6,466
Views
123
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

An Heuristic Framework for Identifying Multiple Ways of Supporting the Conservation and Use of Traditional Crop Varieties within the Agricultural Production System

, , , &
Pages 125-176 | Published online: 29 Apr 2011

REFERENCES

  • Abate , T. , van Huis , A. and Ampofo , J. K. O. 2000 . Pest management strategies in traditional agriculture: An African perspective . Ann. Rev. Entomol , 45 : 631 – 659 .
  • Aboagye , L. M. 2007 . Strategies for sustainable conservation and use of legume genetic resources in Ghana . Ghana J. Sci , 47 : 59 – 67 .
  • Adato , M. and Meinzen-Dick , R. 2007 . Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impact in Six Countries. , Washington, DC : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) . 2006, USA.
  • Adhikari , A. , Rana , R. B. , Gautam , R. , Subedi , A. , Upadhyay , M. P. , Chaudhary , P. , Paudel , I. , Rijal , D. and Sthapit , B. 2006b . “ Diversity fair: Promoting exchange of knowledge and germplasms ” . In Good Practices: On-farm management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Adhikari , A. , Upadhyay , M. P. , Joshi , B. K. , Rijal , D. , Chaudhary , P. , Paudel , I. , Baral , K. P. , Pageni , P. , Subedi , S. and Sthapit , B. 2006a . “ Multiple approach to community sensitization ” . In Good Practices: On-farm management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Agbaje , G. O. , Ogunsumi , L. , Oluokun , J. A. and Akinlosotu , T. A. 2005 . Survey of yam production system and the impact of government policies in southwestern Nigeria . J. Food Agric. Environ. , 3 : 222 – 290 .
  • Aguilar-Støen , M. , Moe , S. R. and Camargo-Ricalde , S. L . 2009 . Home gardens sustain crop diversity and improve farm resilience in Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico . J. Hum. Ecol. , 37 ( 1 ) : 55 – 77 .
  • Aharoni , A. and Vorst , O. 2001 . DNA microarrays for functional plant genomics . Plant Mol. Biol. , 48 : 99 – 118 .
  • Allinne , C , Mariac , C. , Vigouroux , Y. , Bezancon , G. , Couturon , E. , Moussa , D. , Tidjani , M. , Pham , J. L. and Robert , T. 2008 . Role of seed flow on the pattern and dynamics of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) genetic diversity assessed by AFLP markers: a study in south-western Niger . Genetica , 133 : 167 – 178 .
  • Almekinders , C. J. M. , Cavatassi , R. , Terceros , F. , Romero , R. P. and Salazar , L. 2010 . “ Potato seed supply and diveristy: dynamics of local markets of Cochabamba province, Bolivia –a case study ” . In Seed Trade In Rural Markets: Implications for Crop Diversity and Agricultural Development , Edited by: Lipper , L. , Anderson , C. L. and Dalton , T. J. 75 – 94 . Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • Almekinders , C. J. M. , Louwaars , N. P. and de Bruijn , G. H . 1994. Local seed systems and their importance for an improved seed supply in developing countries . Euphytica , 78 : 207 – 216 .
  • Almekinders , C. , Molina-Centeno , J. , Herrera-Torrez , R. , Merlo-Olivera , S. L. , González-Suárez , J. M. and García-Carrasco , J. 2006 . Learning experiences obtained from the development of bean varieties through participative breeding in Northern Nicaragua . Agron. Mesoam. , 17 ( 3 ) : 327 – 336 .
  • Almekinders , C. J. M. , Thiele , G. and Danial , D. L. 2007 . Can cultivars from participatory plant breeding improve seed provision to small-scale farmers? . Euphytica , 153 : 363 – 372 .
  • Amend , T. , Brown , J. , Kothari , A. , Phillips , A. and Stolton , S. 2008 . “ Protected landscapes and agrobiodiversity values ” . In Protected Landscapes and Seascapes Volume 1 , Edited by: Amend , T. , Brown , J. , Kothari , A. , Phillips , A. and Stolton , S. Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg : IUCN & GTZ .
  • Andersen , R. 2005 . Results of an International Survey on Farmers' Rights , Norway : The Fridtjof Nansen Institute .
  • Andersen , R. 2007 . Protecting Farmers' Rights in The Global IPR Regime. Challenges and options for developing countries. SAWTEE Policy Brief No. 15.
  • Andersen , E. , Kantor , P. and Sim , A. 2008 . Microcredit, Informal Credit and Rural Livelihoods: A Village Case Study in Bamyan Province , Afghanistan : Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit . http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1227_1214850224_microcredit-bamyan-cs.pdf Accessed 28 May 2010
  • Anderson , C. L. , Lipper , L. , Dalton , T. J. , Smale , M. , Hellin , J. , Hodgkin , T. , Almekinders , C. , Audi , P. , Bellon , M. R. , Cavatassi , R. , Diakite , L. , Jones , R. , Oliver King , E. D.I. , Keleman , A. , Meijer , M. , Osborn , T. , Nagarajan , L. , Paz , A. , Rodriguez , M. , Sibide , A. , Salazar , L. , van Heerwaarden , J. and Winters , P. 2010 . “ Project methodology: using markets to promote the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources ” . In Seed Trade in Rural Markets , Edited by: Lipper , L. , Anderson , C. L. and Dalton , T. J. 31 – 48 . London , , U.K. : Earthscan .
  • Arias , L. 2004 . Diversidad Genetica y Conservación in Situ de los Maices Locales de Yucatan, México [Genetic Diversity and In Situ Conservation of Local Maize in Yucatán, Mexico] , Merida, Mexico : PhD thesis, Instituto Tecnologico de Merida, Yucatán, México (in Spanish) .
  • Arias , L. , Chávez , J. , Cob , B. , Burgos , L. and Canul , J. 2000 . “ Agro-morphological characters and farmer perceptions: Data collection and analysis. Mexico ” . In Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity in Situ: A Scientific Basis for Sustainable Agriculture. , Edited by: Jarvis , D. , Sthapit , B. and Sears , L. 95 – 100 . Rome : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Arndorfer , M. , Kajtna , B. , Vorderwülbecke , B. and Dixon , G. R. 2009 . Integrating ex situ and on-farm conservation approaches in the management of local vegetable diversity in Austria . Acta Hortic. , 817 : 333 – 340 .
  • Asfaw , A. , Almekinders , C. , Getahun , D. and Fistum , A. 2007 . Bean seed flow and exchange networks in Southern Ethiopia . Seed Info , 33 : 14 – 17 .
  • Audi , P. , Nagrajan , L. , Jones , R. and Ibrahim , M. S. 2010 . “ Pigeonpea seed supply and diveristy: a case study of local seed markets in Makueni District, Eastern Kenya ” . In Seed Trade in Rural Markets: Implications for Crop Diversity and Agricultural Development. , Edited by: Lipper , L. , Anderson , C. L. and Dalton , T. J. 95 – 123 . Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • Aw-Hassan , A. , Mazid , A. and Salahieh , H. 2008 . The role of informal farmer-to-farmer seed distribution in diffusion of new barley varieties in Syria . Exp. Agric. , 44 ( 3 ) : 413 – 431 .
  • Badstue , L. B. , Bellon , M. , Berthaud , J. , Juarez , X. , Manuel-Rosas , I. , Solano , A. M. and Ramirez , A. 2006 . Examining the role of collective action in an informal seed system: A case of study from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico . Hum. Ecol. , 34 : 249 – 273 .
  • Badstue , L. B. , Bellon , M. , Berthaud , J. , Ramirez , A. , Flores , D. and Juarez , X. 2007 . The dynamics of seed flow among maize growing small-scale farmers in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico . World Dev. , 35 ( 9 ) : 1579 – 1593 .
  • Badstue , L. B. , Bellon , M. , Juárez , X. , Manuel , I. and Solano , A. M. 2002 . “ Social relations and seed transactions among small-scale maize farmers in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico: preliminary findings ” . In CIMMYT Economics Working Paper 02–02 , Texcoco, Mexico : CYMMIT .
  • Bajracharya , J. , Rana , R. B. , Gauchan , D. , Sthapit , B. R. , Jarvis , D. I. and Witcombe , J. R. 2010 . “ Rice landrace diversity in Nepal. Socio-economic and ecological factors determining rice landrace diversity in three agro-ecozones of Nepal based on farm surveys ” . In Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. (published on line 19 March 2009). doi: 10.1007/s10722–010-9544-x
  • Bajracharya , J. , Steele , K. A. , Jarvis , D. I. , Sthapit , B. R. and Witcombe , J. R. 2006 . Rice landrace diversity in Nepal: variability of agromorphological traits and SSR markers in landraces from a high-altitude site . Field Crop Res. , 95 : 327 – 335 .
  • Bajracharya , J. , Steele , K. A. , Witcombe , J. and Jarvis , D. 2001 . “ A study of genetic relationships in rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces of Jumla using microsatellite DNA markers ” . In Abstracts of National Workshop 2001 of the Project “Strengthening the Scientific Basis of in Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-Farm.” , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Subedi , A. , Upadhyay , M. P. and Baniya , B. K. 7 – 8 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Ballantyne , P. 2009 . Accessing, sharing and communicating agricultural information for development: emerging trends and issues . Inform. Dev. , 25 ( 4 ) : 260 – 271 .
  • Balma , D. B. , Dossou , M. , Sawadogo , R. G. , Zangre , J. , Ouédraogo , T. and Jarvis , D. I. 2004 . La Gestion de la Diversité des Plantes Agricoles Dans les Agro-Ecosystemes. , Rome, Italy : Compte-rendu des travaux d'un atelier abrité par CNRST, Burkina Faso et International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 27–28 Décembre 2002. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute . (in Franch).
  • Bantilan , M. C. S. and Padmaja , R. 2008 . Empowerment through social capital build-up: gender dimensions in technology uptake . Exp. Agric. , 44 : 61 – 80 .
  • Baniya , B. K. , Tiwari , P. R. , Pandey , D. and Bajracharya , J. 2003 . “ Field study of two barley landraces of Jumla ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. Proceedings of a National Workshop, 24–26 April 2001. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Upadhyay , M. P. , Baniya , B. K. , Subedi , A. and Joshi , B. K. 127 – 135 . Lumle, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Baral , K. P. , Sapkota , T. , Bhandari , B. , Adhikari , A. , Dewan , S. , Pageni , S. , Subedi , A. and Upadhyay , M. P. 2006 . “ Rural radio programme: an effective tool for reaching unreachable on biodiversity conservation issues ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. number 17 , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Research Institute and IDRC .
  • Barnaud , A. , Trigueros , G. , McKey , D. and Joly , H. I. 2008 . High outcrossing rates in fields with mixed sorghum landraces: how are landraces maintained? . Heredity , 101 ( 5 ) : 445 – 452 .
  • Barr , A. R. 2009 . “ Marker-assisted selection in theory and practice. ” . In Plant Breeding and Farmer Participation , Edited by: Ceccarelli , S. , Guimarães , E. P. and Weltzien , E. 479 – 518 . Rome Italy : ICRISAT, ICARDA and United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • Barry , M. B. , Pham , J. L. , Noyer , J. L. , Courtois , B. , Billot , C. and Ahmadi , N. 2007 . Implications for in situ genetic resource conservation from the ecogeographical distribution of rice genetic diversity in Maritime Guinea . Plant Genet. Resour. , 5 : 45 – 54 .
  • Bartlett , A. 2008 . No more adoption rates! Looking for empowerment in agricultural development programmes . Dev. Pract. , 18 : 4 – 5 .
  • Bateman , I. J. , Carson , R. T. , Day , B. , Hamnemann , W. M. , Hanley , N. , Hett , T. , Jones-Lee , M. , Loomes , G. , Mourato , S. , Ozdemiroglu , E. , Pearce , D. W. , Sugden , R. and Swanson , J. 2002 . Economic valuation with state preference techniques: A manual , Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
  • Baymetov , K. I. , Rajametov , S. N. and Nazarov , P. T. 2009 . “ Raznoobrazie i sokhranenie mestnikh sortov abrikosa v fermerskikh khozyaistvakh. (Diversity and conservation of local varieties of apricot on farms) ” . In Materials of the Republican Scientific-Practical, Conference on “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Agricultural Crops and Their Wild Relatives”. 15 – 18 . Tashkent, Uzbekistan (in Russian).
  • Beckett , S. J. , Fields , P. G. and Subramanyam , B. H. 2007 . “ Disinfestation of stored products and associated structures using heat ” . In Heat Treatment for Post Harvest Pest Control. , Edited by: Tang , J. , Mitcham , E. , Wang , S. and Lurie , S. 182 Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Bela , G. , Balazs , B. and Pataki , G. 2006 . “ Institutions, stakeholders and the management of crop biodiversity on Hungarian family farms ” . In Valuing Crop Biodiversity, on Farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change. , Edited by: Smale , M. 251 – 269 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Bélanger , J. and Johns , T. 2008 . Biological diversity, dietary diversity, and eye health in developing country populations: Establishing the evidence-base . EcoHealth , 5 ( 3 ) : 244 – 256 .
  • Belay , G. , Tefera , H. , Getachew , A. , Kebebew , A. and Gizow , M. 2009 . Highly client-oriented breeding with farmer participation in the Ethiopian cereal tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) . Afr. J. Agric. Res. , 3 ( 1 ) : 22 – 28 .
  • Belay , G. , Tefera , H. , Tadesse , B. , Metaferia , G. , Jarra , D. and Tadesse , T. 2006 . Participatory variety selection in the Ethiopian cereal Tef (Eragrostis tef. L.) . Expl. Agric. , 42 : 91 – 101 .
  • Belem , M. O. 2000 . “ Burkina Faso, gender: methods used to create a framework for implementation and management of in situ conservation on-farm ” . In Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity in Situ: A Scientific Basis for Sustainable Agriculture , Edited by: Jarvis , D. , Sthapit , B. and Sears , L. 72 – 73 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Bellon , M. R. 2004 . Conceptualizing interventions to support on-farm genetic resource conservation . World Dev. , 32 : 159 – 172 .
  • Bellon , M. R. and Brush , S. B. 1994 . Keepers of the maize in Chiapas, Mexico . Econ. Bot. , 48 : 196 – 209 .
  • Bellon , M. R. , Pham , J. L. and Jackson , M. T. 1997 . “ Genetic conservation: A role for rice farmers ” . In Plant Conservation: The in Situ Approach , Edited by: Hawkes , J. G. London, U.K. : Chapman & Hall .
  • Bellon , M. R. and Risopoulos , J. 2001 . Small-scale farmers expand the benefits of improved maize germplasm: A case study from Chiapas, Mexico . World Dev. , 29 ( 5 ) : 799 – 811 .
  • Bellon , M. R. and Taylor , J. E. 1993 . “Folk” soil taxonomy and the partial adoption of new seed varieties . Econ. Dev. Cult. Change , 41 ( 4 ) : 763 – 786 .
  • Belqadi , L. 2003 . Diversité et ressources génétiques de Vicia faba L. au Maroc: variabilité, conservation ex situ et in situ et valorisation , Rabat, Morocco : Doctorat de thèse ès-sciences agronomiques, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II . (in French).
  • Bengtsson , J. , Ahnström , J. and Weibull , A. C. 2005 . The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: A meta-analysis . J. App. Ecol. , 42 : 261 – 269 .
  • Benin , S. , Smale , M. and Pender , F. 2006 . “ Explaining the diversity of cereal crops and varieties grown on household farms in the Highlands of Northern Ethiopia ” . In Valuing Crop Biodiversity , Edited by: Smale , M. 78 – 96 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Bentley , J. W. , Tripp , R. and Delgado de la Flor , R. 2001 . Liberalization of Peru's formal seed sector . Agric. Hum. Values , 18 : 319 – 331 .
  • Benton , T. G. , Vickery , J. A. and Wilson , J. D. 2003 . Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 18 ( 4 ) : 182 – 188 .
  • Berg , T. 2009 . Landraces and folk varieties: a conceptual reappraisal of terminology . Euphytica , 166 : 423 – 430 .
  • Bertuso , A. , Ginogaling , G. and Salazar , R. 2000 . “ Community gene banks: the experience of conserve in the Philippines ” . In Encouraging Diversity- The conservation and Development Of Plant Genetic Resources. , Edited by: Almekinders , C. and de Boef , W. 117 – 122 . London, UK : Intermediate Technology Publications .
  • Bertuso , A. R. , van Treuren , R. , van Eeuwijk , F. A. and Visser , L. 2005 . Characterization of red rice (Oryza sativa) varieties developed under on-farm dynamic management on Bohol, Philippines . Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. , 142 : 68 – 72 .
  • Bezabih , M. 2008 . Agrobiodiversity conservation under an imperfect seed system: the role of community seed banking schemes . Agric. Econ. , 38 : 77 – 87 .
  • Bezançon , G. , Pham , J. L. , Deu , M. , Vigouroux , Y. , Sagnard , F. , Mariac , C. , Kapran , I. , Mamadou , A. , Gérard , B. , Ndjeunga , J. and Chantereau , J. 2009 . Changes in the diversity and geographic distribution of cultivated millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) varieties in Niger between 1976 and 2003 . Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. , 56 : 223 – 236 .
  • Bhandari , B. 2009 . Summer Rainfall Variability and the Use of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Varietal Diversity for Adaptation: Farmers' Perceptions and Responses in Nepal , Uppasala, Sweden : Master Thesis. CBM Swedish Biodiversity Centre .
  • Bioversity International . 2008 . Manuel de Formation des Fornateurs Sur les Champs de Diversite. , 244 Rome, Italy : Bioversity International . (in French).
