Adaptive Significance of Floral Movement

REFERENCES

• Akpan , G. A. 2000 . Cytogenetic characteristics and the breeding system in six Hibiscus species . Theor. Appl. Genet. , 100 : 315 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson , L. 1981 . The neotropical genera of Marantaceae: circumscription and relationships . Nord. J. Bot. , 1 : 218 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Armbruster , W. S. , Mulder , C. P.H. , Baldwin , B. G. , Kalisz , S. , Wessa , B. and Nute , H. 2002 . Comparative analysis of late floral development and mating-system evolution in tribe Collinsieae (Scrophulariaceae s. l.) . Am. J. Bot , 89 : 37 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azuma , H. , Toyota , M. and Asakawa , Y. 2005 . Floral scent chemistry and stamen movement of Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link (Calycanthaceae) . Acta Phytotax. Geobot , 56 : 197 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , S. C.H. 2002a . Sexual interference of the floral kind . Heredity , 88 : 154 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , S. C.H. 2002b . The evolution of plant sexual diversity . Nat. Rev. Genet. , 3 : 274 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , S. C.H. 2003 . Mating strategies in flowering plants: the outcrossing-selfing paradigm and beyond . Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. , 358 : 991 – 1004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , S. C.H. 2008 . Major evolutionary transitions in flowering plant reproduction: An overview . Int. J. Plant Sci. , 169 : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Bawa , K. S. and Crisp , J. E. 1980 . Wind-pollination in the under-storey of a rainforest in Costa-Rica . J. Ecol. , 68 : 871 – 876 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belaoussoff , S. and Shore , J. S. 1995 . Floral correlates and fitness consequences of mating-system variation in Turnera ulmifolia . Evolution , 49 : 545 – 556 .
   Google Scholar
• Bennington , C. 2003 . Sex allocation and stylar movement in Passiflora incarnata http://abstracts.co.allenpress.com/pweb/esa2003/document/26171
   Google Scholar
• Bertin , R. I. and Newman , C. M. 1993 . Dichogamy in angiosperms . Bot. Rev. , 59 : 112 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bookman , S. S. 1981 . The floral morphology of Asclepias speciosa (Asclepiadaceae) in relation to pollination and a clarification in terminology for the genus . Am. J. Bot , 68 : 675 – 679 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borba , E. L. and Semir , J. 1999 . Temporal variation in pollinarium size after its removal in species of Bulbophyllum: a different mechanism preventing self-pollination in Orchidaceae . Plant Syst. Evol , 217 : 197 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Brantjes , N. B.M. and de Vos , O. C. 1981 . The explosive release of pollen in flowers of Hyptis (Lamiaceae) . New Phytol , 87 : 425 – 430 .
   Google Scholar
• Brunet , J. and Eckert , C. G. 1998 . Effects of floral morphology and display on outcrossing in blue columbine, Aquilegia caerulea (Ranunculaceae) . Funct. Ecol. , 12 : 596 – 606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows , M. 2003 . Froghopper insects leap to new heights . Nature , 424 : 509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttrose , M. S. , Grant , W. J.R. and Lott , J. N.A. 1977 . Reversible curvature of style branches of Hibiscus trionum L., a pollination mechanism . Aust. J. Bot , 25 : 567 – 570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bynum , M. R. and Smith , W. K. 2001 . Floral movements in response to thunderstorms improve reproductive effort in the alpine species Gentiana algida (Gentianaceae) . Am. J. Bot , 88 : 1088 – 1095 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cady , L. 1965 . The flying duck orchids . Aust. Plants , 3 : 174 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Carolin , R. C. 1960 . The structure involved in the presentation of pollen to visiting insects in the Order Campanales . Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. , 85 : 197 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• Carrió , E. , Herreros , R. , Bacchetta , G. and Güemes , J. 2008 . Evidence of delayed selfing in Fumana juniperina (Cistaceae) . Int. J. Plant Sci , 169 : 761 – 767 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , S. , Silveira , P. and Navarro , L. 2008a . How flower biology and breeding system affect the reproductive success of the narrow endemic Polygala vayredae Costa (Polygalaceae) . Bot. J. Linn. Soc. , 157 : 67 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Castro , S. , Silveira , P. and Navarro , L. 2008b . How does secondary pollen presentation affect the fitness of Polygala vayredae (Polygalaceae)? . Am. J. Bot. , 95 : 706 – 712 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catling , P. M. and Catling , V. R. 1991 . Anther-cap retention in Tipularia discolor . Lindleyana , 6 : 113 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Cerana , M. M. 2004 . Flower morphology and pollination in Mikania (Asteraceae) . Flora , 199 : 168 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , X. S. , Marten-Rodriguez , S. , Li , Q. J. and Fenster , C. B. 2009 . Potential autonomous selfing in Gesneria citrina (Gesneriaceae), a specialized hummingbird pollinated species with variable expression of herkogamy . J. Integr. Plant Biol , 51 : 973 – 978 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheptou , P.-O. and Schoen , D. J. 2007 . Combining population genetics and demographical approaches in evolutionary studies of plant mating systems . Oikos , 116 : 271 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocucci , A. A. and Sersic , A. N. 1998 . Evidence of rodent pollination in Cajophora coronata (Loasaceae) . Plant Syst. Evol , 211 : 113 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner , E. J.H. 1988 . Wayside trees of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, , Malaysia : Malayan Nature Society .
   Google Scholar
• Cowley , E. J. 1982 . A revision of Roscoea (Zingiberaceae) . Kew Bull. , 36 : 747 – 777 .
   Google Scholar
• Crisp , M. D. , Arroyo , M. T.K. , Cook , L. G. , Gandolfo , M. A. , Jordan , G. J. , McGlone , M. S. , Weston , P. H. , Westoby , M. , Wilf , P. and Linder , H. P. 2009 . Phylogenetic biome conservatism on a global scale . Nature , 458 : 754 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culley , T. M. 2002 . Reproductive biology and delayed selfing in Viola pubescens (Violaceae), an understory herb with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers . Int. J. Plant Sci , 163 : 113 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1862 . On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilized by insects , London : John Murray .
   Google Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1876 . The effects of cross and self-fertilization in vegetable Kingdom , London : John Murray .
   Google Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1880 . The Power of Movement in Plants , London : John Murray .
   Google Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1890 . The Various Contrivances by Which Orchids Are Fertilized by Insects , 2nd ed , London : John Murray .
   Google Scholar
• Dieringer , G. 1999 . Reproductive biology of Agalinis skinneriana (Scrophulariaceae), a threatened species . J. Torrey Bot. Soc , 126 : 289 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dole , J. A. 1992 . Reproductive assurance mechanisms in three taxa of the Mimulus guttatus complex (Scrophulariaceae) . Am. J. Bot , 79 : 650 – 659 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dole , J. A. 1990 . Role of corolla abscission in delayed self-pollination of Mimulus guttatus (Scrophulariaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 77 : 1505 – 1507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly , S. E. , Lortie , C. J. and Aarssen , L. W. 1998 . Pollination in Verbascum thapsus (Scrophulariaceae): the advantage of being tall . Am. J. Bot. , 85 : 1618 – 1625 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressler , R. L. 1993 . Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchids Family , Oakleigh : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Duan , Y. A. and Li , Q. J. 2008 . The pollination biology of Phrynium oliganthum (Marantaceae) . J. Syst. Evol. , 46 : 545 – 553 .
