 521 – 523 .
  • Carey , A. B. 2002 . Globalization of flora: inviting worldwide ecosystem disaster . Renewable Resources J. , 20 : 13 – 17 .
  • Carter , G. , Teramura , A. and Forseth , I. 1989 . Photosynthesis in an open field for exotic versus native vines of the southeastern United States . Can. J. Botany–Revue Canadienne Botanique , 67 : 443 – 446 .
  • Carter , G. A. and Teramura , A. H. 1988a . Nonsummer stomatal conductance for the invasive vines Kudzu and Japanese honeysuckle . Can. J. Botany–Revue Canadienne Botanique , 66 : 2392 – 2395 .
  • Carter , G. A. and Teramura , A. H. 1988b . Vine photosynthesis and relationships to climbing mechanics in a forest understory . Am. J. Botany , 75 : 1011 – 1018 .
  • Cochard , H. , Ewers , F. W. and Tyree , M. T. 1994 . Water relations of a tropical vine-like bamboo (Rhipidocladum-Racemiflorum)—root pressures, vulnerability to cavitation and seasonal-changes in embolism . J. Exper. Botany , 45 : 1085 – 1089 .
  • Compton , J. E. , Church , M. R. , Larned , S. T. and Hogsett , W. E. 2003 . Nitrogen export from forested watersheds in the Oregon coast range: the role of N2-fixing Red Alder . Ecosystems , 6 : 773 – 785 .
  • Corley , R. N. , Woldeghebriel , A. and Murphy , M. R. 1997 . Evaluation of the nutritive value of Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) as a feed for ruminants . Animal Feed Sci. Technol. , 68 : 183 – 188 .
  • Cox , G. 1999 . Alien Species in North America and Hawaii: Impacts on Natural Ecosystems , Washington, DC : Island Press .
  • Daehler , C. C. 2003 . Performance comparisons of co-occurring native and alien invasive plants: implications for conservation and restoration . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 34 : 183 – 211 .
  • Dalal , S. and Patnaik , N. 1963 . Kudzu cultivation for soil conservation . Ind. Forestry , 89 : 468 – 473 .
  • D'Antonio , C. M. and Vitousek , P. M. 1992 . Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 23 : 63 – 87 .
  • Davis , D. E. and Funderburke , H. H. Jr. 1964 . Eradication of Kudzu . Weeds , 12 : 62 – 63 .
  • Davis , M. , Grime , J. and Thompson , K. 2000 . Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility . J. Ecol. , 88 : 528 – 534 .
  • Dickens , R. and Buchanan , G. A. 1971 . Influence of time of herbicide application on control of Kudzu . Weed Sci. , 19 : 669 – 671 .
  • Drake , S. J. , Weltzin , J. F. and Parr , P. D. 2003 . Assessment of non-native invasive plant species on the United States Department of Energy Oak Ridge National Environmental Research Park . Castanea , 68 : 15 – 30 .
  • Dubadghao , P. M. 1949 . Seed setting in the Kudzu vine, Pueraria thunbergiana . Curr. Sci. , 18 : 379 – 380 .
  • Dukes , J. S. and Mooney , H. A. 1999 . Does global change increase the success of biological invaders? . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 14 : 135 – 139 .
  • Easterling , D. R. 2002 . Recent changes in frost days and the frost-free season in the United States . Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. , 83 : 1327 – 1332 .
  • Edmisten , J. A. and Perkins , H. F. 1967 . The role and status of Kudzu in the southeast . Assoc. Southeastern Biologists Bull. , 14 : 27
  • Ehrenfeld , J. 1997 . Invasion of deciduous forest preserves in the New York metropolitan region by Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC.) . J. Torrey Botanical Society , 124 : 210 – 215 .
  • Erdman , L. W. 1953 . Legume inoculation: what it is. What it does , USDA . #2003
  • Everest , J. W. , Miller , J. H. , Ball , D. M. and Patterson , M. G. 1991 . Kudzu in Alabama, history, uses and control , Auburn, AL : Alabama Cooperative Extension System . #ANR 65
  • Ewers , F. W. , Carlton , M. R. , Fisher , J. B. , Kolb , K. J. and Tyree , M. T. 1997 . Vessel diameters in roots versus stems of tropical lianas and other growth forms . Iawa J. , 18 : 261 – 279 .