  • Birner , R. , Davis , K. , Pender , J. , Nkonya , E. , Anandajayasekeram , P. , Ekboir , J. , Mbabu , A. , Spielman , D. J. , Horna , D. , Benin , S. and Cohen , M. 2009 . From best practice to best fit: a framework for designing and analyzing pluralistic agricultural advisory services worldwide . J. Agric. Educ. Exten. , 15 : 341 – 355 .
  • Birol , E. , Kontoleon , A. and Smale , M. 2007 . “ Assessing the private value of agro-biodiversity in Hungarian home gardes using the data enrichment methods ” . In Biodiversity Economics. , Edited by: Kontoleon , A. , Pascual , U. and Swanson , T. M. 594 – 622 . Cambridge University Press, UK .
  • Birol , E. and Rayan-Villalba , E. 2009 . “ Estimating the value of milpa diversity and genetically modified maize to farmers in Mexico: a choice experiment approach ” . In Agrobiodiversity Conservation and Economic Development. , Edited by: Kontoleon , A. , Pascual , U. and Smale , M. 247 – 277 . Routledge, UK .
  • Birol , E. , Smale , M. and Gyovai , Á. 2006 . Using a choice experiment to estimate farmers' valuation of agrobiodiversity on Hungarian small farms . Environ. Resour. Econ. , 34 : 439 – 469 .
  • Bishaw , Z. and Turner , M. 2008 . Linking participatory plant breeding to the seed supply system . Euphytica , 163 : 31 – 44 .
  • Bishaw , Z. and van Gastel , A. J.G. 2009 . “ Variety release and policy options ” . In Plant Breeding and Farmer Participation. , Edited by: Ceccarelli , S. , Guimareaes , E. P. and Weltzien , E. 565 – 587 . Rome, Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • Bisht , I. S. , Mehta , P. S. and Bhandari , D. C. 2007 . Traditional crop diversity and its conservation on-farm for sustainable agricultural production in Kumaon Himalaya of Uttaranchal state: A case study . Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. , 54 : 345 – 357 .
  • Blum , A. 2004 . “ The physiological foundation of crop breeding for stress environments ” . In Proc. World Rice Research Conf., Tsukuba, Japan, November 2004 , 456 – 458 . Manila, Philippines : International Rice Research Institute .
  • Boster , J. S. 1985 . Selection for perceptual distinctiveness: evidence from Aguaruna cultivars of Manihot esculenta . Econ. Bot. , 39 ( 3 ) : 310 – 325 .
  • Bouzeggaren , A. , Birouk , A. , Kerfal , S. , Hmama , H. and Jarvis , D. I. 2002 . “ Conservation in situ de la biodiversité des populations noyaux de luzerne locale au Maroc ” . In La conservation in Situ de la Biodiversité Agricole: Un Défi Pour une Agriculture Durable , Edited by: Birouk , A. , Sadiki , M. , Nassif , F. , Saidi , S. , Mellas , H. , Bammoune , A. and Jarvis , D. Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute . (in French).
  • Bouhassan , A. , Sadiki , M. and Tivoli , B. 2003a . Evaluation of a collection of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes originating from the Maghreb for resistance to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) by assessment in the field and laboratory . Euphytica , 135 : 55 – 62 .
  • Bragdon , S. , Jarvis , D. I. , Gaucham , D. , Mar , I. , Hue , N. N. , Balma , D. , Collado , L. , Latournerie , L. , Sthapit , B. , Sadiki , M. and N'dungu-Skilton , J. 2009 . The agrobiodiversity policy development process: exploring means of policy development to support the on-farm management of crop genetic diversity . Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Manage. , 5 : 10 – 20 .
  • Brocke vom , K. A. , Christinck , E. , Weltzien , R. , Presterl , T. and Geiger , H. H. 2003 . Farmers' seed systems and management practices determine pearl millet genetic diversity patterns in semiarid regions of India . Crop Sci , 43 : 1680 – 1689 .
  • Bromley , D. J. 1991 . Environment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy , NY, USA : Basil Blackwell .
  • Brown , A. H. D. 1990 . Plant Population Genetics, Breeding, and Genetic Resources. , Basingstoke, Hampshire, U.K. : Sinauer Associates Inc. .
  • Brown , A. H.D. 2000 . “ The genetic structure of crop landraces and the challenge to conserve them in situ on farms ” . In Genes in the Field. , Edited by: Brush , S. B. 29 – 48 . Rome, Italy : IDRC/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Brown , A. H.D. and Brubaker , C. 2000 . Genetics and the conservation of Australian wild relatives of crops . Aust. J. Bot. , 48 : 297 – 303 .
  • Brown , A. H. D. and Brubaker , C. 2002 . “ Indicators for sustainable management of plant genetic resources: how well are we doing? ” . In Managing Plant Genetic Diversity. , Edited by: Engles , J. M.M. , Rao , V. R. , Brown , A. H.D. and Jackson , M. T. 249 – 262 . International Plant Genetic Resources Institute . Rome, Italy and CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
  • Brown , A. H. D. and Hodgkin , T. 2007 . “ Measuring, managing, and maintaining crop genetic diversity on farm ” . In Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems. , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Padoch , C. and Cooper , H. D. Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Brown , A. H. D. and Rieseberg , L. 2006 . “ Genetic features of populations from stress-prone environments ” . In Enhancing the Use Of Crop Genetic Diversity to Manage Abiotic Stress in Agricultural Production Systems. , Edited by: Jarvis , D. , Mar , I. and Sears , L. 2 – 10 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Brown , G. G. , Swift , M. J. , Bennack , D. E. , Bunning , S. , Montáñez , A. and Brussaard , L. 2007 . “ Management of soil biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems ” . In Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Padoch , C. and Cooper , H. D. 224 – 268 . Rome, Italy : Bioversity International .
  • Brush , S. B. 2004 . Farmers' Bounty: Locating Crop Diversity in the Contemporary World , New Haven, NY, USA : Yale University Press .
  • Brush , S. , Kesselli , R. , Ortega , R. , Cisneros , P. , Zimmerer , K. and Quiros , C. 1995 . Potato diversity in the Andean center of crop domestication . Conserv. Biol. , 9 ( 5 ) : 1189 – 1198 .
  • Brush , S. and Meng , E. 1998 . Farmers' valuation and conservation of crop genetic resources . Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. , 45 : 139 – 150 .
  • Brush , S. B. , Taylor , J. E. and Bellon , M. R. 1992 . Biological diversity and technology adoption in Andean potato agriculture . J. Dev. Econ. , 39 : 365 – 387 .
  • Brussaard , L. , Caron , P. , Campbell , B. , Lipper , L. , Mainka , S. , Rabbinge , R. , Babin , D. and Pulleman , M. 2010 . Reconciling biodiversity conservation and food security: scientific challenges for a new agriculture . Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain , In press doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.007
  • BUCAP . 2002 . Field Guide: Farmers' Field School for Rice Plant Genetic Resources Conservation, Development and Use. , Manila, Philippines : SEARICE .
  • Budenhagen , I. W. 1983 . Breeding strategies for stress and disease resistance in developing countries . Ann. Rev. Phytopathology , 21 : 385 – 409 .
  • Burgos-May , L. A. , Chavez-Servia , J. L. and Ortiz-Cereceres , J. 2004 . “ Variabilidad morfologica de maices criollos de la peninsula de Yucatan, Mexico ” . In Manejo de la Diversidad de los Cultivos en los Agroecosistemas Tradicionales , Edited by: Chavez-Servia , J. L. , Tuxill , J. and Jarvis , D. I. 58 – 66 . Cali, Colombia : Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogeneticos . (in Spanish).
  • Busso , C. S. , Devos , K. M. , Ross , G. , Mortimore , M. , Adams , W. M. , Ambrose , M. J. , Alldrick , S. and Gale , M. D. 2000 . Genetic diversity within and among landraces of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) under farmer management in West Africa . Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. , 60 : 1 – 8 .
  • Butkov , E. A. and Turdieva , M. K. 2009 . “ Sovremennoe rasprostranenie gretskogo orekha v Uzbekistane i raznoobrazie mestnikh sortov. (Current status of walnut distribution in Uzbekistan and diversity of local varieties). ” . In Materials of the Republican Scientific-Practical Conference on “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Agricultural Crops and their Wild Relatives.” 28 – 31 . Tashkent, Uzbekistan (In Russian).
  • Camacho-Villa , C. and Chavez-Servia , J. L. 2004 . “ Diversidad morfologica del maiz criollo de la region centro de Yucatan, Mexico ” . In Manejo de la Diversidad de los Cultivos en los Agroecosistemas Tradicionales. , Edited by: Chavez-Servia , J. L. , Tuxill , J. and Jarvis , D. I. 47 – 57 . Cali , Colombia : Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogeneticos . (in Spanish).
  • Campbell , B. , Hagmann , J. , Sayer , J. , Stroud , A. , Thomas , R. and Wollenberg , E. 2006 . What kind of research and development is needed for natural resource management? . Water Int. , 31 : 343 – 360 .
  • Canh , N. T. , On , T. V. , Trung , N. V. , Tiep , C. A. and Lam , H. V. 2003 . “ Preliminary study of genetic diversity in rice landraces in Ban Khoang Commune, Sa Pa District ” . In On-Farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Vietnam. Proceedings of a symposium, December 6–12, 2001, Hanoi, Vietnam. , Edited by: Tuan , H. D. , Hue , N. N. , Sthapit , B. R. and Jarvis , D. I. Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Cazarez-Sanchez , E. 2004 . Diversidad Genetica y su Relacion con la Tecnologia de Alimentos Tradicionales , Montecillos, Texcoco, Mexico : MS thesis, Colegio de Postgraduados . (in Spanish)
  • Cazarez-Sanchez , E. and Duch-Gary , J. 2004 . “ La diversidad genetica de variedades locales de maiz, frijo, calabaza y chile, y su relacion con caracteriticas culinarias ” . In Manejo de la Diversidad de los Cultivos en los Agroecosistemas Tradicionales , Edited by: Chavez-Servia , J. L. , Tuxill , J. and Jarvis , D. I. 250 – 255 . Cali , , Colombia (in Spanish) : Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogeneticos .
  • Cázares-Sánchez , E. , Ramírez-Vallejo , P. , Castillo-González1 , F. , Soto-Hernández , R. M. , Rodríguez-González , M. T. and Chávez-Servia , J. L . 2005. Capsaicinoids and preference of use in different morphotypes of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) of East-central Yucatan . Agrociencia , 39 : 627 – 638 .
  • Carpenter , S. R. , Bennett , E. M. and Peterson , G. D. 2006 . Scenarios for ecosystem services: an overview . Ecol. Soc. , 11 (1) : 29 [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art29/
  • Caviglia , J. L. and Kahn , J. R. 2001 . Diffusion of sustainable agriculture in the Brazilian tropical rain forest: a discrete choice analysis . Econ. Dev. Cult. Change , 49 : 311 – 333 .
  • Ceccarelli , S. and Gando , S. 2007 . Decentralized-participatory plant breeding: an example of demand driven research . Euphytica , 155 : 349 – 360 .
  • Ceccarelli , S. , Guimaraes , E. P. and Weltzien , E. 2009 . Plant Breeding and Farmer Participation , Rome, Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • Celis-Velázquez , R. , Peña-Valdivia , C. B. , Trejo-López , C. , Aguirre-Rivera , J. R. , Cordova-Téllez , L. and Carballo-Carballo , A. 2008 . Consumption of common bean seed reserves for emergence and development of seedlings under different sowing depths . Agron. Mesoam. , 19 ( 2 ) : 167 – 177 .
  • Ceroni , M. , Liu , S. and Constanza , R. 2007 . “ Ecological and economic roles of biodiversity in agroecosystems ” . In Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Padoch , C. and Cooper , H. D. 446 – 472 . NY , , USA : Columbia University Press .
  • Chable , V. 2005 . “ Conserving and developing crop biodiversity ” . In Biodiversity and Local Ecological Knowledge in France , Edited by: Bérard , L. , Cegarra , M. , Djama , M. , Louafi , S. , Marchenay , P. , Roussel , B. and Verdeaux , F. 46 – 49 . France : Publisher Cemagref, Cirad, Ifremer, INR; IDDRI, IFB, Montpellier .
  • Chakauya , E. , Tongoona , P. , Matibiri , E. A. and Grum , M. 2006 . Genetic diversity assessment of sorghum landraces in Zimbabwe using microsatellites and indigenous local names . Int. J. Bot. , 2 ( 1 ) : 29 – 35 .
  • Chaudhary , P. , Gauchan , D. , Rana , R. B. , Sthapit , B. R. and Jarvis , D. I. 2004 . Potential loss of rice landraces from a Terai community in Nepal: A case study from Kachorwa, Bara . Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. , 137 : 14 – 21 .
  • Chavez-Servia , J. L. , Burgos-May , L. , Canul-Ku , J. , Camacho , T. C. , Vidal-Cob , J. and Arias-Reyes , L. M. 2000 . “ Analisis de la diversidad en un proyecto de conservacion in situ en Mexico [Diversity analysis of an in situ conservation project in Mexico] ” . In Proceedings of the XII Scientific Seminar, November 14–17, 2000 Havana , , Cuba (in Spanish)
  • Chiffoleau , Y. and Desclaux , D. 2006 . Participatory plant breeding: the best way to breed for sustainable agriculture? . Int. J. Agric. Sustain. , 4 ( 2 ) : 119 – 130 .
  • CIP-UPWARDS . 2003 . Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: A Source Book Vol I: Understanding Agricultural Biodiversity. , Los Banos , , Philippines : International Potato Centre (CIP) and User's Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) .
  • Clegg , M. T. 1997 . Plant genetic diversity and the struggle to measure selection . Heredity , 88 : 1 – 7 .
  • Collado-Panduro , L. , Chavez-Servia , J. L. , Riesco , A. and Soto , R. 2005 . “ Community systems of seed supply and storage in the central Amazon of Peru ” . In Seed Systems and Crop Genetic Diversity On-Farm. Proceedings of a Workshop, September 16–20, 2003 , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Sevilla-Panizo , R. , Chavez-Servia , J. L. and Hodgkin , T. 103 – 108 . Rome, Italy : Pucallpa, Peru. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Convention , o n . Biological Diversity, 2010. Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-sharing Database on Capacity Building Projects. http://www.cbd.int/abs/projects.shtml
  • Coomes , O. T. 2001 . “ Crop diversity in indigenous farming systems of Amazonia: the role and dynamics of agricultural planting stock transfers among traditional 112 seed systems and crop genetic diversity farmers ” . In Abstracts. International Symposium on Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems 27, November 8–10, 2001, Montreal, Canada
  • Cooper , D. 1993 . Plant Genetic Diversity and Small Farmers: Issues and Options for IFAD , Rome, Italy : Staff Working Paper 13. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) .
  • Correa , C. 2000 . Options for the Implementation of Farmers' Rights at the National Level , December 2000 : South Centre: Working Paper 8 .
  • Correa , C. In press . “ Sui generis intellectual property protection for farmers' varieties ” . In Farmers' Varieties and Farmers' Rights: Addressing Challenges in Taxonomy and Law , Edited by: Halewood , M. London, UK : Earthscan .
  • Cramb , R. A. and Culasero , Z. 2003 . Landcare and livelihoods: the promomotion and adoption of conservation farming systems in The Philippine uplands . Int. J. Sustain. , 1 : 141 – 154 .
  • Cromwell , E. and Almekinders , C. 2000 . “ The impact of seed-supply interventions on the use of crop genetic diversity ” . In Encouraging Diversity - The Conservation and Development of Plant Genetic Resources , Edited by: Almekinders , C. and de Boef , W. 223 – 227 . London, UK : Intermediate Technology Publications .
  • Cromwell , E. , Wiggens , S. and Wentzel , S. 1993 . Sowing Beyond the State: NGOs and Seed Supply in Developing Countries , London UK : Overseas Development Institute .
  • CRS, ICRISAT, and ODI . 2002 . Seed Vouchers and Fairs: A Manual for Seed-Based Agricultural Recovery After Disaster in Africa. Nairobi: Catholic Relief Services. Available on-line at http://www.foodaid.org/Tzehay/crs8199.pdf.
  • Dalton , T. J. , Anderson , C. L. , Lipper , L. and Keleman , A. 2010 . “ Markets and access to crop genetic resources ” . In Seed Trade in Rural Markets: Implications for Crop Diversity and Agricultural Development , Edited by: Lipper , L. , Anderson , C. L. and Dalton , T. J. 2 – 30 . Rome, Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • Danial , D. , Parlevliet , J. , Almekinders , C. , Thiele , G. and Niks , R. 2007 . Farmers' participation and breeding for durable disease resistance in the Andean region . Euphytica , 153 ( 3 ) : 385 – 396 .
  • Dawson , J. C. , Murphy , K. M. and Jones , S. S. 2008 . Decentralized selection and participatory approaches in plant breeding for low-input systems . Euphytica , 160 : 143 – 154 .
  • De , N. N. 2000 . “ Crop improvement at community level in Vietnam ” . In Participatory approaches to the conservation and use of plant genetic resources , Edited by: Friis-Hansen , E. and Sthapit , B. 103 – 110 . Rome Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • De Boef , W. S. , Dempewolf , H. , Byakwell , J. M. and Engles , J. M. M. 2010 . Integrating genetic resource conservation and sustainable development into strategies to increase the robustness of seed systems . J. Sustain. Agric. , 34 : 1 – 28 .