   Google Scholar
• Duan , Y. W. , Dafni , A. , Hou , Q. Z. , He , Y. P. and Liu , J. Q. 2010 . Delayed selfing in an alpine biennial Gentianopsis paludosa (Gentianaceae) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau . J. Integr. Plant Biol , 52 : 593 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert , C. G. and Herlihy , C. R. 2004 . Using a cost-benefit approach to understand the evolution of self-fertilization in plants: the perplexing case of Aquilegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae) . Plant Species Biol. , 19 : 159 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Eckert , C. G. and Schaefer , A. 1998 . Does self-pollination provide reproductive assurance in Aquilegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae)? . Am. J. Bot. , 85 : 919 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , J. , Whitaker , D. , Klionsky , S. and Laskowski , M. 2005 . A record-breaking pollen catapult . Nature , 435 : 164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elle , E. and Carney , R. 2003 . Reproductive assurance varies with flower size in Collinsia parviflora (Scrophulariaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 90 : 888 – 896 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elle , E. and Hare , J. D. 2002 . Environmentally induced variation in floral traits affects the mating system in Datura wrightii . Func. Ecol , 16 : 79 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbar , C. and Leins , P. 1995 . Portioned pollen release and the syndromes of secondary pollen presentation in the Campanulales–Asterales-complex . Flora , 190 : 323 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Etcheverry , A. V. 2001 . Dynamic dispensing of pollen: an empirical study . Acta Hort. , 561 : 67 – 70 . (ISHS)
   Google Scholar
• Etcheverry , A. V. , Protomastro , J. J. and Westerkamp , C. 2003 . Delayed autonomous self-pollination in the colonizer Crotalaria micans (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae): structural and functional aspects . Plant Syst. Evol. , 239 : 15 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faegri , K. and van der Pijl , L. 1979 . The principles of pollination ecology , Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Fetscher , A. E. 2001 . Resolution of male-female conflict in a hermaphroditic flower . P. Roy. Soc. B.-Biol. Sci. , 268 : 525 – 529 .
   Google Scholar
• Fetscher , A. E. and Kohn , J. R. 1999 . Stigma behavior in Mimulus aurantiacus (Scrophulariaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 86 : 1130 – 1135 .
   Google Scholar
• Firth , J. 1965 . Orchids in Tasmania . Aust. Plants , 3 : 178 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Forterre , Y. , Skotheim , J. M. , Dumais , J. and Mahadevan , L. 2005 . How the Venus flytrap snaps . Nature , 433 : 421 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitas , L. and Sazima , M. 2009 . Floral biology and mechanisms of spontaneous self-pollination in five neotropical species of Gentianaceae . Bot. J. Linn. Soc. , 160 : 357 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , J. Y. , Zhang , L. , Deng , X. B. , Ren , P. Y. , Kong , J. J. and Li , Q. J. 2004 . The floral biology of Curcumorpha longiflora (Zingiberaceae): a ginger with two-day flowers . Am. J. Bot. , 91 : 287 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodwillie , C. , Kalisz , S. and Eckert , C. G. 2005 . The evolutionary enigma of mixed mating systems in plants: occurrence, theoretical explanations, and empirical evidence . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 36 : 47 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , K. L. and Werner , P. A. 1982 . Colonizing abilities of 'biennial' plant species in relation to ground cover: implications for their distributions in a successional sere . Ecology , 63 : 921 – 931 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , K. L. and Werner , P. A. 1978 . The biology of Canadian weeds. 28. Verbascum thapsus L. and V. blatteria L . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 58 : 401 – 413 .