  • Forseth , I. N. 1990 . “ Function of leaf movements ” . In The Pulvinus: Motor Organ for Leaf Movement , Edited by: Satter , R. L. , Gorton , H. L. and Vogelmann , T. C. 238 – 261 . Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiology .
  • Forseth , I. N. and Teramura , A. H. 1986 . Kudzu leaf energy budget and calculated transpiration: the influence of leaflet orientation . Ecology , 67 : 564 – 571 .
  • Forseth , I. N. and Teramura , A. H. 1987 . Field photosynthesis, microclimate and water relations of an exotic temperate liana, Pueraria lobata, kudzu . Oecologia , 71 : 262 – 267 .
  • Fritts , T. H. and Rodda , G. H. 1998 . The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: a case history of Guam . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 29 : 113 – 140 .
  • Fujita , K. , Matsumoto , K. , Ofuso , B. G. K. and Ogata , S. 1993 . Effect of shading on growth and dinitrogen fixation of Kudzu and tropical pasture legumes . Soil Sci. Plant Nutrition , 39 : 45 – 54 .
  • Gleason , H. and Cronquist , A. 1972 . Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada , New York : New York Botanical Garden .
  • Gordon , D. R. 1998 . Effects of invasive, non-indigenous plant species on ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida . Ecol. Applications , 8 : 975 – 989 .
  • Greller , A. M. 1988 . “ Deciduous forest ” . In North American Terrestrial Vegetation , Edited by: Barbour , M. G. and Billings , W. D. 287 – 316 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hacke , U. G. and Sperry , J. S. 2001 . Functional and ecological xylem anatomy . Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. , 4 : 97 – 115 .
  • Hamrick , J. L. and Godt , M. J. W. 1989 . “ Allozyme diversity in plant species ” . In Plant Population Genetics, Breeding and Genetic Resources , Edited by: Weir , B. S. 43 – 63 . Sunderland, MA : Sinauer .
  • Hanson , D. T. and Sharkey , T. D. 2001a . Effect of growth conditions on isoprene emission and other thermotolerance-enhancing compounds . Plant Cell Environ. , 24 : 929 – 936 .
  • Hanson , D. T. and Sharkey , T. D. 2001b . Rate of acclimation of the capacity for isoprene emission in response to light and temperature . Plant Cell Environ. , 24 : 937 – 946 .
  • Harley , P. , Guenther , A. and Zimmerman , P. 1997 . Environmental controls over isoprene emission in deciduous oak canopies . Tree Physiol. , 17 : 705 – 714 .
  • Harper , J. L. 1977 . Population Biology of Plants , London : Academic Press .
  • Hendrickson , B. H. , Carreker , J. R. and Adams , W. E. 1946 . Review of Principal Results of 1945 , Watkinsville, GA : USDA Soil Conservation Service Southern Piedmont Conservation Experiment Station .
  • Hicks , D. J. and Chabot , B. F. 1985 . “ Deciduous forest ” . In Physiological Ecology of North American Plant Communities , Edited by: Chabot , B. F. and Mooney , H. A. 257 – 277 . New York : Chapman and Hall .
  • Hipps , C. B. 1994 . Kudzu: a vegetable menace that started out as a good idea . Horticulture , 72 : 36 – 39 .
  • Holway , D. A. , Lach , L. , Suarez , A. V. , Tsutsui , N. D. and Case , T. J. 2002 . The causes and consequences of ant invasions . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 33 : 181 – 233 .
  • Horvitz , C. C. , Pascarella , J. B. , McMann , S. , Freedman , A. and Hofstetter , R. H. 1998 . Functional roles of invasive non-indigenous plants in hurricane-affected subtropical hardwood forests . Ecol. Applications , 8 : 947 – 974 .