  • Demissie , A. and Bjørnstad , Å . 2004 . Phenotypic diversity of Ethiopian barleys in relation to geographical regions, altitudinal range, and agro-ecological zones: as an aid to germplasm collection and conservation strategy . Hereditas , 124 : 17 – 29 .
  • Deu , M. , Sagnard , F. , Chantereau , J. , Calatayud , C. , Herault , D. , Mariac , C. , Pham , J. L. , Vigouroux , Y. , Kapran , I. , Traore , P. S. , Mamadou , A. , Gerard , B. , Ndjeunga , J. and Bezancon , G. 2008 . Niger-wide assessment of in situ sorghum genetic diversity with microsatellite markers . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 116 ( 7 ) : 903 – 913 .
  • Devaux , A. , Bernet , T. , Lopez , G. and Velasco , C. 2006 . Papa Andina: Innoavacion Para el Desarrollo en los Andes –Logros y Experiencia de la Seguand Fase: 2002–2006 , Lima, Peru (in Spanish) : International Ptoato Center (CIP) .
  • Devkota , K. P. , Tripathi , M. P. , Joshi , K. D. , Shrestha , P. K. and Witcombe , J. R. 2008 . “ Community based seed production groups in Chitwan, Nepal ” . In Farmers, Seeds and Varieties. Supporting Informal Seed Supply in Ethiopia , Edited by: Thijssen , M. H. , Bishaw , Z. , Beshir , A. and de Boef , W. S. 263 – 270 . The Netherlands : Wageningen International .
  • Dewan , S. , Tiwari , R. K. , Pageni , S. , Rijal , D. , Baral , K. P. , Chaudhary , P. , Rana , R. B. , Subedi , A. and Sthapit , B. 2006 . “ Rural poetry journey: an effective approach to sensitize farming community ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Di Falco , S. and Chavas , J. P. 2007 . “ On the role of crop biodiversity in the management of environmental risk ” . In Biodiversity Economics , Edited by: Kontoleon , A. , Pascual , U. and Swanson , T. M. 581 – 593 . Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Di Falco , S. and Perrings , C. 2005 . Crop biodiversity, risk management and the implications of agricultural assistance . Ecol. Econ. , 55 : 459 – 466 .
  • Djumabaeva , S. A. 2009 . Orekh gretskiy Yujnogo Kyrgyzstana. (Walnut in the South Kyrgyzstan) . Vestnik of Kyrgyz Technical University: , 1 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (in Russian)
  • Djavakyants , Yu. M. 2009 . “ Znachenie sokhraneniya i ispolzovaniya mestnikh sortov i dikorastushikh form vinograda v proizvodstve i selektsii. (Role of conservation and use of local varieties and wild species of grapevine in production and selection) ” . In Materials of the Republican Scientific-Practical Conference On “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Agricultural Crops and Their Wild Relatives.” 31 – 35 . Tashkent , , Uzbekistan. (in Russian)
  • Djavakyants , Yu. M. 2010 . “ Tekhnologiya virashivaniya i razmnojenie mestnikh sortov i form yabloni i grushi. (Cultivation and propagation technologies of local varieties and forms of apple and pear.) ” . In Interpress Tashkent , , Uzbekistan. (in Russian)
  • Dominguez , C. E. and Jones , R. B. 2005 . “ The dynamics of local seed systems in Mozambique, and the roles played by women ” . In Seed Systems and Crop Genetic Diversity On-Farm, Proceedings of a workshop, September 16–20, 2003 , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Sevilla-Panizo , R. , Chavez-Servia , J. L. and Hodgkin , T. 141 – 148 . Rome, Italy : Pucallpa, Peru. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Dossou , B. , Balma , D. and Sawadogo , M. 2004 . “ Le role et la participation des femmes dans le processus de la conservation in situ de la biodiversite biologique agricole au Burkina Faso ” . In La Gestion de la Diversité des Plantes Agricoles dans les Agro-Ecosystemes Compte-rendu des travaux d'un atelier abrité par CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 27–28 décembre 2002 , Edited by: Balma , D. , Dossou , B. , Sawadogo , M. , Zangre , R. G. , Ouédraogo , J. T. and Jarvis , D. I. 38 – 44 . Rome, Italy (in French) : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Duc , G. , Bao , S. , Baum , M. , Redden , B. , Sadiki , M. , Suso , M. J. , Vishniakova , M. and Zong , X. 2010 . Diversity maintenance and use of Vicia faba L. genetic resources . Field Crop Res. , 115 : 270 – 278 .
  • Dudnik , N. S. , Thormann , I. and Hodgkin , T. 2001 . The extent of use of plant genetic resources in research- a literature survey . Crop Sci. , 41 : 6 – 10 .
  • Dyer , G. A. and Taylor , J. E. 2008 . A crop population perspective on maize seed systems in Mexico . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , 105 ( 2 ) : 470 – 475 .
  • Edmeades , S. 2006 . A Hedonic Approach to Estimating The Supply of Variety Attributes of a Subsistence Crop , Washington, DC, USA : Environmental and Production Technology Discussion paper No. 148. International Food Policy Research Institute .
  • Edmeades , S. and Smale , M. 2009 . “ Market participation and crop biodiversity in developing economy: bananas in Uganda ” . In Agrobiodiversity, Conservation and Economic Development Edited by: Kontoleon , A. , Pascual , U. and Smale , M. 353 – 367 . Routledge Oxon, UK
  • Edmeades , S. , Smale , M. and Karamura , D. 2006 . “ Demand for cultivar attributes and the biodiversity of bananas on farm in Uganda ” . In Valuing Crop Biodiversity: On-farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change , Edited by: Smale , M. 97 – 118 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Elmqvist , T. , Folke , C. , Nyström , M. , Peterson , G. , Bengtsson , J. , Walker , B. and Norberg , J. 2003 . Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience . Front. Ecol. Environ. , 1 ( 9 ) : 488 – 494 .
  • Engels , J. M. M. , Polreich , S. and Dullo , M. E. 2008 . “ Role of community gene/seedbanks in the conservation and use of crop genetic resources in Ethiopia ” . In Farmer's Varieties and Seeds. Supporting Informal Seed Supply in Ethiopia , Edited by: Thijssen , M. H. , Bishaw , Z. , Beshir , A. and de Boef , W. S. 149 – 159 . Wageningen International : Wageningen .
  • Eyzaguirre , P. and Dennis , E. M. 2007 . The impact of collective action and property rights on plant genetic resources . World Dev. , 35 ( 9 ) : 1489 – 1498 .
  • Eyzaguirre , P. and Linares , O. F. 2004 . Home Gardens and Agrobiodiversity , Washington, DC, USA : Smithsonian Books .
  • Evenson , R. E. , Gollin , D. and Santaniello , V. 1998 . Agricultural Values of Plant Genetic Resources , Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Fan , S. , Brzeska , J. and Shields , G. 2007 . Investment Priorities for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction. 2020 Focus Brief on the World's Poor and Hungry People , Washington, DC, USA : IFPRI .
  • FAO . 1993 . Quality Declared Seed System , Rome, Italy : FAO Plant Production and Production Paper No. 117. United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • FAO . 1998 . Developing Seed Security Strategies and Programmes for Food Security in Developing Countries. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Seed Security for Food Security, 30 November to 1 December 1997, Florence, Italy. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Seed and Plant Genetic Resources Service, Rome, Italy
  • FAO . 2005 . Building on Gender, Agrobiodiversity and Local Knowledge, A Training Manual , Rome, Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • FAO . 2006a . Community Diversity Seed Fairs in Tanzania: Guidelines for Seed Fairs. , Rome, Italy : FAO-LinKS Project. Report No. 51. United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • FAO . 2006b . Quality Declared Seed System , Rome, Italy : FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 185. United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • FAO . 2007 . State of Food and Agriculture Report: Paying Farmers for Environmental Services , Rome, Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) . http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1200e/a1200e00.htm
  • FAO . 2010 . Second Report on the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. , Rome, Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) . [in press]. Electronic version ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/017/ak528e.pdf
  • Farm Seed Opportunities . 2009 . http://www.farmseed.net/home/
  • Farmers' Rights . 2010 . http://www.farmersrights.org/about/fr_contents.html
  • Feyissa , R. 2000 . “ Community seed banks and seed exchange in Ethiopia: a farmer-led approach ” . In Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources , Edited by: Friis-Hansen , E. and Sthapit , B. R. 142 – 148 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Feyissa , R. 2006 . Farmers' Rights in Ethiopia –A Case Study , FNI, Lysaker, Norway : FNI report7/2006 .
  • Finckh , M. R. 2008 . Integration of breeding and technology into diversification strategies for disease control in modern agriculture . Eur. J. Plant Pathol. , 121 : 399 – 409 .
  • Finckh , M. R. 2003 . “ Ecological benefits of diversification ” . In Rice Science: Innovations and Impact for Livelihood Proceedings of the International Rice Research Conference, September 16–19, 2002 , Edited by: Mew , T. W. , Brar , D. S. , Peng , S. , Dawe , D. and Hardy , B. 549 – 564 . Beijing : International Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences .
  • Finckh , M. R. , Gacek , E. S. Goyeau , H. 2000 . Cereal variety and species mixtures in practice, with emphasis on disease resistance . Agronomie , 20 : 813 – 837 .
  • Finckh , M. R. and Wolfe , M. S. 2006 . “ Diversification strategies ” . In The Epidemiology of Plant Disease , Edited by: Cooke , B. M. 269 – 308 . NY, USA : Springer .
  • Folke , C. 2006 . Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses . Global Environ. Change , 16 ( 3 ) : 253 – 267 .
  • Folke , C. , Carpenter , S. R. Elmqvist , T. 2002 . Resilience and sustainable development: building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations . Ambio , 31 : 437 – 440 .
  • Fowler , C. and Hodgkin , T. 2004 . Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: assessing global availability . Ann. Rev. Environ. Res. , 29 : 143 – 179 .
  • Frankel , O. H. , Brown , A. H. D. and Burdon , J. J. 1995 . The Conservation of Plant Biodiversity , Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Frankel , O. and Soulé , M. 1981 . Conservation and Evolution , USA : New York .
  • Friis-Hansen , E. , Lilja , N. and Dixon , J. 2008 . Impact assessment of farmer institutional development and agricultural change: Soroti district, Uganda . Dev. Pract. , 18 ( 4/5 ) : 506 – 523 .
  • Friis-Hansen , E. and Sthapit , B. R. 2000 . Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources , Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Rome .
  • Fu , YongNeng , Guo , HuiJun , Chen , AiGuo and Cui , JinYun . 2006 . Household differentiation and on-farm conservation of biodiversity by indigenous households in Xishuangbanna, China . Biodivers. Conserv. , 15 ( 8 ) : 2687 – 2703 .
  • Gagne , G. and Ratanasatien , C. In press . “ Commentary on Thailand's plant variety protection act ” . In Farmers' Varieties and Farmers' Rights: Addressing Challenges in Taxonomy and Law , Edited by: Halewood , M. London, UK : Earthscan .
  • Gaifani , A. 1992 . “ Developing local seed production in Mozambique ” . In Growing Diversity , Edited by: Cooper , D. , Vellvé , R. and Hobbelink , H. 97 – 105 . London, UK : Intermediate Technology Publications .
  • Garcia , C. , Marie-Vivien , D. , Kushalappa , C. G. , Chengappa , P. G. and Nanaya , K. M. 2007 . Geographical indications and biodiversity in the Western Ghats, India. Can labeling benefit producers and the environment in a mountain agroforestry landscape? . Mount. Res. Dev. , 27 : 206 – 210 .
  • Garforth , C. , Holt , G. , Subedi , A. , Regmi , B. , McKemey , K. , Gauchan , D. , Tripathi , B. , Ellis-Jones , J. , Stocking , M. , Helleman , H. and White , R. 2005 . “ Linking field-level findings to policy and decision-making in Nepal ” . In Renewable Natural Resources Management for Mountain Communities , 239 – 246 . Kathmandu, Nepal : ICIMOD .
  • Garrett , K. A. and Mundt , C. C. 1999 . Epidemiology in mixed host populations . Phytopathology , 89 : 984 – 990 .
  • Gauchan , D. and Smale , M. 2003 . Choosing the “right tools” to assess the economic costs and benefits of growing landraces: an illustrative example from Bara District, Central Terai, Nepal . Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. , 134 : 41 – 44 .
  • Gauchan , D. and Smale , M. 2007 . “ Comparing the choices of farmers and breeders: the value of rice land races in Nepal ” . In Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Padoch , C. and Cooper , H. D. 407 – 425 . NY, USA : Columbia University Press .
  • Gauchan , D. , Smale , M. and Chaudhary , P. 2005 . Market-based incentives for conserving diversity on farms: the case of rice landraces in Central Tarai, Nepal . Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. , 52 ( 3 ) : 293 – 303 .
  • Gauchan , D. , Smale , M. , Maxted , N. and Cole , M. 2006 . “ Managing rice biodiversity on-farms: the choices of farmers and breeders in Nepal ” . In Valuing Crop Biodiversity: On-farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change , Edited by: Smale , M. 162 – 177 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Gautam , R. , Sthapit , B. , Subedi , A. , Poudal , D. , Shrestha , P. and Eyzaguirre , P. 2008 . Home gardens management of key species in Nepal: A way to maximise the use of useful diversity for the well being of poor farmers . Plant Genet. Resour. Charact. Utiliz. , 7 ( 2 ) : 142 – 153 .
  • Gautam , R. , Suwal , R. and Sthapit , B. R. 2009 . Securing family nutrition through promotion of home gardens: underutilized production systems in Nepal . Acta Hortic. , 806 : 99 – 106 .
  • Gepts , P. 1990 . Biochemical evidence bearing on the domestication of Phaseolus (Fabaceae) beans . Econ. Bot. , 44 : 28 – 38 .
  • Gepts , P. 2006 . Plant genetic resources conservation and utilization: the accomplishments and future of a societal insurance policy . Crop Sci. , 46 : 2278 – 2292 .
  • Gibson , R. W. 2009 . A review of perceptual distinctiveness in landraces including an analysis of how its roles have been overlooked in plant breeding for low-input farming systems . Econ. Bot. , 63 ( 3 ) : 242 – 255 .
  • Gildemacher , P. R. , Demo , P. , Barker , I. , Kaguongo , W. , Woldegiorgis , G. , Wagoire , W. W. , Wakahiu , M. , Leeuwis , C. and Struikl , P. C. 2009 . A description of seed potato systems in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia . Am. J. Pot. Res. , 86 : 373 – 382 .
  • Gine , X. and Yang , D. 2009 . Insurance, credit, and technology adoption: field experimental evidence from Malawi . J. Dev. Econ. , 89 : 1 – 11 .
  • Giuliani , A. 2007 . Developing Markets for Agrobiodiversity. Securing Livelihoods in Dryland Areas , London, UK : Earthscan Research Editions .
  • Gold , C. S. , Kiggundu , A. , Abera , A. M. K. and Karamura , D. 2002 . Diversity, distribution and farmer preference of Musa cultivars in Uganda . Exp. Agric. , 38 ( 1 ) : 39 – 50 .
  • Gollin , D. and Evenson , R. E. 1998 . Valuing Genetic Diversity: Crop Plants and Agroecosystems. Biodiversity in Agroecosystems , Edited by: Gollin , D. and Smale , M. London, UK : 1999, CRC Press .
  • Gollin , D. and Smale , M. 1999 . Valuing Genetic Diversity: Crop Plants and Agroecosystems. Biodiversity in Agroecosystems , London, UK : CRC Press .
  • Grain . 2005 . “ Africa's seed laws: red carpet for the corporations ” . In Seedling, July , Barcelona, Spain : Grain Publications .
  • Granovetter , M. 1973 . The strength of weak ties . Am. J. Sociol. , 78 : 1360 – 1380 .
  • Granquist , B. 2009 . Is Quality Declared Seed Production an Effective and Sustainable Way to Address Seed and Food Security in Africa? http://knowledge.cta.int/en/Dossiers/Demanding-Innovation/Demanding-Innovation/Articles/Is-Quality-Declared-Seed-Production-an effective-and-sustainable-way-to-address-Seed-and-Food-Security-in-Africa (accessed 21 May 2010)
  • Gruere , G. P. , Nagarajan , L. and King , E. 2007 . Collective Action and Marketing of Underutilized Plant Species: Case of Minor Millets in Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu, India , Washington, USA : CAPRi Working Paper 68. International Food Policy Research Institute .
  • Grum , M. , Guerette , V. , Kone , B. , Sidibe , A. , Kouressy , M. , Huvio , T. , Mafa , A. , Mujaju , C , Bretaudeau , A. , Vaxmann , M. , Ouatara , M. , Traore , I. , Butaumocho , B. , Zinanga , F. and Mamadou , O. 2003 . “ Strategies for in situ conservation of crop genetic resources in dryland areas of Africa ” . In Conserving Biodiversity in Arid Regions , Edited by: Lemons , E. , Victor , R. and Schaffer , D. 55 – 62 . The Netherlands : Kulwer, Academic Publishers .
  • Grum , M. , Gyasi , E. A. , Osei , C. and Kranjac-Berisavljevie , G. 2003 . Evaluation of Best Practices for Landrace Conservation: Farmer Evaluation , International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Nairobi, Kenya : Paper presented at Sub-Saharan Africa Meeting .