   Google Scholar
• Harder , L. D. and Johnson , S. D. 2005 . Adaptive plasticity of floral display size in animal-pollinated plants . Proc. R. Soc. B. , 272 : 2651 – 2657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder , L. D. and Wilson , W. G. 1994 . Floral evolution and male reproductive success: optimal dispensing schedules for pollen dispersal by animal-pollinated plants . Evol. Ecol. , 8 : 542 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Herlihy , C. R. and Eckert , C. G. 2002 . Genetic cost of reproductive assurance in a self-fertilizing plant . Nature , 416 : 320 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtsford , T. P. and Ellstrand , N. C. 1992 . Genetic and environmental variation in floral traits affecting outcrossing rate in Clarkia tembloriensis (Onagraceae) . Evolution , 46 : 216 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , L. , Shen , H. , Ye , W. H. , Cao , H. L. and Wang , Z. M. 2008 . Secondary pollen presentation and style morphology in the invasive weed Mikania micrantha in South China . Bot. Stud , 49 : 253 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Howell , G. J. , Slater , A. T. and Knox , R. B. 1993 . Secondary pollen presentation in angiosperms and its biological significance . Aust. J. Bot. , 41 : 417 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , S. Q. , Takahashi , Y. and Dafni , A. 2002 . Why does the flower stalk of Pulsatilla cernua (Ranunculaceae) bend during anthesis? . Am. J. Bot. , 89 : 1599 – 1603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbert , F. M. and Richards , J. H. 1993 . Protandry, incompatibility and secondary pollen presentation in Cephalantus occidentalis (Rubiaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 80 : 395 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Jesson , L. K. and Barrett , S. C.H. 2002 . Solving the puzzle of mirror-image flowers . Nature , 417 : 707
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. D. and Edwards , T. J. 2000 . The structure and function of orchid pollinia . Plant Syst. Evol. , 222 : 243 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. D. and Nilsson , L. A. 1999 . Pollen carryover, geitonogamy and the evolution of deceptive pollination systems in orchids . Ecology , 80 : 2607 – 2619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. D. , Peter , C. I. and Agren , J. 2004 . The effects of nectar addition on pollen removal and geitonogamy in the non-rewarding orchid Anacamptis morio . Proc. R. Soc. B , 271 : 803 – 809 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost , L. 1918 . Die Griffelhaare der Campanulablüte . Flora , 111 : 478 – 489 .
   Google Scholar
• Juncosa , A. M. and Webster , B. D. 1989 . Pollination in Lupinus nanus (Leguminosae) . Am. J. Bot. , 76 : 59 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalisz , S. and Vogler , D. W. 2003 . Benefits of autonomous selfing under unpredictable pollinator environments . Ecology , 84 : 2928 – 2942 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalisz , S. , Vogler , D. , Fails , B. , Finer , M. , Shepard , E. , Herman , T. and Gonzales , R. 1999 . The mechanism of delayed selfing in Collinsia verna (Scrophulariaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 86 : 1239 – 1247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalisz , S. , Vogler , D. W. and Hanley , K. M. 2004 . Context-dependent autonomous self-fertilization yields reproductive assurance and mixed mating . Nature , 430 : 884 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karron , J. D. , Jackson , R. T. , Thumser , N. N. and Schlicht , S. L. 1997 . Outcrossing rates of individual Mimulus ringens genets are correlated with anther-stigma separation . Heredity , 79 : 365 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , H. 1999 . Explosive secondary pollen presentation in family Marantaceae , Botanical Electronic News . http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben216.html
   Google Scholar
• Kerner von Marilann , A. J. 1895 . The natural history of plants , New York : (Trans. from German) Holt and Co. . Vol. II. Part l
   Google Scholar
• Kirchner , O. 1897 . Blüteneinrichtungen der Campanulaceen . Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg , 53 : 193 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Klips , R. A. and Snow , A. A. 1997 . Delayed autonomous self-pollination in Hibiscus laevis (Malvaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 84 : 48 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch , C. U. and von Helversen , O. 2006 . Secondary pollen presentation in Cuban bat pollinated Lobelia: precise deposition of pollen and mechanical species isolation . Bot. Jahrb. Syst. , 127 : 105 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Kohn , J. R. and Barrett , S. C.H. 1992 . Floral manipulations reveal the cause of male fitness variation in experimental populations of Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae) . Funct. Ecol. , 6 : 590 – 595 .
   Google Scholar
• Kress , W. J. , Liu , A. Z. , Newman , M. and Li , Q. J. 2005 . The molecular phylogeny of Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): a complex and polyphyletic genus of Gingers . Am. J. Bot. , 92 : 167 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladd , P. G. 1994 . Pollen presenters in the flowering plants—form and function . Bot. J. Linn. Soc. , 115 : 165 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , K. 2002 . Three new species of Caulokaempferia (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand with a discussion of the generic diversity . Nord. J. Bot. , 22 : 409 – 417 .