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 2001 . “ The scientific basis. Contribution of working group I ” . In Climate Change 2001: Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Edited by: Houghton , J. T. , Ding , Y. , Griggs , D. J. , Noguer , M. , van der Linden , P. J. , Dai , X. , Maskell , K. and Johnson , C. A. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Jewett , D. K. , Jiang , C. J. , Britton , K. O. , Sun , J. H. and Tang , J. 2003 . Characterizing specimens of Kudzu and related taxa with RAPD's . Castanea , 68 : 254 – 260 .
  • Kidd , K. A. 2002 . Interaction of Kudzu, Pueraria Montana (Lour.) Merr. Var. lobata (Willd.) and Arthropods in North Carolina , Raleigh, NC : North Carolina State University . Ph.D. Dissertation
  • Kidd , K. and Orr , D. 2001 . Comparative feeding and development of Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Kudzu and Soybean foliage . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. , 94 : 219 – 225 .
  • Lambrinos , J. 2002 . The variable success of Cortaderia species in a complex landscape . Ecology , 83 : 518 – 529 .
  • Lamont , E. E. and Young , S. M. 2002 . Noteworthy plants reported from the Torrey Range—2001 . J. Torrey Botanical Society , 129 : 363 – 371 .
  • Lovisolo , C. and Schubert , A. 1998 . Effects of water stress on vessel size and xylem hydraulic conductivity in Vitis vinifera L . J. Exper. Botany , 49 : 693 – 700 .
  • Mack , R. N. , Simberloff , D. , Lonsdale , W. M. , Evans , H. , Clout , M. and Bazzaz , F. A. 2000 . Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control . Ecol. Applications , 10 : 689 – 710 .
  • van der Maesen , L. J. G. 1985 . Revision of the Genus Pueraria DC with some Notes on Teyleria backer , Wageningen, , The Netherlands : Agricultural University . Wageningen Papers, 85–1
  • Maesen , L. J. G. v. d. and Almeida , S. M. 1988 . Two corrections to the nomenclature in revision of Pueraria DC . J. Bombay Natural His. Soc. , 85 : 233 – 234 .
  • Matlack , G. R. 2002 . Exotic plant species in Mississippi, USA: critical issues in management and research . Natural Areas J. , 22 : 241 – 247 .
  • McKee , R. and Stephens , J. L. 1943 . Kudzu as a farm crop , USDA . #1923
  • Meekins , J. and McCarthy , B. 1999 . Competitive ability of Alliaria petiolata (Garlic mustard, Brassicaceae), an invasive, non-indigenous forest herb . Int. J. Plant Sci. , 160 : 743 – 752 .
  • Miles , I. F. and Gross , E. E. 1939 . A compilation of information on Kudzu . Mississippi Agricultural Station Bull. , 326 : 1 – 14 .
  • Miller , J. 1985 . Testing herbicides for Kudzu eradication on a Piedmont site . Southern J. Appl. Forestry , 9 : 128 – 132 .
  • Miller , J. and Edwards , B. 1983 . Kudzu, Pueraria lobata where did it come from and how can we stop it? . Southern J. Appl. Forestry , 7 : 165 – 169 .
  • Miller , J. H. 1997 . Exotic plants are invading southeastern forests . Alabama Wildlife , : 36 – 39 .
  • Miller , J. H. 2003 . Nonnative Invàsive Plants of Southern Forests: A Field Guide for Identification and Control , Asheville : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station . NC. #SRS-62
  • Mitich , L. W. 2000 . Intriguing world of weeds. Kudzu [Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi] . Weed Technol. , 14 : 231 – 235 .
  • Mooney , H. and Cleland , E. 2001 . The evolutionary impact of invasive species . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , 98 : 5446 – 5451 .
  • Mooney , H. A. and Hobbs , R. J. 2000 . Invasive Species in a Changing World , Washington, DC : Island Press .
  • Morin , N. 1995 . “ Vascular plants of the United States ” . In Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation On The Distribution, Abundance and Health of US Plants, Animals and Ecosystems , Edited by: LaRoe , E. T. , Farris , G. S. , Puckett , C. E. , Doran , P. D. and Mac , M. J. 200 – 205 . Washington, DC : U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service .