  • Guerette , V. , Sibdibe , A. , Ouatara , M. and Grum , M . In prep . Measuring the Impacts of Seed Diversity Fairs as a Strategy of Support on Farm Conservation of Plant Genetic Resource , International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IER/USC-Canada . (unpublished)
  • Gupta , S. R. , Bajracharya , J. , Upadhyay , M. P. , Baniya , B. K. , Tiwari , P. R. , Shakya , D. M. and Sthapit , B. R. 2003 . “ Agromophological characterization of barley (Horedeum vulgare L.) landraces of Jumla, Nepal ” . In On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. Proceedings of a National Workshop, 24–26. April 2001, Lumle, Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Upadhyay , M. P. , Baniya , B. K. , Subedi , A. and Joshi , B. K. 37 – 41 . Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Guzman , F. A. , Ayala , H. , Azurdia , C. , Duque , M. C. and Vicente , M. C. 2005 . AFLP assessment of genetic diversity of Capsicum genetic resources in Guatemala: home gardens as an option for conservation . Crop Sci. , 45 ( 1 ) : 363 – 370 .
  • Gyawali , S. , Gautam , R. , Upadhyay , M. P. and Gauchan , D. 2006 . “ Travelling seminar: influencing policy ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, IDRC .
  • Gyawali , S. , Sthapit , B. , Bhandari , B. , Gauchan , D. , Joshi , B. K. , Tripathi , M. , Shrestha , P. K. , Joshi , K. D. and Mudwari , A. 2006 . “ Participatory landrace enhancement: an economic incentive to support on-farm management ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Gyawali , S. , Sthapit , B. , Joshi , B. K. , Mudwari , A. and Bajracharya , J. 2006 . “ Participatory plant breeding (PPB): a strategy of enhancing and maintaining local crop diversity ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, IDRC .
  • Gyawali , S. , Sthapit , B. R. , Bhandari , B. , Bajracharya , J. , Shrestha , P. K. , Upadhyay , M. P. and Jarvis , D. I. 2009 . Participatory crop improvement and formal release of Jethobudho rice landrace in Nepal . Euphytica , DOI. 1007/S10681–010–0213–0
  • Gyawali , S. , Sunwar , S. , Subedi , M. , Tripathi , M. , Joshi , K. D. and Witcombe , J. R. 2007 . Collaborative breeding with farmers can be effective . Field Crop Res. , 101 : 88 – 95 .
  • Hajjar , R. , Jarvis , D. I. and Gemmill , B. 2008 . The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 123 : 261 – 270 .
  • Halewood , M. , Deupmann , P. , Sthapit , B. R. , Vernooy , R. and Ceccarelli , S. 2007 . Participatory plant breeding to promote farmers' rights , ICARDA, IDRC and GRPI, Rome, Italy : Opinion paper Bioversity International .
  • Hamrick , J. L. and Godt , M. J. W. 1997 . Allozyme diversity in cultivated crops . Crop Sci. , 37 : 26 – 30 .
  • Hardon , J. and de Boef , W. 1993 . “ Linking farmers and breeders in local crop development ” . In Cultivating Knowledge: Genetic Diversity, Farmer Experimentation and Crop Research , Edited by: de Boef , W. , Amanor , K. , Wellard , K. and Bebbington , A. 64 – 71 . London, UK : Intermediate Technology Publications .
  • Harlan , J. R. 1975 . Our vanishing genetic resources . Science , 188 : 618 – 621 .
  • Heerwaarden, van , J. , van Eeuwijk , F. A. and Ross-Ibarra , J. 2010 . Genetic diversity in a crop metapopulation . Heredity , 104 : 28 – 39 .
  • Hodgkin , T. , Rana , R. , Tuxill , J. , Didier , B. , Subedi , A. , Mar , I. , Karamura , D. , Valdivia , R. , Collado , L. , Latournerie , L. , Sadiki , M. , Sawadogo , M. , Brown , A. H.D. and Jarvis , D. 2007 . “ Seed systems and crop genetic diversity in agroecosystems ” . In Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Padoch , C. and Cooper , D. 77 – 116 . NY, USA : Columbia University Press .
  • Howard , P. L. 2003 . “ Women and the plant world: an exploration ” . In Women and Plants, Gender Relations in Biodiversity Management and Conservation , Edited by: Howard , P. 1 – 31 . NY, USA : Zed Books .
  • Hue , N. and In situ Project staff . 2006 . “ On-farm conservation of rice genetic diversity under salinity stress: case study in a lowland agrosystem of Vietnam ” . In Enhancing the Use of Crop Genetic Diversity to Manage Abiotic Stress in Agricultural Production Systems. Proceedings of a workshop, 23–27 May 2005, Budapest, Hungary. pp 49–54 , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Mar , L. and Sears , L. Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Hue , N. , Trinh , L. , Ha , N. , Sthapit , B. and Jarvis , D. 2003 . “ Taro cultivar diversity in three ecosites of North Vietnam ” . In On-Farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Vietnam. Proceedings of a symposium, December 6–12, 2001, Hanoi, Vietnam , Edited by: Tuan , H. D. , Hue , N. N. , Sthapit , B. R. and Jarvis , D. I. Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Huvio , T. and Sidibe , A. 2003 . Strengthening farmers' capacities for plant genetic resources conservation in Mali . Plant Genet. Res. , 1 : 31 – 41 .
  • IAASTD . 2009 . “ Agriculture at a crossroads ” . In International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development , Edited by: McIntyre , B. D. , Herren , H. R. , Wakhungu , J. and Watson , R. T. Washington, DC, USA : Island Press .
  • Iriarte , V. , Terrazas , F. , Aguirre , G. and Thiele , G. 2000 . “ Local seed system and Proinpa's genebank: working to improve seed quality of traditional Andean potatoes in Bolivia and Peru ” . In Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources , Edited by: Friis-Hansen , E. and Sthapit , B. 154 – 161 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Irungu , C. , Mburu , J. , Maundu , P. , Grum , M. , Hoeschle-Zeledon , I. , Chadha , M. L. , Kuo , G. and Gowda , C. L. L. 2007 . Marketing of African leafy vegetables in Nairobi and its implications for on-farm conservation of biodiversity . Acta Hortic. , 752 : 197 – 201 .
  • Jackson , L. E. , Burger , M. and Cavagnaro , T. R. 2008 . Roots, nitrogen, transformations, and ecosystem services . Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. , 59 : 341 – 363 .
  • Jackson , L. E. , Pascual , U. and Hodgkin , T. 2007 . Utilizing and conserving agrobiodiversity in agricultural landscapes . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 121 : 196 – 210 .
  • Jackson , L. , van Noordwijk , M. , Bengtsson , J. , Foster , W. , Lipper , L. , Pulleman , M. , Said , M. , Snaddon , J. and Vodouhe , R. 2010 . Biodiversity and agricultural sustainability: from assessment to adaptive manage . Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. , On line version, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.007
  • Jaffe , W. and Van Wijk , Jeroen . 1995 . The Impact of Plant Breeders Rights in Developing Countries: Debate and Experience in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. , The Hague, Netherlands : DGIS .
  • Janssen , W. , Luna , C. A. and Duque , M. C. 1992 . Small farmer behaviour towards bean seed: evidence from Colombia . J. App. Seed Prod. , 10 : 43 – 51 .
  • Jarvis , D. I. , Brown , A. H. D. , Cuong , P. H. , Collado-Panduro , L. , Latourniere-Moreno , L. , Gyawali , S. , Tanto , T. , Sawadogo , M. , Mar , I. Sadiki , M. 2008 . A global perspective of the richness and evenness of traditional crop variety diversity maintained by farming communities . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , 108 : 5326 – 5331 .
  • Jarvis , D. I. , Brown , A. D. H. , Imbruce , V. , Ochoa , J. , Sadiki , M. , Karamura , E. , Trutmann , P. and Finckh , M. R. 2007a . “ Managing crop disease in traditional agroecosystems: the benefits and hazards of genetic diversity ” . In Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Padoch , C. and Cooper , D. 292 – 319 . NY, USA : Columbia University Press .
  • Jarvis , D. I. and Campilan , D. M. 2006 . Crop Genetic Diversity to Reduce Pests and Diseases On-Farm: Participatory Diagnosis Guidelines. Version I , Rome, Italy : Bioversity International Technical bulletin No. 12. Bioversity International .
  • Jarvis , D. I. and Hodgkin , T. 2008 . The maintenance of crop genetic diversity on farm: supporting the convention on biological diversity's programme of work on agricultural biodiversity . Bioversity , 9 : 23 – 38 .
  • Jarvis , D. I. , Myers , M. , Klemick , H. , Guarino , L. , Smale , M. , Brown , A. H.D. , Sadiki , M. , Sthapit , B. and Hodgkin , T. 2000 . A Training Guide for in Situ Conservation On-Farm: Version 1 , Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Jarvis , D. and Ngung'u-Skilton , J. 2000 . “ IPGRI in situ project: research and institutions supporting local management of agrobiodiveristy ” . In Encouraging Diversity. The Conservation and Development of Plant Genetic Resources , Edited by: Almekinders , C. and de Boef , W. 134 – 141 . London, UK : Intermediate Technology Publications .
  • Jarvis , D. I. , Padoch , C. and Cooper , H. D. 2007b . Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems , NY. USA : Columbia University Press .
  • Jarvis , D. I. , Zoes , V. , Nares , D. and Hodgkin , T. 2004 . On-farm management of crop genetic diversity and the convention on biological diversity's programme of work on agricultural biodiversity . Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. , 138 : 5 – 17 .
  • Johns , T. and Sthapit , B. R. 2004 . Biocultural diversity in the sustainability of developing country food systems . Food Nutr. Bull. , 25 : 143 – 155 .
  • Joshi , K. D. , Biggs , S. , Gauchan , D. , Devkota , K. P. , Devkota , C. K. , Shrestha , P. K. , Sthapit , B. R. , Harris , D. , Richards , J. I. , Silverside , P. , Ward , A. F. and Wircombe , J. R. 2005 . Institutional innovations in the Nepal rice improvement system . Aspects App. Biol. , 75 : 93 – 97 .
  • Joshi , K. D. and Sthapit , B. R. 1990 . Informal Research and Development (IRD): A New Approach to Research and Extension. LARC Discussion Paper 1990/4 , Pokhara, Nepal : Lumle Agricultural Research Centre .
  • Joshi , K. D. , Sthapit , B. R. , Gurung , R. B. , Gurung , M. B. and Witcombe , J. R. 1997 . Machhapuchhre 3 (MP-3), the first rice variety developed through a participatory plant breeding approach released for mid to high altitudes of Nepal . Int. Rice Res. Notes , 22 (2) : 12
  • Joshi , K. D. , Sthapit , B. R. , Subedi , M. and Witcombe , J. R. 2002 . “ Participatory plant breeding in rice in Nepal ” . In Farmers, Scientists and Plant Breeding Integrating Knowledge and Practice , Edited by: Cleveland , D. A. and Soleri , D. 239 – 268 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Joshi , K. D. , Sthapit , B. R. and Witcombe , J. R. 2001 . How narrowly are the products of decentralized breeding? The spread of rice varieties from a participatory plant breeding programme in Nepal . Euphytica , 122 : 589 – 597 .
  • Jost , L. 2010 . The relation between evenness and diversity . Diversity , 2 : 207 – 232 .
  • Kabambe , V. H. , Mhango , W. G. , Msiska , M. , Msuku , W. A. B. , Nyirenda , G. K.C. and Masangano , C. 2008 . Facilitating food crop production in Lungwena, Mangochi District in Malawi: lessons from a farmer-based pass-on seed support model . Afr. J. Agric. Res. , 3 ( 6 ) : 440 – 447 .
  • Kapila , S. and Mead , D. C. 2002 . Building Businesses with Small Producers: Successful Business Development Services in Africa, Asia, and Latin America , London UK/ International Development Research Centre, Ottawa Canada : ITDG Publishing .
  • Karamura , D. and Karamura , E. 1994 . A Provisional Checklist of Banana Cultivars in Uganda , Kampala, Uganda : National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) and INIBAP .
  • Karamura , D. and Mgenzi , B. 2004 . On farm conservation of Musa diversity in the great lakes region of East Africa . Afr. Crop Sci. J. , 12 ( 1 ) : 75 – 83 .
  • Karamura , D. , Mgenzi , B. , Karamura , E. and Sharrock , S. 2004 . Exploiting indigenous knowledge for the management and maintenance of Musa biodiversity on farm . Afr. Crop Sci. J. , 12 ( 1 ) : 67 – 74 .
  • Kastler , G. 2005 . “ Europe's seed laws: locking out farmers ” . In Seedling July 2005 , Barcelona, Spain : Grain Publications .
  • Kebebew , F. , Tsehaye , Y. and McNeilly , T. 2001 . Morphological and farmers cognitive diversity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. [Poaceae]) at Bale and North Shewa of Ethiopia . Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. , 48 ( 5 ) : 467 – 481 .
  • Keleman , A. , Garcia Rano , H. and Hellin , J. 2009 . Maize diversity, poverty, and market access: lessons from Mexico . Dev. Pract. , 19 ( 2 ) : 187 – 199 .
  • Kennedy , G. and Burlingame , B. 2003 . Analysis of food composition data on rice from a plant genetic resources perspective . Food Chem. , 80 : 589 – 596 .
  • Kenny , C. J. 2000 . Expanding internet access to the rural poor in Africa . Inform. Technol. Dev. , 9 : 25 – 31 .
  • Kerimova , U. S. 2008 . Virashivanie plodovikh kultur v fermerskikh khozyaistvakh. (Cultivation of fruit crops on farms) Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (in Russian)
  • Kesavan , P. C. and Swaminathan , M. S. 2008 . Strategies and models for agricultural sustainability in developing Asian countries . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. , 363 : 877 – 891 .
  • Kimura , M. and Weiss , G. H. 1964 . The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance . Genetics , 49 : 561 – 576 .
  • Kitti , M. , Heikkila , J. and Huhtala , A. 2009 . “ Agrobiodiversity in poor countries. Price premiums deemed to miss multifaceted targets? ” . In Agrobiodiversity, Conservation and Economic Development , Edited by: Kontoleon , A. , Pascual , U. and Smale , M. 335 – 354 . UK : Routledge Oxon .
  • Kizito , E. B. , Chiwona-Karltun , L. , Egwang , T. , Fregene , M. and Westerbergh , A. 2007 . Genetic diversity and variety composition of cassava on small scale farms in Uganda: an interdisciplinary study using genetic markers and farmer interviews . Genetica , 130 : 301 – 318 .
  • Kontoleon , A. , Pascual , U. and Smale , M. 2009 . “ Introduction: agrobiodiversity for economic development: what do we know? Agrobiodiversity conservation and economic development ” . In Environmental Economics , Edited by: Kontoleon , A. , Pascual , U. and Smale , M. 1 – 24 . UK : Routledge Explorations .
  • Kontoleon , A. , Pascual , U. and Swanson , T. M. 2007 . Biodiversity Economics , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Kouressy , M. , Traoré , S. , Vaksmann , M. , Grum , M. , Maikano , I. , Soumaré , M. , Traoré , P. S. , Bazile , D. , Dingkuhn , M. , Sidibé , A. , Bazile , D. and Weltzien , E. 2008 . Adaptation of Malian sorghums to climate variability . Cah. Agric. , 17 ( 2 ) : 95 – 100 .
  • Kremen , C. , Williams , N. and Thorp , R. 2002 . Crop pollination from native bees at risk 674 from agricultural intensification . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , 99 : 16812 – 16816 .
  • Kruijssen , F. , Keizer , M. and Giuliani , A. 2009 . Collective action for small-scale producers of agricultural biodiversity products . Food Policy , 34 : 46 – 52 .
  • Kruiijssen , F. and Mysore , S. 2007 . Developing the Potential of Underutilized Fruits Through the Linkage of Farmers To The Market-A Case of Kokum Marketing in the Western Ghats of India , 11–15 March 2007, New Delhi, India : Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Linking markets and farmers: exploring leading practices to foster economic growth in rural India .
  • Kruijssen , F. and Somsri , S. 2006 . Marketing Local Biodiversity in Thailand: Identification of a Possible Good Practices for On-Farm Biodiversity Management of Tropical Fruit Trees , 11–13 October 2006, Bonn, Germany : Presented at the Tropentag conference on International Agricultural Research for Development .
  • Kumar , A. N. , Balakrishnan , V. , Girigan , G. and Raveendran , T. 2003 . “ People's biodiversity registers: a case from India ” . In Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: A Source Book Vol I: Understanding Agricultural Biodiversity CIP-UPWARDS 2003 , 236 – 244 . Philippines : Los Banos .
  • Kumar , P. , Gupta , V. K. , Misra , A. K. , Modi , D. R. and Pandey , B. K. 2009 . Potential of molecular markers in plant biotechnology . Plant Omics J. , 2 ( 4 ) : 141 – 162 .
  • Lacy , S. M. , Cleveland , D. A. and Soleri , D. 2006 . Farmer choice of sorghum varieties in Southern Mali . Hum. Ecol. , 34 ( 3 ) : 331 – 353 .
  • Lapeña , I. 2008 . The Genetic Resources Policy Initiative in Peru Final report. Available at www.grpi.org
  • Latournerie-Moreno , L. , Tuxill , J. , Yupit-Moo , E. , Arias-Reyes , L. , Cristobal-Alejo , J. and Jarvis , D. I. 2006 . Traditional maize storage methods of Mayan farmers in Yucatan, Mexico: implications for seed selection and crop diversity . Biodivers. Conserv. , 15 ( 5 ) : 1771 – 1795 .
  • Laurentin , H. 2009 . Data analysis for molecular characterization of plant genetic resources . Gen. Res. Crop Evol. , 56 : 277 – 292 .