   Google Scholar
• Lechowski , Z. and Białczyk , J. 1992 . Effect of external calcium on the control of stamen movement in Berberis vulgaris L . Biol. Plantarum , 34 : 121 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Leins , P. 2000 . Blüte und Frucht: Morphologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte, Phylogenie, Funktion und ökologie , Stuttgart : E. Schweizerbart’ sche Verlagsbuchhandlung .
   Google Scholar
• Leins , P. and Erbar , C. 1990 . On the mechanism of secondary pollen presentation in the Campanulales-Asterales-complex . Bot. Acta , 103 : 87 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Lesica , P. 2003 . Who says plants don't move? Published in the spring 2003 issue of Kelseya, the newsletter of the Montana Native Plant Society www.mtnativeplants.org/filelib/113.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , D. 1982 . Incompatibility, stamen movement and pollen economy in a heterostyled tropical forest tree, Cratoxylum formosum (Guttiferae) . Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci , 214 : 273 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , Q. J. , Kress , W. J. , Xu , Z. F. , Xia , Y. , Zhang , L. , Deng , X. B. and Gao , J. 2002 . Mating system and stigmatic behaviour during flowering of Alpinia kwangsiensis (Zingiberaceae) . Plant Syst. Evol. , 232 : 123 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , Q. J. , Xu , Z. F. , Kress , W. J. , Xia , Y. , Zhang , L. , Deng , X. B. , Gao , J. and Bai , Z. 2001 . Flexible style that encourages outcrossing . Nature , 410 : 432
   Google Scholar
• Lindley , J. 1819 . Maranta zebrina. Bot. Reg. , 5 : 385
   Google Scholar
• Lindley , J. 1826 . Calathea violacea. Bot. Reg. , 12 : 962
   Google Scholar
• Liu , K. W. , Liu , Z. J. , Huang , L. Q. , Li , L. Q. , Chen , L. J. and Tang , G. D. 2006 . Self-fertilization strategy in an orchid . Nature , 441 : 945 – 946 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Z. J. , Chen , L. J. , Liu , K. W. , Li , L. Q. and Rao , W. H. 2010 . A floral organ moving like a caterpillar for pollinating . J. Syst. Evol. , 48 : 102 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , D. G. 1979 . Some reproductive factors affecting the selection of self-fertilization in plants . Am. Nat. , 113 : 67 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd , D. G. and Schoen , D. J. 1992 . Self- and cross-fertilization in plants. I. Functional dimensions . Int. J. Plant Sci , 153 : 358 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd , D. G. and Yates , J. M.A. 1982 . Intra-sexual selection and the segregation of pollen and stigmas in hermaphrodite plants, exemplified by Wahlenbergia albomarginata (Campanulaceae) . Evolution , 36 : 903 – 913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyon , D. L. 1992 . Bee pollination of facultatively xenogamous Sanguinaria canadensis L . Bull. Torr. Bot. Club , 119 : 368 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Ma , W. L. 2004 . Quaint plant Tropaeolum majus . Discovery Nat. , 7 : 44 – 48 . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Medan , D. and Ponessa , G. 2003 . Movement-assisted dichogamy in Atamisquea emarginata (Capparaceae) . Plant Syst. Evol. , 236 : 195 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyajima , D. 2001 . Floral variation and its effect on self-pollination in Salvia splendens . J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. , 76 : 187 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morillon , R. , Liénard , D. , Chrispeels , M. J. and Lassalles , J. P. 2001 . Rapid movements of plants organs require solute-water cotransporters or contractile proteins . Plant Physiol. , 127 : 720 – 723 .