  • Morse , L. E. , Kartesz , J. T. and Kutner , L. S. 1995 . “ Native vascular plants ” . In Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance and Health of US Plants, Animals and Ecosystems , Edited by: LaRoe , E. T. , Farris , G. S. , Puckett , C. E. , Doran , P. D. and Mac , M. J. 205 – 209 . Washington, DC : U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service .
  • Munger , G. T. 2002 . Pueraria Montana var. lobata. Fire Effects Information System , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory . Available at
  • Naiman , R. J. and Decamps , H. 1997 . The ecology of interfaces: riparian zones . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 28 : 621 – 658 .
  • Nixon , W. M. 1948 . Plant Kudzu from seed . Crops Soil , 1 : 14 – 15 .
  • Nobel , P. S. , Forseth , I. N. and Long , S. P. 1993 . “ Canopy structure and light interception ” . In Photosynthesis and Production in a Changing Environment: A Field and Laboratory Manual , Edited by: Hall , D. O. , Scurlock , J. M. O. , Bolhar , H. , Leegood , R. C. and Long , S. P. 79 – 90 . London : Chapman and Hall .
  • Olden , J. D. , Poff , N. L. , Douglas , M. R. , Douglas , M. E. and Fausch , K. D. 2004 . Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 19 : 18 – 24 .
  • Pappert , R. A. , Hamrick , J. L. and Donovan , L. A. 2000 . Genetic variation in Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), an introduced, clonal, invasive plant of the southeastern United States . Am. J. Botany , 87 : 1240 – 1245 .
  • Pieters , A. J. 1932 . Kudzu, a forage crop for the Southeast , USDA . #91
  • Pimentel , D. , Lach , L. , Zuniga , R. and Morrison , D. 2000 . Environmental and economic costs on nonindigenous species in the United States . BioScience , 50 : 53 – 65 .
  • Quimby , P. C. Jr. , DeLoach , C. J. , Wineriter , S. A. , Goolsby , J. A. , Sobhian , R. , Boyette , C. D. and Abbas , H. K. 2003 . Biological control of weeds: research by the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service: selected case studies . Pest Manage. Sci. , 59 : 671 – 680 .
  • Rejmanek , M. 1996 . A theory of seed plant invasiveness: the first sketch . Biol. Conservation , 18 : 171 – 181 .
  • Rogers , C. E. and McCarty , J. P. 2000 . Climate change and ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic region . Clim. Res. , 14 : 235 – 244 .
  • Rossman , A. 2001 . A special issue on global movement of invasive plants and fungi . BioScience , 51 : 93 – 94 .
  • Sandlund , O. , Schei , P. and Viken , A. 1999 . Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Sasek , T. W. and Strain , B. R. 1988 . Effects of carbon dioxide enrichment on the growth and morphology of Kudzu (Pueraria lobata). . Weed Sci , 36 : 28 – 36 .
  • Sasek , T. W. and Strain , B. R. 1989 . Effects of carbon dioxide enrichment on the expansion and size of Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) leaves . Weed Sci. , 37 : 23 – 28 .
  • Sasek , T. W. and Strain , B. R. 1990 . Implications of atmospheric CO2 enrichment and climatic change for the geographical distribution of 2 introduced vines in the USA . Clim. Change , 16 : 31 – 51 .
  • Schierenbeck , K. A. , Hamrick , J. L. and Mack , R. N. 1995 . Comparison of allozyme variability in a native and an introduced species of Lonicera . Heredity , 75 : 1 – 9 .
  • SE-EPPC . 2001 . “ Kudzu ” . In Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council. The Bugwood Network Available at
  • Sharkey , T. D. 1996 . Isoprene synthesis by plants and animals . Endeavour , 20 : 74 – 78 .
  • Sharkey , T. D. and Loreto , F. 1993 . Water-stress, temperature, and light effects on the capacity for isoprene emission and photosynthesis of Kudzu leaves . Oecologia , 95 : 328 – 333 .
  • Sharkey , T. D. and Yeh , S. S. 2001 . Isoprene emission from plants . Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. , 52 : 407 – 436 .