  • Lee , D. R. 2005 . Agricultural sustainability and technology adoption: issues and policies for developing countries . Amer. J. Agr. Econ. , 87 ( 5 ) : 1325 – 1334 .
  • Leskien , D. and Flitner , M. 1997 . “ Intellectual property rights and plant genetic resources: options for a sui generis system ” . In Issues in Genet. Resour. , Edited by: Engler , J. Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute . 6 June 1997
  • Lewis , V. and Mulvany , P. M. 1997 . A Typology of Community Seed Banks , UK : NRI .
  • Li , C. , He , X. , Zhu , S. , Zhou , H. , Wang , Y. , Li , Y. , Yang , J. , Fan , J. , Yang , J. , Wang , G. , Long , Y. , Xu , J. , Tang , Y. , Zhao , G. , Yang , J. , Liu , L. , Sun , Y. , Xie , Y. , Wang , H. and Zhu , Y. 2009 Crop diversity for yield increase . PLoS ONE , 4 (11) 1 – 6 . e8049. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008049
  • Liang , L. and Brookfield , H. 2009 . Sharing knowledge on agrodiversity for conservation and livelihood improvement . LEISA Mag. , 25 ( 1 ) : 23 – 25 .
  • LI-BIRD . 2005 . (unpublished). Home Garden Donor Report Local Initiatives for Biodiversity Research and Development. (I-BIRD). Report to the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Home Garden Project, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.
  • Lightfoot , C. , Gillman , H. , Scheuermeier , U. and Nyimbo , V. 2008 . The first mile project in Tanzania: linking smallholder farmers to markets using modern communication technology . Mount. Res. Dev. , 28 : 13 – 17 .
  • Lipper , L. , Anderson , C. L. , Dalton , T. J. and Keleman , A. 2010 . “ Conclusions and policy implications ” . In Seed Trade in Rural Markets: Implications for Crop Diversity and Agricultural Development , Edited by: Lipper , L. , Anderson , C. L. and Dalton , T. J. 209 – 222 . Rome, Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • Lipper , L. , Cavatassi , R. and Hopkins , J. 2009 . “ The role of crop genetic divesity in coping with drought: insights from eastern Ethiopia ” . In Agrobiodiversity, Conservation and Economic Development , Edited by: Kontoleon , A. , Pascual , W. and Smale , M. 183 – 203 . London, UK : Routeledge .
  • Lipton , M. 2006 . Can small farmers survive, prosper, or be the key channel to cut mass poverty? . Electron. J. Agric. Dev. Econ. , 3 ( 1 ) : 58 – 85 .
  • Loch , D. S. and Boyce , K. G. 2003 . Balancing public and private sector roles in an effective seed supply system . Field Crop Res. , 84 : 105 – 122 .
  • Lopez , D. 2004 . Gender Relations as a Basis for Varietal Selection in Production Spaces in Yucatan, Mexico , Wageningen University, The Netherlands : M.S. thesis .
  • Lopez Noriega In , I. press . “ Defensive protection of farmers' varieties ” . In Farmers' Varieties and Farmers' Rights: Addressing Challenges in Taxonomy and Law , Edited by: Halewood , M. London, UK : Earthscan .
  • Louette , D. , Charrier , A. and Berthaud , J. 1997 . In situ conservation of maize in Mexico: genetic diversity and maize seed management in a traditional community . Econ. Bot. , 51 : 20 – 38 .
  • Louwaars , N. 2000 . Seed regulation and local seed systems . Biotech. Dev. Monitor, No. 42 June 2000 ,
  • Louwaars , N. , ed. 2002 . Seed Policy, Legislation and Law: Widening a Narrow Focus , Binghamtom : Food Products Press and Haworth Press .
  • Louwaars , N. and Burgaud , F. In press . “ Variety registration: the evolution of registration systems with a special emphasis on agrobiodiversity conservation ” . In Farmers' Varieties and Farmers' Rights: Addressing Challenges in Taxonomy and Law , Edited by: Halewood , M. London, UK : Earthscan .
  • Magorokosho , C. , Banziger , M. and Betran , F. J. 2006 . “ Characterization of local maize landraces from Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi ” . In Enhancing Crop Genetic Diversity to Manage Abiotic Stress 23–27 May 2005, Budapest, Hungary , Edited by: Jarvis , D. , Mar , I. and Sears , L. 25 – 30 . Italy, Rome : Bioversity International .
  • Magurran , A. E. 2003 . Measuring Biological Diversity , Oxford, UK : Blackwell .
  • Maharjan , S. K. , Sigdel , E. R. , Sthapit , B. R. and Regmi , B. R. 2010b . Tharu community's perception on climate changes and their adaptive initiations to withstand its impacts in Western Terai of Nepal . Int. NGO J. , 5 (accepted)
  • Maharjan , S. K. , Subedi , A. , Shrestha , P. , Sthapit , B. R. , Rana , R. B. and Gurung , A. R. 2010a . Enhancing conservation and use of agro-biodiversity on-farm through community seed bank in western Nepal . Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. J. , (in press)
  • Makokha , M. , Omanga , P , Onyango , A. , Otado , J. and Remington , T. 2004 . “ Comparison of seed vouchers and fairs and direct seed distribution: lessons learned in Eastern Kenya and critical next steps ” . In Addressing Seed Security in Disaster Response: Linking Relief with Development 44 , Edited by: Sperling , L. , Remington , T. , Haugen , J. M. and Nagoda , S. Cali, Colombia : International Center for Tropical Agriculture .
  • Mar , I. 2002 . “ Safeguarding agricultural biodiversity on-farms in Hungary ” . In The Economics of Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm: Research Methods Developed from IPGRI's Global Project ‘Strenghtening the Scientific Basis of In Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity.’ , Edited by: Smale , M. , Mar , I. and Jarvis , D. I. Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Mar , I. and Holly , L. 2000 . “ Hungary. Adding benefits ” . In Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity In Situ: A Scientific Basis for Sustainable Agriculture , Edited by: Jarvis , D. , Sthapit , B. and Sears , L. 194 – 198 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Maredia , M. and Howard , J. 1998 . Facilitating Seed Sector Transformation in Africa: Key Findings from the Literature. Food Security II Cooperative Agreement between U.S. Agency for International Development, Global Bureau, Economic Growth Center, Office of Agriculture and Food Security and Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. http://www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/polsyn/No33.htm
  • Marquez , M. , Valdes , N. , Perez , D. , Ferro , E. M. and Ortiz , R. 2009 . Participatory plant breeding impact as part of the local agroinnovation by diffusing genetic diversity in agricultural sectors of Pinar del Rio . Cultivos Tropicales , 30 ( 2 ) : 18 – 23 .
  • Marshall , D. R. 1977 . The advantages and hazards of genetic homogeneity [Plant resistance to diseases] . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , 287 : 1 – 20 .
  • Martin , G. B. and Adams , M. W. 1987 . Landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabacae) in northern Malawi. I. Regional variation . Econ. Bot. , 41 : 190 – 203 .
  • Maruyama , T. and Kimura , M. 1980 . Genetic variability and effective population size when local extinction and recolonization of sub populations are frequent . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , 77 : 6710 – 6714 .
  • Maurya , D. M. , Bottrall , A. and Farrington , J. 1988 . Improved livelihoods, genetic diversity and farmer participation: a strategy for rice breeding in rainfed areas of India . Exp. Agric. , 24 : 311 – 320 .
  • Mazhar , F. 2000 . “ Seed conservation and management: participatory approaches of Naya Krishi seed network in Bangladesh ” . In Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources , Edited by: Friis-Hansen , E. and Sthapit , B. R. 149 – 153 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Mbabwine , Y. , Sabiiti , E. N. , Kiambin , D. and Mulumba , J. W. 2008 . Ecogeographic genetic erosion, seed systems and conservation of plant genetic resources in Kabale highlands, Uganda . Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. , 156 : 33 – 41 .
  • McGuire , S. J. 2007 . Vulnerability in farmer seed systems: farmer practices for coping with seed insecurity for sorghum in Eastern Ethiopia . Econ. Bot. , 61 ( 3 ) : 211 – 222 .
  • McGuire , S. J. 2008 . Securing access to seed: social relations and sorghum seed exchange in eastern Ethiopia . Hum. Ecol. , 36 ( 2 ) : 217 – 229 .
  • McGuire , S. J. , Cleveland , D. A. and Soleri , D. 2002 . “ Farmers' views and management of sorghum diversity in Western Harerghe, Ethiopia: implications for collaboration with formal breeding ” . In Farmers, Scientists and Plant Breeding: Integrating Knowledge and Practice , 107 – 135 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • MEA . 2005 . Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis. , Washington, DC, USA : World Resources Institute .
  • Meinzen-Dick , R. and Eyzaguirre , P. 2009 . “ Non-market institutions for agrobiodiversity conservation ” . In Agrobiodiversity, Conservation and Economic Development , Edited by: Kontoleon , A. , Pascual , W. and Smale , M. 82 – 91 . London, UK : Routeledge .
  • Mekbib , F. 2008 . Farmers' breeding of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in the center of diversity, Ethiopia: II. Selection process, criteria and methods . J. New Seeds , 9 ( 3 ) : 234 – 265 .
  • Mekbib , F. 2009a . Farmers as treasure chest of biodiversity: the case of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in Ethiopia - a five decade analysis . Maydica , 54 ( 1 ) : 11 – 23 .
  • Mekbib , F. 2009b . Genetic Enhancement of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench) Diversity Through an Integrated Approach , Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Ås, Norway : Doctor of Philosphy (PhD) Thesis. Norwegian University of Life Sciences .
  • Mellas , H. 2000 . “ Morocco. Seed supply systems: data collection and analysis ” . In Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity In Situ: A Scientific Basis for Sustainable Agriculture , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Sthapit , B. and Sears , L. 155 – 156 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Mendum , R. and Glenna , L. L. 2010 . Socioeconomic obstacles to establishing a PPB program for organic growers in the USA . Sustainability , 2 : 79 – 91 .
  • Meng , E. , Taylor , J. E. and Brush , S. B. 1998 . “ Implications for the conservations of wheat landraces in Turkey from an household model of varietal choice ” . In Farmers, Gene Banks & Crop Breeding: Economics Analyses of Diversity in Wheat, Maize and Rice Natural Resource Management and Policy series , Edited by: Smale , M. 127 – 142 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic, Boston, Massachusetts; Dordrecht .
  • Mgonja , M. A. , Subhash , C. , Gwata , E. T. , Obilana , A. B. , Monyo , E. S. , Rohrbach , D. D. , Chisi , M. , Kudita , S. and Saadan , H. M. 2005 . Improving the efficiencies of national crop breeding programs through region-based approaches: the case of sorghum and pearl millet in southern Africa . J. Food Agric. Environ. , 3 ( 3/4 ) : 124 – 129 .
  • Moore , G. and Tymowski , W. 2005 . Explanatory Guide to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture , Switzerland and Cambridge, UK : IUCN. Gland .
  • Morales-Valderrama , C. and Quiñones-Vega , T. 2000 . “ Social, cultural and economic data collection and analysis including gender: methods used for increasing access, participation and decision-making ” . In Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity In Situ: A Scientific Basis for Sustainable Agriculture , Edited by: Jarvis , D. , Sthapit , B. and Sears , L. 49 – 50 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Moseley , W. G. , Carney , J. and Becker , L. 2010 . Neoliberal policy, rural livelihoods and urban food security in West Africa: a comparative study of The Gambia, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , 107 ( 13 ) : 5774 – 5779 .
  • Mujaju , C. and Chakauya , E. 2008 . Morphological variation of sorghum landrace accessions on-farm in semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe. ANSInet, Asian Network for Scientific Information, Faisalabad, Pakistan . Int. J. Bot. , 4 ( 4 ) : 376 – 382 .
  • Mujaju , C. , Rusike , E. and Zinhanga , F. 2003 . “ Community seedbank for semi-arid agriculture in Zimbabwe ” . In Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: A Source Book Vol I: Understanding Agricultural Biodiversity , 294 – 301 . Los Banos, Philippines : CIP-UPWARDS 2003 International Potato Centre (CIP) and User's Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) .
  • Mundt , C. C. 1991 . Probability of mutation to multiple virulence and durability of resistance gene pyramids: Further comments . Phytopathology , 81 : 240 – 242 .
  • Munyua , H. , Adera , E. and Jensen , M. 2009 . Emerging ICTs and their potential in revitalizing small scale agriculture in Africa . Agric. Inform. Worldwide , 2 : 1 – 9 .
  • Musa , T. M. 1998 . Farmer Seed System a Background Paper for the International Workshop on Developing Institutional Agreements and Capacity to Assist Farmers in Disaster Situations to Restore agricultural Systems and Seed Security Activities. 3–5 November 1998 , Rome, Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • Muthoni , J. and Nyamongo , D. O. 2008 . Seed systems in Kenya and their relationship to on-farm conservation of food crops . J. New Seeds , 9 ( 4 ) : 330 – 342 .
  • Nabban , G. P. 1989 . Cultures of Habitat: On Nature, Culture, and Story , Perseus Book Group, Washington, DC, USA : Counterpoint .
  • Nagaranjan , S. 2007 . Geographical indications and agriculture-related intellectual property rights issues . Curr. Sci. India , 92 : 167 – 171 .
  • Nagaranjan , L. , Oliver King , E. D.I. , Jones , H. and Vedhamoorthy , A. 2009 . Market Participation and Farmer Welfare: Case of Minor Millets in Pennagaram Market Hub Dharmapuri District, India , Washington, DC, USA : IFPRI .
  • Nagaranjan , L. , Oliver King , E. D.I. , Smale , M. and Dalton , T. J. 2010 . “ Access to minor millet genetic resources in rural market towns of Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, India ” . In Seed Trade in Rural Markets , Edited by: Lipper , L. , Anderson , C. L. and Dalton , T. J. 125 – 145 . London, UK : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy and Earthscan .
  • Nagaranjan , L. and Smale , M. 2007 . Local seed systems and village level determinants of millet crop diversity in marginal environments of Indai . Euphytica , 155 : 167 – 182 .
  • Nassif , F. 2002 . “ Tuornee inter sites en faveur des femmes associees au project in situ Maroc ” . In La conservation In-Situ de la Biodiversite Agricole: Un Defi Puor Une Agriculture Durable. Actes du Seminaire National Rabat, 21–22 Janvier 2002 , Edited by: Birouk , A. , Sadiki , M. , Nassif , F. , Saidi , S. , Mellas , H. , Bammoun , A. and Jarvis , D. 349 – 355 . Rome, Italy (in French) : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Nassif , F. and Birouk , A. 2002 . “ Tournee inter sites au profit des agriculteurs partenaires du project in situ Maroc ” . In La Conservation In-Situ de la Biodiversite Agricole: Un Defi Puor Une Agriculture Durable Actes du Seminaire National Rabat, 21 et 22 Janvier 2002 , Edited by: Birouk , A. , Sadiki , M. , Nassif , F. , Saidi , S. , Mellas , H. , Bammoun , A. and Jarvis , D. 344 – 348 . Rome, Italy (in French) : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Nathaniels , N. Q. R. and Mwijage , A. 2006 . Seed Fairs And The Case Of Marambo Village, Nachingwea District, Tanzania: Implications of Local Informal Seed Supply and Variety Development for Research and Extension , Overseas Development Institute (ODI), UK : Network Paper No. 101. Agricultural Research and Extension Network (AgREN) .
  • Negri , V. 2003 . Landraces in central Italy: where and why they are conserved and perspectives for their on-farm conservation . Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. , 50 : 871 – 885 .
  • Negri , V. , Maxted , N. and Veteläinen , M. 2009 . “ European landrace conservation: an introduction ” . In European Landraces on Farm Conservation, Management and Use , Edited by: Veteläinen , M. , Negri , V. and Maxted , N. 1 – 22 . Rome, Italy : Bioversity Technical Bulletin No. 15. Bioversity International .
  • Neuchatel Group . 2010 . http://www.neuchatelinitiative.net/english/content_about.htm (accessed 16 May 2010)
  • Nkongolo , K. K. , Chinthu , K. K. L. , Malusi , M. and Vokhiwa , Z. 2008 . Participatory variety selection and characterization of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) elite accessions from Malawian gene pool using farmer and breeder knowledge . Afr. J. Agric. Res. , 3 ( 4 ) : 273 – 283 .
  • Nuijten , E. and Almekinders , C. J. M. 2008 . Mechanisms explaining variety naming by farmers and name consistency of rice varieties in The Gambia . Econ. Bot. , 62 ( 2 ) : 148 – 160 .
  • OriGin . 2010 . Organization for an International Geographical Indications Network http://www.origin-gi.com/
  • Okwu , O. J. and Umoru , B. I. 2009 . A study of women farmers' agricultural information needs and accessibility: A case study of Apa local government area of Benue State, Nigeria . Afr. J. Agric. Res. , 4 ( 12 ) : 1404 – 1409 .
  • Ortiz , R. , Rios , H. , Marquez , M. , Ponce , M. , Gil , V. , Cancio , M. , Chaveco , O. , Rodriguez , O. , Caballero , A. and Almekinders , C. 2009 . Participatory plant breeding achievements evaluated by involved farmers . Cultivos Tropicales , 30 ( 2 ) : 106 – 112 .
  • Østergård , H. , Finckh , M. R. , Fontaine , L. , Goldringer , I. , Hoad , S. P. , Kristensen , K. , Lammerts van , B. , Edith , T. , Mascher , F. , Munk , L. and Wolfe , M. S. 2009 . Time for a shift in crop production: embracing complexity through diversity at all levels . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 89 (9) : 1439 – 1445(7) .