   Google Scholar
• Motten , A. F. and Stone , J. L. 2000 . Heritability of stigma position and the effect of stigma-anther separation on outcrossing in a predominantly self-fertilizing weed, Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 87 : 339 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy , E. S. , Strong , L. and Galloway , L. F. 1999 . Contribution of delayed autogamous selfing to reproductive success in Mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia (Ericaceae) . Am. Midl. Nat , 142 : 39 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrón-Ortiz , V. 1998 . Reproductive biology of a rare cactus, Opuntia spinosissima (Cactaceae), in the Florida Keys: Why is seed set very low? . Sex. Plant Reprod. , 11 : 208 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Nemcombe , F. C. 1922 . Significance of the behavior of sensitive stigmas . Am. J. Bot. , 9 : 99 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Nemcombe , F. C. 1924 . Significance of the behavior of sensitive stigmas . Am. J. Bot. , 11 : 85 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Nyman , Y. 1992 . Pollination mechanisms in six Campanula species (Campanulaceae) . Plant Syst. Evol. , 181 : 97 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Nyman , Y. 1993a . The pollen-collecting hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae). I. Morphological variation and the retractive mechanism . Am. J. Bot. , 80: : 1437 – 1443 .
   Google Scholar
• Nyman , Y. 1993b . The pollen-collecting hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae). II. Function and adaptive significance in relation to pollination . Am. J. Bot. , 80 : 1427 – 1436 .
   Google Scholar
• Parra-Tabla , V. and Bullock , S. H. 2005 . Ecological and selective effects of stigma-anther separation in the self-incompatible tropical tree Ipomoea wolcottiana (Convolvulaceae) . Plant Syst. Evol. , 252 : 85 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Patek , S. N. , Korff , W. L. and Caldwell , R. L. 2004 . Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp . Nature , 428 : 819 – 820 .
   Google Scholar
• Peter , C. I. and Johnson , S. D. 2006 . Doing the twist: a test of Darwin's cross-pollination hypothesis for pollinium reconfiguration . Biol. Lett. , 2 : 65 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , J. G. 2007 . The Floral Phenology and Mechanism of Delayed Selfing in Jaltomata repandidentata (Solanaceae). A thesis of Master , New Britain, Connecticut : Central Connecticut State University .
   Google Scholar
• Qu , R. , Li , X. , Luo , Y. , Dong , M. , Xu , H. , Chen , X. and Dafni , A. 2007 . Wind-dragged corolla enhances self-pollination: a new mechanism of delayed self-pollination . Ann. Bot. , 100 : 1155 – 1164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey , M. , Seed , L. and Vaughton , G. 2003 . Delayed selfing and low levels of inbreeding depression in Hibiscus trionum (Malvaceae) . Aust. J. Bot. , 51 : 275 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Rathcke , B. and Real , L. 1993 . Autogamy and inbreeding depression in Mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia (Ericaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 80 : 143 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Raven , P. H. , Evert , R. F. and Eichhorn , S. E. 2005 . “ Section 6. Physiology of seed plants: 29. Plant nutrition and soils ” . In Biology of Plants , 7th ed , New York : W. H. Freeman and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Ren , M. X. 2010 . Stamen movements in hermaphroditic flowers: diversity and adaptive significance . Chinese J. Plant Ecol. , 34 : 867 – 875 .