  • Singsaas , E. L. 1997 . Physiological Ecology of Isoprene Emission and Leaf Temperature , Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin . Ph.D. dissertation
  • Singsaas , E. L. , Lerdau , M. , Winter , K. and Sharkey , T. D. 1997 . Isoprene increases thermotolerance of isoprene-emitting species, . Plant Physiol. , 115 : 1413 – 1420 .
  • Smith , M. and Knapp , A. 2001 . Physiological and morphological traits of exotic, invasive exotic and native plant species in tall grass prairie . Int. J. Plant Sci. , 162 : 785 – 792 .
  • Sperry , J. S. 2003 . Evolution of water transport and xylem structure . Int. J. Plant Sci. , 164 : S115 – S127 .
  • Starfinger , U. , Edwards , K. , Kowarik , I. and Williamson , M. 1998 . Ecological Mechanisms and Human Responses , Leiden, , The Netherlands : Backhuys Publishers .
  • Stevens , L. 1976 . King Kong Kudzu, menace to the south . Smithsonian , 7 : 93 – 99 .
  • Susko , D. J. , Mueller , J. P. and Spears , J. F. 1999 . Influence of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Pueraria lobata . Weed Sci. , 47 : 585 – 588 .
  • Susko , D. J. , Mueller , J. P. and Spears , J. F. 2001 . An evaluation of methods for breaking seed dormancy in Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) . Can. J. Botany–Revue Canadienne Botanique , 79 : 197 – 203 .
  • Swearingen , J. , Reshetiloff , K. , Slattery , B. and Zwicker , S. 2002 . Plant invaders of Mid-Atlantic natural areas , National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Available at
  • Tabor , P. 1942 . Observations of kudzu, Pueraria thunbergiana Benth., seedlings . J. Am. Soc. Agron. , 34 : 500 – 501 .
  • Tanner , R. D. , Hussain , S. S. , Hamilton , L. A. and Wolf , F. T. 1979 . Kudzu (Pueraria lobata): potential agricultural and industrial resource . Econ. Botany , 33 : 400 – 412 .
  • Teramura , A. H. , Forseth , I. N. and Gold , W. G. 1991 . “ Physiological ecology of mesic, temperate vines ” . In The Biology of Vines , Edited by: Putz , F. E. and Mooney , H. A. 245 – 286 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Thomas , L. K. Jr. 2000 . Chemical grubbing for control of exotic Kudzu vine . Bartonia , 2000 : 71 – 74 .
  • Thompson , K. , Hudson , J. , Grime , J. and Burke , M. 2001 . Plant traits and temporal scale: evidence from a 5-year invasion experiment using native species . J. Ecol. , 89 : 1054 – 1060 .
  • Thornton , M. R. 2001 . Native and Naturalized Arthropod Fauna of Kudzu (Pueraria montana) (Lour.) Merr. variety lobata (Willd.) Maesen & Almeida in North Carolina , Raleigh, NC : North Carolina State University . Master's thesis
  • Tsugawa , H. , Kawasaki , N. , Sasek , T. W. , Takahashi , T. , Yamamoto , K. and Nishikawa , K. I. 1993 . Dry matter production and leaf area expansion of the current year's canopy in a natural Kudzu (Pueraria lobata OHWI) stand, established in a field left abandoned for about 15 years . Grassland Sci. , 38 : 440 – 452 .
  • Tsugawa , H. and Kayama , R. 1976 . Studies on population structure of Kudzu vine (Pueraria lobata Ohwi). 3. Outline on detachment of rooted nodes . J. Japanese Grassland Sci. , 22 : 273 – 279 .
  • Tsugawa , H. and Ryosei , K. 1985 . Studies on population structure of Kudzu vine (Pueraria lobata Ohwi). VI. The structure of overwintering aboveground parts of individual plants which constitute a natural Kudzu population . J. Japanese Grassland Soc. , 31 : 167 – 172 .
  • Tsugawa , H. , Sasek , T. W. , Komatosu , N. and Nishikawa , K. I. 1990 . Stems and root systems just after the first overwintering of Kudzu Pueraria lobata OHWI stand differing in spacing . Grassland Sci. , 36 : 99 – 106 .