  • Oude , L. A. and Carpentier , A. 2001 . Damage Control Productivity: an input damage abatement approach . J. Agric. Econ. , 52 ( 3 ) : 11 – 22 .
  • Oyedele , O. , Yahaya , M. K. and Aldous , D. E. 2009 . Citrus farmers' accessibility to horticultural information in South-Western Nigeria . Acta Hortic. , 832 : 171 – 176 .
  • Pascual , U. and Perrings , C. 2007 . Developing incentives and economic mechanisms for in situ biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 121 : 256 – 268 .
  • Platform for Agrobiodiversity Research . 2010 . The Use of Agrobiodiversity by Indigenous and Traditional Agricultural Communities in: Adapting to Climate Change , Bioversity International, Rome, Italy : Synthesis paper. PAR . http://www.agrobiodiversityplatform.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/PAR-Synthesis_low_FINAL.pdf (accessed 28 May 2010)
  • Peacock , J. and Chaudhury , A. 2002 . “ The impact of gene technologies on the use of genetic resources ” . In Managing Plant Genetic Diversity , Edited by: Engels , J. M.M. , Rao , V. R. , Brown , A. H.D. and Jackson , M. T. 33 – 42 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Perfecto , I. , Vandermeerb , J. , Mas , A. and Soto Pinto , L. 2005 . Biodiversity, yield, and shade coffee certification . Ecol. Econ. , 54 : 435 – 446 .
  • Phiri , M. A. R. , Chirwa , R. and Haugen , J. M. 2004 . “ A review of seed security strategies in Malawi ” . In Addressing Seed Security in Disaster Response: Linking Relief with Development. , Edited by: Sperling , L. , Remington , T. , Haugen , J. M. and Nagoda , S. Cali, Colombia : International Center for Tropical Agriculture . http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/africa/seeds.htm
  • Pimbert , M. P. , Boukary , B. and Holt-Giménez , E. 2010 . Democratising research for food sovereignty in West Africa . J. Peasant Stud. , 37 ( 1 ) : 220 – 226 .
  • Pingali , P. L. and Roger , P. A. 1995 . Impact of pesticides on farmers' health and the rice environment , Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer .
  • Poudel , D. and Johnsen , F. H. 2009 . Valuation of crop genetic resources in Kaski, Nepal: farmers' willingness to pay for rice landraces conservation . J. Environ. Manage. , 90 ( 1 ) : 483 – 491 .
  • Poudel , D. , Rijal , D. , Johnsen , F. H. , Synnevag , G. and Subedi , A. 2005 . “ Conservation of crop genetic resources in community genebank: farmers' willingness to pay for conservation of rice landraces in Kaski, Nepal ” . In On-farm Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. Volume 2: Managing Diversity and Promoting its Benefits Proceedings of the second national workshop, 25–27 August 2004, Nagarkot, Nepal , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Upadhyay , M. P. , Shrestha , P. K. and Jarvis , D. I. 149 – 160 . Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and LI-BIRD .
  • Poudel , D. , Shrestha , P. , Basnet , A. , Shrestha , P. , Sthapit , B. and Subedi , A. 2008 . “ Dynamics of farmers' seed networks in rice seed flow systems: implications for on-farm conservation. 88–96 ” . In On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal: Lessons Learned. Proceedings of the National Symposium 18–19 July 2006, Kathmandu, Nepal , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Gauchan , D. , Subedi , A. and Jarvis , D. Rome Italy : Bioversity International .
  • Pradhan , N , Providoli , I. , Regmi , B. and Kafle , G. January 2010 . Valuing water and its ecological services in rural landscapes: a case study from Nepal . Mount. Forum Bull. , 2010 : 32 – 34 .
  • Pradhanang , P. M. and Sthapit , B. R. 1995 . Effect of cultivar mixtures on yellow rust incidence and grain yield of barley in the hills of Nepal . Crop Prot. , 14 ( 4 ) : 331 – 334 .
  • Prasanna , B. M. , Rao , S. K. , Gautam , K. and Singh , R. B. 2008 . “Varieties of common knowledge” in the context of plant variety protection . Curr. Sci. India , 95 : 1522 – 1524 .
  • Pressoir , G. and Berthaud , J. 2004 . Patterns of population structure in maize landraces from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca in Mexico . Heredity , 92 : 88 – 94 .
  • Pretty , J. 2002 . Agri-culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature , London, UK : Earthscan .
  • Pretty , J. 2008 . Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. , 363 : 447 – 465 .
  • Pretty , J. and Smith , D. 2004 . Social capital in biodiversity conservation and management . Conserv. Biol. , 18 ( 3 ) : 631 – 638 .
  • Quiros , C. F. , Brush , S. B. , Douches , D. S. , Zimmerer , K. S. and Huestis , G. 1990 . Biochemical and folk assessment of variability of Andean cultivated potatoes . Econ. Bot. , 44 ( 2 ) : 254 – 266 .
  • Ramakrishnappa , K. 2006 . Geographical indications: a legal tool for protection of traditional varieties . Biomed. , 1 : 91 – 93 .
  • Ramirez , M. 2001 . Adventures in Agrobiodiversity, Ecotourism for Agrobiodiversity Conservation, a Feasibility Study , Cali, Colombia : Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogeneticos .
  • Ramirez , M. , Nicklin , C. , Williams , D. E. , Williams , K. A. , Tapia , C. and Carrera , V. H. 2009 . Promotion of Andean Crops for Rural Development in Ecuador , Lima, Peru : Mountain Forum . On line: http://www.mtnforum.org/rs/ol/searchft.cfm?step=vd&docid=4225 (accessed 16 May 2010)
  • Ramirez , M. and Williams , D. E. 2003 . Guía Agro-Culinaria de Cotacachi, Ecuador y Alrededores , Cali, Colombia (in Spanish) : Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogeneticos .
  • Ramprasad , V. 2003 . “ Millet conservation in Southern India ” . In Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: Source Book Vol II: Strengthening Local Management of Agricultural Biodiversity , 362 – 367 . Los Banos, Philippines : CIP-UPWARDS 2003 International Potato Centre (CIP) and User's Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) .
  • Ramprasad , V. 2009 . Community seed banks for maintaining genetic diversity . LEISA Mag. Low Ext. Imput Sustain. Agric. , 23 ( 2 ) : 20 – 21 .
  • Rana , R. B. 2004 . Influence of Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors on Aagrobiodiversity Conservation on-Farm in Nepal , The University of Reading, UK : PhD Thesis .
  • Rana , R. B. , Garforth , C. , Jarvis , D. and Sthapit , B. 2007a . Influence of socio-economic and cultural factors in rice varietal diversity management on-farm in Nepal . Agric. Hum. Values , 24 ( 4 ) : 461 – 472 .
  • Rana , R. B. , Garforth , C. and Sthapit , B. R. 2008 . Farmers' management of rice varietal diversity in the mid hills of Nepal: Implications for on-farm conservation and crop improvement . Plant Genet. Resour. Charact. Utiliz. , 28 : 1 – 14 .
  • Ravi , S. B. 2009 . The Conflict Between Seed Bill and PPVFR Act of India: Lessons for Other South Asian Countries , Kathmandu, South Asia Watch on Trade, Economy and Environment (SAWTEE), Nepal : Policy Brief. No. 19 .
  • Regine , A. 2005 . Results from an International Stakeholder Survey on Farmers' Rights, FNI Report 9/2005 , Lysaker, Norway : The Fridtjof Nansen Institute .
  • Remington , T. , Walsh , S. , Charles , E. , Maroko , J. and Omanga , P. 2002 . Getting off the seeds-and-tools treadmill with CRS seed vouchers and fairs . Disasters , 26 ( 4 ) : 316 – 328 .
  • Renard , M. C. 2003 . Fair trade: quality, market and conventions . J. Rural Stud. , 19 : 87 – 96 .
  • Rhouma , A. , Nasr , N. , Zirari , A. and Belguedj , M. 2006 . “ Indigenous knowledge in management of abiotic stress: date palm geneticresources diversity in the oases of Maghreb region ” . In Enhancing the Use of Crop Genetic Diversity to Manage Abiotic Stress in Agricultural Production Systems. 23–27 May, Budapest, Hungary , Edited by: Jarvis , D. , Mar , I. and Sears , L. 55 – 61 . Rome, Italy : Bioversity International .
  • Richards , P. and Ruivenkamp , G. 1997 . Seeds and Survival: Crop Genetic Resources in War and Reconstruction in Africa , Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Richards , A. 2001 . Does low biodiversity resulting from modern agricultural practice affect crop pollination and yield? . Ann. Bot. , 88 : 165 – 172 .
  • Richards , P. , De Bruin-Hoekzema , M. , Hughes , S. G. , Kudadjie-Freeman , C. , Offei , S. , Struik , P. and Zannou , A. 2009 . Seed systems for African food security: linking molecular genetic analysis and cultivator knowledge in West Africa . Int. J. Technol. Manage. , 45 ( 1–2 ) : 196 – 214 .
  • Rijal , D. K. 2007 . On-farm Conservation and Use of Local Crop Diversity: Adaptations of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and Rice (Oryza sativa) Diversity to Varying Ecosystems of Nepal , Norway : Ph. D Thesis. University of Life Science (UMB) .
  • Rijal , D. , Rana , R. , Subedi , A. and Sthapit , B. “ Adding value to landraces: community-based approaches for in situ conservation of plant genetic resources in Nepal ” . In Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources , Edited by: Friis-Hansen , E. and Sthapit , B. 166 – 172 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Ríos , H. 2000 . Participatory seed dissemination: some field experiences 2009 . Cultivos Tropicales , 30 ( 2 ) : 89 – 105 .
  • Robbert , P. , van der Steeg , R. P. , Remington , T. , Grum , M. and Kemigisha , E. 2004 . “ Seed vouchers and fairs and agrobiodiversity in Western Uganda ” . In Addressing Seed Security in Disaster Response: Linking Relief with Development , Edited by: Sperling , L. , Remington , T. , Haugen , J. M. and Nagoda , S. 29 – 43 . Cali, Colombia : International Center for Tropical Agriculture .
  • Robertson , G. P. and Swinton , S. M. 2005 . Reconciling agricultural productivity and environmental integrity: a grand challenge for agriculture . Front. Ecol. Environ. , 3 ( 1 ) : 38 – 46 .
  • Rohrbach , D. and Kiala , D. 2007 . Development options for local seed systems in Mozambique. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India . J. SAT Agric. Res. , 3 ( 1 ) : 1 – 29 .
  • Rohrbach , D. D. , Mtenga , K. , Kiriwaggulu , J. A. B. , Monyo , E. S. , Mwaisela , F. and Saadan , H. M. 2002 . Comparative Study of Three Community Seed Supply Strategies in Tanzania , Bulawayo, Zimbawe : International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics .
  • Ruiz , M. 2009 . Agrobiodiversity Zones and the Registry of Native Crops in Peru: Learning from Ourselves , Lima, Peru : Bioversity International and Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental .
  • Rusike , E. , Mujaju , C. , Mafa , A. and Zinhanga , F. 2003 . “ Increasing seed diversity through community seed fairs in Zimbabwe ” . In Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: A Source Book Vol I: Understanding Agricultural Biodiversity CIP-UPWARDS 2003 , 277 – 283 . Los Banos, Philippines : International Potato Centre (CIP) and User's Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) .
  • Sadiki , M. 2006 . “ Diversity of Moroccan local faba bean landraces for reaction to drought stress ” . In Enhancing Crop Genetic Diversity to Manage Abiotic Stress 23–27 May 2005, Budapest, Hungary , Edited by: Jarvis , D. , Mar , I. and Sears , L. 11 – 17 . Italy, Rome : Bioversity International .
  • Sadiki , M. , Belqadi , L. , Mahdi , M. and Jarvis , D. 2001 . “ Identifying units of diversity management by comparing traits used by farmers to name and distinguish faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars with measurements of genetic distinctiveness in Morocco ” . In Proceedings of the legumed Symposium “Grain Legumes in the Mediterranean Agriculture,” October 25–27, 2001 , Morocco : Rabat .
  • Sadiki , M. , Birouk , A. , Bouizzgaren , A. , Belqadi , L. , Rh'rrib , K. , Taghouti , M. , Kerfal , S. , Lahbhili , M. , Bouhya , H. , Douiden , R. , Saidi , S. and Jarvis , D. 2002 . “ La diversité génétique in situ du blé dur, de l'orge, de la luzerne et de la fève: Options de stratégie pour sa conservation ” . In La conservation In-Situ de la Biodiversite Agricole: Un Defi Puor Une Agriculture Durable. Actes du Seminaire National Rabat, 21 et 22 Janvier 2002 , Edited by: Birouk , A. , Sadiki , M. , Nassif , F. , Saidi , S. , Mellas , H. , Bammoun , A. and Jarvis , D. 37 – 117 . Rome, Italy (in French) : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Sadiki , M. and Jarvis , D. 2005 . Conservation in situ de la diversité génétique des clutures par sa gestion à la ferme dans les agro écosystèmes marocains . Les Actes du BRG , 1 : 347 – 357 . (in French)
  • Sadiki , M. , Jarvis , D. , Rijal , D. , Bajracharya , J. , Hue , N. N. , Camacho , T. C. , Burgos-May , L. A. , Sawadogo , M. , Balma , D. , Lope , D. , Arias , L. , Mar , I. , Karamura , D. , Williams , D. , Chavez-Servia , J. , Sthapit , B. and Rao , V. R. 2007 . “ Variety names: an entry point to crop genetic diversity and distribution in agroecosystems? ” . In Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Padoch , C. and Cooper , D. 34 – 76 . New York, USA : Columbia University Press .
  • Sagnard , F. , Barnaud , A. , Deu , M. , Barro , C. , Luce , C. , Billot , C. , Rami , J. F. , Bouchet , S. , Dembele , D. , Pomies , V. , Calatayud , C. , Rivallan , R. , Joly , H. , vom Brocke , K. , Toure , A. , Chantereau , J. , Bezancon , G. and Vaksmann , M. 2008 . Multi-scale analysis of sorghum genetic diversity: understanding the evolutionary processes for in situ conservation. (Special issue: Agrobiodiversites) . Cah. Agric. , 17 ( 2 ) : 114 – 121 .
  • Salazar , R. , Louwaars , N. P. and Visser , B. 2007 . On protecting farmers' new varieties: new approaches to rights on collective innovations in plant genetic resources . World Dev. , 35 : 1515 – 1528 .
  • Salick , J. , Cellinese , N. and Knapp , S. 1997 . Indigenous diversity of Cassava: generation, maintenance, use and loss among the Amuesha, Peruvian upper Amazon . J. Econ. Bot. , 51 ( 1 ) : 6 – 19 .
  • Satheesh , P. V. 2000 . “ Linking to community development: using participatory approaches to in situ conservation ” . In Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources. , Edited by: Friis-Hansen , E. and Sthapit , B. R. Rome : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Sawadogo , M. , Balma , D. , Some , L. , Fadda , C. and Devra , J. 2006 . “ Management of the agrobiodiversity under the clinal variation of rainfall pattern in Burkina Faso: the example of okra drought resistance ” . In Enhancing Crop Genetic Diversity to Manage Abiotic Stress 23–27 May 2005, Budapest, Hungary , Edited by: Jarvis , D. , Mar , I. and Sears , L. 18 – 24 . Italy, Rome : Bioversity International .
  • Sawadogo , M. , Ouedraogo , J. , Belem , M. , Balma , D. , Dossou , B. and Jarvis , D. I. 2005 . Components of the ecosystem as instruments of cultural practices in the in situ conservation of agricultural biodiversity . Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. , 141 : 19 – 25 .
  • Scarcelli , N. , Tostain , S. , Baco , M. N. , Agbangla , C. , Dainou , O. , Vigouroux , Y. , Pham , J. L. , Maxted , N. , Ford-Lloyd , B. V. , Kell , S. P. , Iriondo , J. M. , Dulloo , M. E. and Turok , J. 2007 . “ Does agriculture conflict with in situ conservation? A case study on the use of wild relatives by yam farmers in Benin ” . In Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use , 331 – 339 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Scarcelli , N. , Tostain , S. , Vigouroux , Y. , Agbangla , C. , Daïnou , O. and Pham , J. L. 2006 . Farmers' use of wild relative and sexual reproduction in a vegetatively propagated crop. The case of yam in Benin . Mol. Ecol. , 15 : 2421 – 2431 .
  • Scheidegger , U. and Prain , G. 2000 . “ Support to diversity in potato seed supply ” . In Encouraging Diversity –The Conservation and Development of Plant Genetic Resources , Edited by: Almekinders , C. and de Boef , W. 232 – 236 . London, UK : Intermediate Technology Publications .
  • Schumann , G. L. 1991 . Plant Diseases: Their Biology and Social Impact , St. Paul, Minnesota, USA : APS Press .
  • Sedjo , R. A. and Swallow , S. K. 2002 . Voluntary eco-labeling and the price premium . Land Econ. , 78 ( 2 ) : 272 – 284 .
  • Shah , A. A. and Tripathi , R. B. 2009 . Effective agricultural information sources for contact and non contact farmers under T and V system of extension in Kashmir . Asian J. Home Sci. , 4 ( 1 ) : 64 – 66 .
  • Shalpykov , K. 2008 . Sovremennoe sostoyaniye I perspective izucheniya prioritetnikj plodovikh kultur v Kyrgyzstane (Current status and prospects of study of priority fruit crops in Kyrgyzstan) , (in Russian), Kyrgyzstan : Vestnik of Kyrgyz Technical University .
  • Shrestha , R. R. 2009 . Rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge for water storage in the Kathmandu valley. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal, ICIMOD . Sustain. Mount. Dev. , 56 : 27 – 30 .
  • Shrestha , R. R. , Pitamber , S. , Maharjan , S. K. and Sthapit , B. R. 2010 . Participatory Seed Exchange to Enhance Conservation and Use of Genetic Resources in Home Garden , Nepal : Paper presented at the National Workshop on Home Garden of Nepal. Kathmandu .
  • Shrestha , P. , Subedi , A. , Sthapit , S. , Rijal , D. , Gupta , S. K. and Sthapit , B. 2006 . “ Community seed bank: reliable and effective option for agricultural biodiversity conservation ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Sillitoe , P. 2003 . “ The gender of crops in the Papua New Guinea highlands ” . In Women and Plants, Gender Relations in Biodiversity Management and Conservation , Edited by: Howard , P. 165 – 180 . NY, USA : Zed Books .
  • Singh , I. P. 2010 . National Research Centre for Citrus (NRCC, Nagpur India), pers. comm
  • Sismanto , Y. 2003 . “ Rediscovering local rice for improved food security in Indonesia ” . In Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: A Source Book Vol I: Understanding Agricultural Biodiversity CIP-UPWARDS 2003 , 177 – 182 . Los Banos, Philippines : International Potato Centre (CIP) and User's Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD) .
  • Siudek , T. 2008 . “ Regional economic development: theory and practice in Poland economic science for rural development ” . In Economic Science for Rural Development. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on Finances, Taxes, Investment and Support Systems 17 136–144 , Lettonia : Jelgava . (http://ef.llu.lv/files/p2/Finances_Taxes_Investment_and_Support_Systems_17_1.pdf#page=135 accessed May 8 2010)
  • Slatkin , M. 1991 . Inbreeding coefficients and coalescence times . Genet. Res. , 58 ( 2 ) : 167 – 175 .
  • Slootweg , R. , Kolhoff , A , Verheem , R. and Hoft , R. 2006 . Biodiversity in EIA and SEA , Canada : Background Document to CBD Decision VIII/28. Voluntary Guidelines on Bioversity-Inclusive Impact Assessment. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal .
  • Smale , M. 2006 . Valuing Crop Biodiversity: On-Farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change , Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Smale , M. , Bellon , M. and Aguirre , A . 2001 . Maize diversity, variety attributes, and farmers' choices in southeastern Guanajuato, Mexico . Econ. Dev. Cult. Change , 50 ( 1 ) : 201 – 225 .
  • Smale , M. , Bellon , M. R. , Jarvis , D. and Sthapit , B. 2004 . Economic concepts for designing policies to conserve crop genetic resources on-farms . Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. , 51 : 121 – 135 .
  • Smale , M. , Cohen , M. J. and Nagarajan , L. 2009 . Local Markets, Local Varieties: Rising Food Prices and Small Farmers' Access to Seed , IFPRI, Washington, DC, USA : Issue Brief 59 .
  • Smale , M. , Diakité , L. and Grum , M. 2009 . Mali: Millet and Sorghum seed in the Sahel , Washington, DC, USA : IFPRI .
  • Smale , M. , Diakité , L. and Grum , M. 2010 . “ When grain markets supply seed: village markets for millet and sorghum in the Malian Sahel ” . In Seed Trade in Rural Markets: Implications for Crop Diversity and Agricultural Development , Edited by: Lipper , L. , Anderson , C. L. and Dalton , T. J. 53 – 74 . Rome, Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) .
  • Smale , M. , Diakite , L. , Sibide , A. , Grum , M. , Jones , H. , Traore , I. S. and Guindo , H. 2008 . The Impact of Farmer Participation in Diversity Field Flora, Mali. Discussion Paper 746 , Washington, DC, USA : IFPRI .
  • Smale , M. and King , A. 2005 . Genetic Resource Policies: What Is Diversity Worth to Farmers? Briefs 13–18 , International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IFPRI .
  • Smale , M. , Lipper , L. and Koundouri , P. 2006 . “ Scope, limitation and furture directions ” . In Valuing Crop Biodiversity, On Farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change. , Edited by: Smale , M. 280 – 295 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Smith , B. G. , Pollock , C. , Pretty , J. , Crute , I. , Leaver , C. and Dalton , H. 2008 . Developing sustainable food supply chains. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London . Biol. Sci. Series B , 363 : 849 – 861 .
  • Smolders , H. and Caballeda , E. 2006 . Field Guide for Participatory Plant Breeding in Farmer Field Schools , the Netherlands, Eds., 136 pp, PEDIGREA publication : CGN .
  • Song , Y. and Jiggins , J. 2003 . “ Women and maize breeding: the development of new seed systems in a marginal area of South-west China ” . In Women and Plants, Gender Relations in Biodiversity Management and Conservation , Edited by: Howard , P. 273 – 287 . NY, USA : Zed Books .
  • Sperling , L. , Ashby , J. A. Q. , Smith , M. E. , Weltzien , E. and McGuire , S. 2001 . A framework for analyzing participatory plant breeding approaches and results . Euphytica , 122 : 439 – 450 .
  • Sperling , L. and Cooper , H. D. 2006 . “ Understanding seed system and strengthening seed security: a background paper ” . In Towards Effective and Sustainable Seed Relief Aactivities , Italy : United National Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) plant production and protection paper 181. Rome .
  • Sperling , L , Cooper , H. D. and Remington , T. 2008 . Moving towards more effective seed aid . J. Dev. Stud. , 44 ( 4 ) : 586 – 612 .
  • Sperling , L. and Mcguire , S. 2010 . Understanding and strengthening informal seed markets . Expl. Agric. , 46 ( 2 ) : 119 – 136 .
  • Srinivasan , C. S. 2003 . Exploring the feasibility of farmers' rights . Dev. Policy Rev. , 21 ( 4 ) : 419 – 447 .
  • Sthapit , B. 1998 . Nepal 'diversity fair' inspires community , Rome, Italy : Geneflow, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Sthapit , B. 1999 . Nepal 'poets and farmers unite in Nepal to save native crops'. p.25 , Rome, Italy : Geneflow, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Sthapit , B. R. , Joshi , K. D. , Rana , R. B. , Upadhayay , M. P. , Eyzaguirre , P. and Jarvis , D. 2000 . “ Enhancing biodiversity and production throught participatory plant breeding: setting breeding goals ” . In An Exchange of Experiences from South and South Est Asia. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Participatory Plant genetic Resource Enhancement, Pokhara, Nepal, 1–5 May 2000 , PRGA Program, Cali, Colombia : International Center for Tropical Agriculture .
  • Sthapit , B. , Gautam , R. , Gyawali , S. , Joshi , B. K. , Subedi , A. , Yadav , R. B. , Chaudhary , P. and Rijal , D. 2006d . “ Diversity kits: deploying new diversity to farmers ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Sthapit , B. R. , Joshi , K. D. and Witcombe , J. R. 1996 . Farmer participatory crop improvement. III: participatory plant breeding, a case study for rice in Nepal . Exp. Agric. , 32 : 479 – 496 .
  • Sthapit , B. R. and Quek , P. 2005 . “ Community biodiversity register: overview, concepts and some systematic approaches ” . In Learning from Community Biodiversity Register in Nepal. Proceedings of the National Workshop 27–28 Oct 2005, Khumaltar, Nepal , Edited by: Subedi , A. , Sthapit , B. , Upadhyay , M. P. and Gauchan , D. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Sthapit , B. , Rana , R. , Eyzaguirre , P. and Jarvis , D. 2008a . The value of plant genetic diversity to resource-poor farmers in Nepal and Vietnam . Int. J. Agric. Sustain. , 6 ( 2 ) : 148 – 166 .
  • Sthapit , B. , Rana , R. B. , Subedi , A. , Gyawali , S. , Bajracharya , J. , Chaudhary , P. , Joshi , B. K. , Sthapit , S. , Joshi , K. D. and Upadhyay , M. P. 2006b . “ Participatory four cell analysis (FCA) for local crop diversity ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Sthapit , B. R. and Rao , V. R. 2009 . Consolidating community's role in local crop development by promoting farmer innovation to maximise the use of local crop diversity for the well-being of people . Acta Hort. , 806 : 669 – 676 . http://www.actahort.org/books/806/806_83.htm
  • Sthapit , B. R. , Rijal , D. , De , N. N. and Jarvis , D. 2003a . “ A role for diversity fairs: experiences from Nepal and Vietnam ” . In Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: A Source Book Vol II: Strengthening Local Management of Agricultural Biodiversity CIP-UPWARDS 2003 , 271 – 276 . Philippines : Los Banos .
  • Sthapit , B. , Shrestha , P. , Baral , K. P. , Subedi , A. , Bajracharya , J. and Yadav , R. B. 2006c . “ Diversity block: assessing and demonstrating local crop diversity ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. , Subedi , A. , Shrestha , P , Upadhyay , M. P. and Eyzaguirre , P. 2008b . “ Mobilizing and empowering community in biodiversity management ” . In Farmer's Varieties and Seeds. Supporting Informal Seed Supply in Ethiopia , Edited by: Thijssen , M. H. , Bishaw , Z. , Beshir , A. and de Boef , W. S. 160 – 166 . The Netherlands : Wageningen International, Wageningen .
  • Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. , eds. 2006a . Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal , Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Sthapit , B. R. , Subedi , A. , Gyawali , S. , Jarvis , D. and Upadhaya , M. P. 2003b . “ In situ conservation of agricultural biodiversity through participatory plant breeding in Nepal ” . In Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: A Source Book Vol II: Strengthening Local Management of Agricultural Biodiversity CIP-UPWARDS 2003 , 311 – 321 . Philippines : Los Banos .
  • Sthapit , B. R. , Subedi , A. , Rijal , D. , Rana , R. and Jarvis , D. 2003d . “ Strengthening community-based on-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity: experiences from Nepal ” . In Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: A Source Book Vol II: Strengthening Local Management of Agricultural Biodiversity CIP-UPWARDS 2003 , 344 – 354 . Philippines : Los Banos .
  • Sthapit , B. R. , Subedi , A , Shrestha , P , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. 2008c . “ Practices supporting community management of farmers' varieties. 2008 ” . In Farmer's Varieties and Seeds. Supporting Informal Seed Supply in Ethiopia , Edited by: Thijssen , M. H. , Bishaw , Z. , Beshir , A. and de Boef , W. S. 66 – 171 . The Netherlands : Wageningen International, Wageningen .
  • Sthapit , B. R. , Upadhyay , M. P. , Baniya , B. K. , Subedi , A. and Joshi , B. K. 2003e . On Farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal , International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, LI-BIRD and NARC, Eds., Kathmandu, Nepal : Proceedings of a National workshop, 24–26 April 2001, Lumle, Nepal .
  • Steele , K. A. , Edwards , G. , Zhu , J. and Witcombe , J. R. 2004 . Marker-evaluated selection in rice: shifts in allele frequency among bulks selected in contrasting agricultural environments identify genomic regions of importance to rice adaptation and breeding . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 109 : 1247 – 1260 .
  • Steele , K. A. , Virk , D. S. , Kumar , R. , Prasad , S. C. and Witcombe , J. R. 2004 . Field evaluation of upland rice lines selected for QTLs controlling root traits . Field Crop Res. , 101 ( 2007 ) : 180 – 186 .
  • Strange , R. N. and Scott , P. R. 2005 . Plant disease: a threat to global food security . Ann. Rev. Phytopathology , 43 : 83 – 116 .
  • Subedi , A. , Chaudhary , P. , Baniya , B. , Rana , R. , Tiwari , R. , Rijal , D. , Jarvis , D. and Sthapit , B. 2003 . Who maintains crop genetic diversity and how: implications for on-farm conservation and utilization . Cult. Agric. , 25 ( 2 ) : 41 – 50 .
  • Subedi , A. and Garforth , C. 1996 . Gender information and communication networks: implications for extension . Eur. J. Agric. Educ. Exten. , 3 ( 2 ) : 63 – 74 .
  • Subedi , A. , Sthapit , B. , Rijal , D. , Gauchan , D. , Upadhyay , M. P. and Shrestha , P. K. 2006 . “ Community biodiversity register: consolidating community role in management of agricultural biodiversity ” . In Good Practices: On-farm Management of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Shrestha , P. K. and Upadhyay , M. P. Kathmandu, Nepal : NARC, LI-BIRD, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and IDRC .
  • Sunwar , S. , Baral , K. P. , Joshi , M. , Basnet , B. M. S. , Gyawali , S. , Subedi , A. , Upadhayay , M. P. , Shrestha , P. K. and Sthapit , B. R. 2005 . “ Developing resource guide book on agrobiodiversity for secondary school ” . In On-farm Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity in Nepal. Vol II. Managing Diversity and Promoting its Benefits. Proceedings of the Second National Workshop 25–27 August 2004, Nagarkot, Nepal , Edited by: Sthapit , B. R. , Upadhyay , M. P. , Shrestha , P. K. and Jarvis , D. Kathmandu, Nepal : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, NARC, LI-BIRD .
  • Sunwar , S. , Basnet , L. K. , Khatri , C. , Subedi , M. , Shrestha , P. , Gyawali , S. , Bhandari , B. , Gautam , R. and Sthapit , B. 2007 . “ Consolidating farmer's roles in participatory maize breeding in Nepal ” . In Bringing Farmers Back into Breeding Experiences with PPB and Challenges for Institutionalisation. , Edited by: Almekinders , C. J.M. , Hardon , J. , with Christink , A. , Humphries , S. , Pelegrina , D. , Sthapit , B. , Vernooy , R. , Visser , B. and Weltzien , E. The Netherlands : AgroSpecial 5, Agromisa Wageningen .
  • Swallow , S. K. and Sedjo , R. A. 2000 . Eco-labeling consequences in general equilibrium: a graphical assessment . Land Econ. , 76 : 28 – 36 .
  • Swaminathan , M. S. 2000 . Government-industry-civil society: partnerships in integrated gene management. Volvo environment prize lecture 1999 . Ambio , 29 : 115 – 121 .
  • Swaminathan , M. S. 2001 . “ Community grain bank movement ” . In Community Grain Bank- an Instrument for Local Food Security , Edited by: Swaminathan , M. S. 11 – 15 . Chennai, India : Research Foundation and World Food Programme .
  • Swaminathan , M. S. 2003 . Towards an evergreen revolution in agriculture: technology, planning nd management . Rites J. , 7 : 1 – 14 .
  • Swanson , T. 1996 . Global values of biological diversity: the public interest in the conservation of plant genetic resources for agriculture . Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. , 105 : 1 – 7 .
  • Swanson , T. and Goschl , T. 2000 . Property rights issues involving plant genetic resources: implications of ownership for economic efficiency . Ecol. Econ. , 32 : 75 – 92 .
  • Swift , M. J. , Izac , A. M. N. and van Noordwijk , M. 2004 . Biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes—are we asking the right questions? . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 104 : 113 – 134 .
  • Taghouti , M. and Saidi , S. 2002 . “ Perception et désignation des entités de blé dur gérées par les agriculteurs ” . In La Conservation in Situ de la Biodiversité Agricole: Un Défi pour une Agriculture Durable , Edited by: Birouk , A. , Sadiki , M. , Nassif , F. , Saidi , S. , Mellas , H. , Bammoune , A. and Jarvis , D. 275 – 279 . Rome, Italy (in French) : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Tahiri , A. 2005 . “ Seed systems in Morocco ” . In Seed Systems and Crop Genetic Diversity On-Farm Proceeding of a Workshop, 16–20 September 2003, Pucallpa, Peru , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Sevilla-Panizo , R. , Chavez-Servia , J. L. and Hodgkin , T. 133 – 139 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Tanto , T. H. , Ra , D. , Bitocchi , E. and Papa , R. 2009 . Genetic diversity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces from the central highlands of Ethiopia: comparison between the Belg and Meher growing seasons using morphological traits . Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. , 56 : 1131 – 1148 .
  • Tapia , M. E. 2000 . Mountain agrobiodiversity in Peru: Seed fairs, seed banks, and mountain-to-mountain exchange . Mount. Res. Dev. , 20 : 220 – 225 .
  • Tapia , M. E. and De la Torre , A. 1998 . Women Farmers and Andean Seeds. Gender and Genetic Resources Management , Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources/United Nations .
  • Tapia , M. E. and Rosa , A. 1993 . “ Seed fairs in the Andes: a strategy for local conservation of plant genetic resources ” . In Cultivating Knowledge: Genetic Diverity, Farmer Participation and Crop Research , Edited by: de Boef , W. , Amanor , K. , Wellard , K. and Beddington , A. 111 – 118 . UK : IT Publications .
  • Teshome , A. , Baum , B. R. , Fahrig , L. , Torrance , J. K. , Arnason , T. J. and LAmbert , J. 1997 . Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) landrace variation and classification in north Shewa and south Welo regions of Ethiopia . Euphytica , D97 : 255 – 263 .
  • Teshome , A. , Brown , A. H. D. and Hodgkin , T. 2001 . Diversity in landraces of cereal and legume crops . Plant Breeding Rev. , 21 : 221 – 261 .
  • Teshome , A. , Torrance , J. K. , Lamber , J. D. H. , Fahrig , L. , Baum , B. R. and Arnason , J. T. 1999 . Traditional farmers' knowledge or sorghum (Sorghum biocolor [Poaceae]) landrace storability in Ethiopia . Econ. Bot. , 53 : 69 – 78 .