  • Tsugawa , H. , Sasek , T. W. , Tange , M. and Nishikawa , K. I. 1988 . The fate of buds of Kudzu vine Pueraria lobata OHWI . J Japanese Grassland Sci. , 33 : 321 – 331 .
  • Tsugawa , H. , Tange , M. , Kobayashi , R. and Nishikawa , K. 1986 . Development of root system in one-year old seedlings of Kudzu vine Pueraria lobata . Sci. Reports Faculty Agriculture Kobe Univ. , 17 : 1 – 12 .
  • Tsugawa , H. , Tange , M. and Mizuta , Y. 1985 . Influence of shade treatment on leaf and branch emergence and dry matter production of Kudzu vine seedling . Pueraria lobata. Sci. Reports Faculty Agriculture Kobe Univ. , 16 : 359 – 368 .
  • Tsugawa , H. , Tange , M. and Otsuji , J. 1980 . Observations on branching and number of leaves in seedlings of Kudzu vines Pueraria lobata . Sci. Reports Faculty Agriculture Kobe Univ. , 14 : 9 – 14 .
  • Tyree , M. T. , Davis , S. D. and Cochard , H. 1994 . Biophysical perspectives of xylem evolution—is there a tradeoff of hydraulic efficiency for vulnerability to dysfunction . Iawa J. , 15 : 335 – 360 .
  • Tyree , M. T. and Ewers , F. W. 1991 . The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants . New Phytol. , 119 : 345 – 360 .
  • Tyree , M. T. , Snyderman , D. A. , Wilmot , T. R. and Machado , J. L. 1991 . Water relations and hydraulic architecture of a tropical tree (Schefflera morototoni)—data, models, and a comparison with 2 temperate species (Acer saccharum and Thuja occidentalis) . Plant Physiol. , 96 : 1105 – 1113 .
  • Tyree , M. T. and Sperry , J. S. 1989 . Vulnerability of xylem to cavitation and embolism . Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. , 40 : 19 – 38 .
  • USDA and NRCS . 2004 . The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 , Baton Rouge, LA : National Plant Data Center . Available at
  • Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (VA-DCR) . 2001 . Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia. Fact Sheet: Kudzu (Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi) , Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation . Available at
  • Virginia Native Plant Society (VA-NPS) . 2003 . Kudzu (Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi) , Virginia Native Plant Society . Available at
  • Vitousek , P. M. , Aber , J. , Howarth , R. W. , Likens , G. E. , Matson , P. A. , Schindler , D. W. , Schlesinger , W. H. and Tilman , G. D. 1997 . Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: causes and consequences . Ecol. Applications , 7 : 737 – 750 .
  • Vitousek , P. M. , Fahey , T. , Johnson , D. W. and Swift , M. J. 1988 . Element interactions in forest ecosystems: succession, allometry and input-output budgets . Biogeochemistry , 5 : 7 – 34 .
  • Vitousek , P. M. , Walker , L. R. , Whiteaker , L. D. , Mueller-Dombois , D. and Matson , P. A. 1987 . Biological invasion by Myrica faya alters ecosystem development in Hawaii . Science , 238 : 802 – 804 .
  • Ward , D. B. 1998 . Pueraria montana: the correct scientific name of Kudzu . Castanea , 63 : 76 – 77 .
  • Wechsler , N. R. 1977 . Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Kudzu, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, in Relation to Its Competitive Success , Athens, GA : University of Georgia . Masters thesis
  • Weimer , J. L. and Luttrell , E. S. 1948 . Angular leaf spot of Kudzu caused by a new species of Mycosphaerella . Phytopathology , 38 : 348 – 358 .
  • Willard , C. J. 1926 . An interesting root system . J. Am. Soc. Agron. , 18 : 725 – 727 .
  • Witkamp , M. , Frank , M. L. and Shoopman , J. L. 1966 . Accumulation and biota in a pioneer ecosystem of Kudzu vine at Copperhill, Tennessee . J. Appl. Ecol. , 3 : 383 – 391 .
  • Zidack , N. K. and Backman , P. A. 1996 . Biological control of Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) with the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola . Weed Sci. , 44 : 645 – 649 .
  • Zimmermann , M. H. 1983 . Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap , Berlin : Springer Verlag .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.