  • Thamaga-Chitja , J. M. , Hendriks , S. L. , Ortmann , G. F. and Green , M. 2004 . Impact of maize storage on rural household food, security in Northern Kwazulu-Natal . J. Fam. Ecol. Cons. Sci. , 32 : 8 – 15 . http://ajol.info/index.php/jfecs/article/viewFile/52843/41445 (accessed 16 May 2010)
  • The Crucible Group . 1994 . People, Plants and Patents. The Impact of Intellectual Property on Trade, Plant Biodiversity and Rural Society , Montreal, Canada : IDRC .
  • Thies , E. 2000 . Incentive Measures Appropriate to Enhance the Conservatioin and Sustainable Use of Agrobiodiversity. , Germany : Deutsche Gesellschaft Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). Eschborn . http://69.90.183.227/doc/case-studies/inc/cs-inc-gtz-incentivesagrobiodiv-workshop2009-en.pdf (accessed 16 May 2010)
  • Thijssen , M. H. , Bishaw , Z. , Beshir , A. and de Boef , W. 2008 . Farmer's Varieties and Seeds. Supporting Informal Sseed Supply in Ethiopia , Wageningen, The Netherlands : Wageningen International .
  • Thinlay , X. 1998 . Rice Blast, Caused by Magnaporthe Grisea, in Bhutan and Development of Strategies for Resistance Breeding and Management , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Swizterland : Dissertation Eth No. 127777 .
  • Thinlay , X. , Finckh , M. R. , Bordeosc , A. C. and Zeigler , R. S. 2000 . Effects and possible causes of an unprecedented rice blast epidemic on the traditional farming system of Bhutan . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 78 : 237 – 248 .
  • Thurston , H. D. , Salick , J. , Smith , M. E. , Trutmann , P. , Pham , J. L. and McDowell , R. 1999 . “ Traditional management of agrobiodiversity ” . In Agrobiodiversity. Characterization, Utilization and Management , Edited by: Wood , D. and Lenné , J. M. 211 – 243 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Tilman , D. , Cassman , K. G. , Matson , P. A. , Naylor , R. and Polasky , S. 2002 . Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices . Nature , 418 : 671 – 677 .
  • Tilman , D. , Fargione , J. , Wolff , B. , D'Antonio , C. , Dobson , A. , Howarth , R. , Schindler , D. , Schlesinger , W. H. , Simberloff , D. and Swackhamer , D. 2001 . Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change . Science , 292 : 281 – 284 .
  • Toledo , A. 2002 . “ Saving the seed - Europe's challenge ” . In Seedling, April 2002 , Barcelona, Spain : Grain Publications .
  • Triomphe , B. , Sabourin , E. , Hocde , H. , Scopel , E. , Oliveira , de , de , M. N. , Xavier , J. H.V. , Silva da , F. A. , Macena da Silva , F. A. and Ramos de Almeida , S. C. 2008 . “ Participatory cropping and farming system design among multiple stakeholders to contribute to sustainable agricultural production. Experiences and lessons with the agriarian reform sector in the Brazilian Cerrados ” . In Empowerment of the Rural Actors: A Renewal of Farming Systems Perspectives. 8 th European IFSA Symposium, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 6–10 July 2008 , Edited by: Dedieu , B. and Zasser-Bedoya , S. 3 – 12 . France : Clermont-Ferrand .
  • Tripp , R. 1998 . “ Regulatory issues: varietal registration and seed quality control ” . In Maize Seed Industries in Developing Countries , 159 – 174 . Colorado; London, UK : Lynne Rienner Publishers and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. Boulder . Mexico DF
  • Tripp , R. 2000 . GMOs and NGOs: Biotechnology, the Policy Process, and the Presentation of Evidence , London, UK : Overseas Development Institute (ODI) .
  • Tripp , R. 2001 . Seed Provision and Agricultural Development , London, UK : Overseas Development Institute (ODI) .
  • Tripp , R. 2002 . Seed regulatory reform: an overview . J. New Seeds , 4 : 103 – 115 .
  • Tripp , R. 2006 . Strategies for seed system development in sub-Saharan Africa: a study of Kenya, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe . J. SAT Agric. Res. , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 – 47 .
  • Tripp , R. and Rohrbach , D. 2001 . Policies for African seed enterprise development . Food Policy , 26 ( 2 ) : 147 – 161 .
  • Trutmann , P. , Fairhead , J. and Voss , J. 1993 . Management of common bean diseases by farmers in the Central African highlands . Int. J. Pest Manage. , 39 : 334 – 342 .
  • Trutmann , P. and Pyndji , M. M. 1994 . Partial replacement of local common bean mixtures by high yielding angular leaf spot resistant varieties to conserve local genetic diversity while increasing yield . Ann. App. Biol. , 125 : 45 – 52 .
  • Trutmann , P. , Voss , J. and Fairhead , J. 1996 . Indigenous knowledge and farmer perception of common bean disease in the central African highlands . Agric. Hum. Values , 13 : 64 – 70 .
  • Tsehaye , Y. , Berg , T. , Tsegaye , B. and Tanto , T. 2006 . Farmers' management of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) diversity in Tigray, Ethiopia, and implications for on-farm conserrrvation . Biodivers. Conserv. , 15 ( 13 ) : 4289 – 4308 .
  • Turgunbaev , K. T. 2009 . “ Vinigradarstvo Kyrgyzstana. (Viticulture in Kyrgyzstan) ” . In Vestnik of Kyrgyz Technical University , Kyrgyzstan (in Russian) : Bishkek .
  • Tushemereirwe , W. K. 1996 . Factors Influencing the Expression of Leaf Spot Diseases of Highland Bananas in Uganda , University of Reading, UK : PhD thesis .
  • Tuxill , J. , Reyes , L. A. , Latournerie , L. , Cob , V. and Jarvis , D. I. 2009 . “ All maize is not equal: maize variety choices and mayan foodways in rural Yucatan, Mexico ” . In Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture and Markets in Mesoamerica , Edited by: Edited by Staller , J. E. and Carrasco , M. D. 467 – 486 . NY, USA : Springer .
  • UNORCAC 2008 . Unión de Organizaciones Campesinas e Indígenas de Cotacachi - Ecuador http://www.equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=543%3Aunorcac&catid=107%3Aequator-prize-winners-2008&Itemid=541&lang=en Accessed on 16 May 2010
  • Valdivia , R. F. 2005 . “ The use and distribution of seeds in areas of traditional agriculture ” . In Seed Systems and Crop Genetic Diversity On-Farm. Proceedings of a workshop, September 16–20, 2003, Pucallpa, Peru , Edited by: Jarvis , D. I. , Sevilla-Panizo , R. , Chavez-Servia , J. L. and Hodgkin , T. 17 – 21 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Valdivia Bernal , R. , Caro Velarde de , F. J. , Ortiz Catón , M. , Betancourt Vallejo , A. , Ortega Corona , A. , Vidal Martínez , V. A. and Espinosa Calderón , A. 2007 . Participatory development of maize synthetic hybrids and seed production by farmers . Agric. Técn. Méx. , 33 ( 2 ) : 135 – 143 .
  • Vallavieille-Pope , d e . 2004 . Management of disease resistance diversity of cultivars of a species in single fields: controlling epidemics . Comp. Rendus Biol. C. , 327 : 611 – 620 .
  • Van , d er , Berg , H. and Jiggins , J. 2007 . Investing in farmers- the impacts of farmers field schooling relation to integrated pest management . World Dev. , 35 ( 4 ) : 663 – 686 .
  • Van , d er , Steeg , R. P. , Remington , T. , Grum , M. and Kemigisha , E. 2004 . “ Seed vouchers and fairs and agrobiodiversity in Western Uganda ” . In Addressing Seed Security in Disaster Response Linking Relief with Development , Edited by: Sperling , L. , Remington , T. , Haugen , J. M. and Nagoda , S. 29 – 43 . Cali, Colombia : CIAT .
  • Vandermeer , J. 1995 . The ecological basis of alternative agriculture . Ann. Rev. Ecol. and Syst. , 26 : 201 – 224 .
  • Van Dusen , M. E. 2006 . “ Missing markets, migration, and corp biodiversity in the Milpa system of Mexico: a household farm model ” . In Valuing Crop Biodiversity: On-farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change , Edited by: Smale , M. 63 – 77 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Van Dusen , M. E. , Dennis , E , Ilyasov , J. , Lee , M. , Treshkin , S. and Smale , M. 2006 . “ Social institutions and seed systems: The diversity of fruits and nuts in Uzbekistan ” . In Valuing Crop Biodiversity: On-farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change , Edited by: Smale , M. 192 – 210 . Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing .
  • Van Dusen , E. , Gauchanm , D. and Smale , M. 2007 . On-farm conservation of rice biodiversity in Nepal: a simultaneous estimation approach . J. Agric. Econ. , 58 ( 2 ) : 242 – 259 .
  • Van Dusen , M. E. and Taylor , J. E. 2005 . Missing markets and crop diversity: evidence form Mexico . Environ. Dev. Econ. , 10 : 513 – 531 .
  • Van Noordwijk , M. 2005 . Rupes Typology of Environmental Service Worthy or Reward. , Bogor, Indonesia : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) . http://www.worldagroforestry.org:8090/water/downloads/Watershed%20Publications/2005%20van%20noordwijk.pdf
  • Vernooy , R. and Fajber , L. 2004 . “ Making gender and social analysis work for natural resource management research: an umbrella program for building researcher capacity ” . In InterAction's Commission on the Advancement of Women and International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Gender Mainstreaming in Action: Successful Innovations from Asia and the Pacific , 208 – 223 . Cavite: International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Wa DC., USA : Washington: InterAction's Commission on the Advancement of Women and Silang .
  • Visser , B. and Jarvis , D. I. 2000 . “ Upscaling approaches to support on-farm conservation. Encouraging biodiversity-the conservation and development of plant genetic resources ” . In Proceedings of the Baarlo Workshop , Edited by: Almekinders , C. and De Boef , W. 134 – 141 . London, UK : Intermediate Technology Publications .
  • Voss , J. 1992 . “ Conserving and increasing on-farm genetic diversity: farmer management of varietal bean mixtures in central Africa ” . In Diversity, Farmer Knowledge and Sustainability , Edited by: Moock , J. L. and Rhoades , R. E. 34 – 51 . NY, USA : Cornell University Press, Ithaca .
  • Waage , J. K. , Mumford , J. D. , Pollock , C. , Pretty , J. , Crute , I. , Leaver , C. and Dalton , H. 2008 . Agricultural biosecurity . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. , 363 ( 1492 ) : 863 – 876 .
  • Wale , E. In press . “ On biodiversity impact assessment: the rationale, conceptual challenges and implications for future EIA ” . In Examining the Impact of Development Interventions on Biodiversity: Lessons from GRPI-Egypt , Edited by: Halewood , M. and Wale , E. Rome, Italy : Genetic Resources Policy Initiative, Bioversity International .
  • Wale , E. , Chishakwe , N. and Lewis-Lettington , R. 2008 . Cultivating participatory policy processes for genetic resources policy: lessons from the Genetic Resources Policy Initiative (GRPI) project . Biodivers.Conserv. , 18 : 1 – 18 .
  • Walker , B. , Carpenter , S. , Anderies , J. , Abel , N. , Cumming , G. , Janssen , M. , Lebel , L. , Norberg , J. , Peterson , G. D. and Pritchard , R. 2002 . Resilience management in social-ecological systems: a working hypothesis for a participatory approach . Conserv. Ecol. , 6 (1) : 14 [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art14 (accessd 9 May 2010)
  • Walker , B. , Sayer , J. , Andrew , N. L. and Campbell , B. 2010 . Should enhanced resilience be an objective of natural resource management research for developing countries? . Crop Sci. , 50 : 10 – 19 .
  • Walsh , S. , Bihizi , J. M. , Droeven , C , Ngendahayo , B. , Ndaboroheye , B. and Sperling , L. 2004 . “ Drought, civil strife, and seed vouchers and fairs: the role of the trader in the local seed system ” . In Addressing Seed Security in Disaster Response: Linking Relief with Development , Edited by: Sperling , L. , Remington , T. , Haugen , J. M. and Nagoda , S. 15 – 28 . Cali, Colombia : International Center for Tropical Agriculture .
  • Wambugu , P. W. , Mathenge , P. W. , Auma , E. O. and van Rheenen , H. A. 2009 . Efficacy of traditional maize (Zea mays L.,) seed storage methods in Western Kenya . Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev. , 9 (4) : 1110 – 1128 . http://www.ajfand.net/Issue25/PDFs/Wambugu8010.pdf
  • Wang , J. and Caballero , A. 1999 . Developments in predicting the effective size of subdivided populations . Heredity , 82 : 212 – 226 .
  • Wilson , C. and Tisdell , C. 2001 . Why farmers continue to use pesticides despite environmental, health and sustainability costs . Ecol. Econ. , 39 ( 3 ) : 449 – 462 .
  • Weltzien , E. , Rattunde , H. F. W. , Clerget , B. , Siart , S. , Toure , A. and Sagnard , F. 2006 . “ Sorghum diversity and adaptation to drought in West Africa ” . In Enhancing the Use of Crop Genetic Diversity to Manage Abiotic Sress in Agricultural Production Systems. 23–27 May, Budapest, Hungary , Edited by: Jarvis , D. , Mar , I. and Sears , L. 31 – 38 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Weltzien , E. and vom Brocke , K. 2000 . “ Seed systems and their potential for innovation: conceptual framework for analysis ” . In Targeting Seed Aid and Seed System, Interventions: Strengthening Small Farmer Seed Systems in East and Central Africa Proceedings of a workshop, June 21–24, 2000, Kampala, Uganda. Kampala: CIAT. , Edited by: Sperling , L. 9 – 13 . Colombia : Cali .
  • Whitlock , M. C. 2003 . Fixation probabilities and time in subdivided populations . Genetics , 164 : 767 – 779 .
  • Williams , K. A. 2009 . Conserving crop diversity and a way of life in Ecuador . Agric. Res. , 57 ( 7 ) : 10 – 11 .
  • Williams , D. and Ramirez , M. 2006 . Native crop demonstration gardens. Plant conservation in a changing world. Botanic gardens take lead in climate change talks . Bot. Garden Conserv. Int. Quarterly Newsl. (Cuttings) , 3 ( 5 )
  • Witcombe , J. R. , Gyawali , S. , Sunwar , S. , Sthapit , B. R. and Joshi , K. D. 2006 . Participatory plant breeding is better described as highly client-oriented breeding II. Optional farmer collaboration in the segregating generations . Expl. Agric , 42 : 79 – 90 .
  • Witcombe , J. R. , Hollington , P. A. , Howarth , C. J. , Reader , S. and Steele , K. A. 2008 . Breeding for abiotic stresses for sustainable agriculture . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B , 363 : 703 – 716 .
  • Witcombe , J. R. , Joshi , K. D. , Gyawali , S. , Musa , A. M. , Johansen , C. , Virk , D. S. and Sthapit , B. R. 2005 . Participatory plant breeding is better described as highly client oriented plant breeding. I. Four indicators of client orientation in plant breeding . Exp. Agric. , 41 (3) : 299 – 319 .
  • Witcombe , J. R. , Joshi , A. , Joshi , K. D. and Sthapit , B. R. 1996 . Farmer participatory crop improvement. I. Varietal selection and breeding methods and their impact on biodiversity . Expl. Agric. , 32 : 445 – 460 .
  • Worede , M. 1997 . “ Ethiopian in situ conservation ” . In Plant Genetic Conservation: The In situ Approach , Edited by: Maxted , N. , Ford-Lloyd , B. V. and Hawkes , G. 290 – 301 . UK : Chapman and Hall Ltd. London .
  • Worede , M. , Teshome , A. and Tesemma , T. 2000 . “ Participatory approached linking farmer access to genebanks: Ethiopia ” . In Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources , Edited by: Friis-Hansen , E. and Sthapit , B. 56 – 61 . Rome, Italy : International Plant Genetic Resources Institute .
  • Wunder , S. , Engel , S. and Pagiola , S. 2008 . Taking stock: a comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries . Ecol. Econ. , 65 : 834 – 852 .
  • Yue , B. , Xue , W. , Xiong , L. , Yu , X. , Luo , L. , Cui , K. , Jin , D. , Xing , Y. and Zhang , Q. 2006 . Genetic basis of drought resistance at reproductive stage in rice: separation of drought tolerance from drought avoidance . Genetics , 172 : 1213 – 1228 .
  • Yupit-Moo , E. 2002 . Seed Storage Systems of Milpa Crops in Yaxcaba, Yucatan , Instituto Tecnologico Agropecuario No. 2, Yucatán, Mexico : Unpublished BS thesis .
  • Zannou , A. 2009 . Economic assessment of seed-tuber practices of yam Dioscorea cayenensis and Dioscorea rotundata planting materials . Afr. J. Agric. Res. , 4 ( 3 ) : 200 – 207 .
  • Zhu , Y. , Chen , H. , Fan , J. , Wang , Y. , Li , Y. , Chen , J. , Fan , J. X. , Yang , S. , Hu , L. , Leung , H. , Mew , T. W. , Teng , P. S. , Wang , Z. and Mundt , C. C. 2000 . Genetic diversity and disease control in rice . Nature , 406 : 718 – 722 .
  • Zimmerer , K. S. 1996 . Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes , Los Angeles, California, USA : University of California Press .
  • Zimmerer , K. S. 2003 . Just small potatoes (and ulluco)? The use of seed-size variation in “native commercialized” agriculture and agrobiodiversity conservation among Peruvian farmers . Agric. Hum. Values , 20 : 107 – 123 .