   Google Scholar
• Ren , P. Y. , Liu , M. and Li , Q. J. 2007 . An example of flexistyly in a wild cardamom species (Amomum maximum (Zingiberaceae)) . Plant Syst. Evol. , 267 : 147 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , A. J. 1997 . Plant Breeding Systems , 2nd ed , London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , S. C. 2004 . Benefits and costs of floral visitors to Chilopsis linearis: Pollen deposition and stigma closure . Oikos , 107 : 363 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Routley , M. B. , Bertin , R. I. and Husband , B. C. 2004 . Correlated evolution of dichogamy and self-incompatibility: A phylogenetic perspective . Int. J. Plant Sci , 165 : 983 – 993 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. 2010b . Review and advances in style curvature for the Malvaceae . Int. J. Plant Dev. Biol , 4 ( S1 ) : 98 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. , Chen , S. C. , Li , Q. and Teixeira da Silva , J. A. Evolution of context-dependent style curvature in the Malvaceae: a molecular phylogenetic approach . Plant Syst. Evol , accepted
   Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. , Li , H. and Mopper , S. 2008b . The impact of pollen tube growth on stigma lobe curvature in Kosteletzkya virginica: The best of both worlds . S. Afr. J. Bot. , 74 : 65 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. , Li , H. and Mopper , S. 2009b . Kosteletzkya virginica displays mixed mating system responding to pollinator environment despite strong inbreeding depression . Plant Ecol , 203 : 183 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. , Mopper , S. , Teixeira da Silva , J. A. , Qin , P. and Shan , Y. 2009a . Context-dependent style curvature within flowers offers reproductive assurance under unpredictable pollinator environments . Plant Syst. Evol. , 277 : 207 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. , Qin , P. and Han , R. M. 2005a . Strategies of delayed self-pollination in Kosteletzkya virginica . Chinese Sci. Bull. , 50 : 94 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. , Qin , P. and Han , R. M. 2005b . Floral morphology and stigma-anther separation in gynomonoecious-gynodioecious Kosteletzkya virginica (Malvaceae) . S. Afr. J. Bot. , 71 : 367 – 373 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. , Qin , P. and He , Z. X. 2004 . Delayed autonomous selfing in Kosteletzkya virginica (Malvaceae) . S. Afr. J. Bot. , 70 : 640 – 645 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. , Qin , P. and Xi , Y. G. 2005c . Floral traits and pollination modes in Kosteletzkya virginica (Malvaceae) . Belg. J. Bot. , 138 : 39 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. , Teixeira da Silva , J. A. and Qin , P. 2010a . Style curvature and its adaptive significance in the Malvaceae . Plant Syst. Evol. , 288 : 13 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruan , C. J. , Zhou , L. J. , Zeng , F. Y. , Han , R. M. , Qin , P. , Lutts , S. , Saad , L. and Mahy , G. 2008a . Contribution of delayed autonomous selfing to reproductive success in Kosteletzkya virginica (Malvaceae) . Belg. J. Bot. , 141 : 3 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Salisbury , F. B. and Ross , C. W. 1992 . Plant Physiology , 4th ed , California : Wadsworth Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Schlessman , M. A. 1986 . Floral protogyny, self-compatibility and the pollination of Ourisia macrocarpa (Scrophulariaceae) . New Zeal. J. Bot. , 24 : 651 – 656 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlindwein , C. and Wittmann , D. 1997a . Stamen movements in flowers of Opuntia (Cactaceae) favour oligoleetic pollinators . Plant Syst. Evol. , 204 : 179 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlindwein , C. and Wittmann , D. 1997b . Micro-foraging routes of Bicolletes pampeana (Colletidae) and bee-induced pollen presentation in Cajophora arechavaletae (Loasaceae) . Bot. Acta , 110 : 177 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Schlindwein , C. , Wittmann , D. , Feitosa Martins , C. , Hamm , A. , Alves Siqueira , J. , Schiffler , D. and Machado , I. C. 2005 . Pollination of Campanula rapunculus L. (Campanulaceae): How much pollen flows into pollination and into reproduction of oligolectic pollinators? . Plant Syst. Evol. , 250 : 147 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Shetler , S. G. 1979 . Pollen-collecting hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae). I. Historical review . Taxon , 28 : 205 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Shimizu , M. , Tomita-Yokotani , K. , Nakamura , T. and Yamashita , M. 2005 . Tropism in azalea and lily flowers . Adv. Space Res. , 36 : 1298 – 1302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons , P. 1992 . The Action Plant , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J. E. 1788 . Some observations on the irritability of vegetables . Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B. Biol. Sci. , 78 : 158 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Spira , T. P. 1989 . “ Reproductive biology of Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae) ” . In The Evolutionary Ecology of Plants , Edited by: Bock , J. and Linhart , Y. 247 – 255 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spira , T. , Snow , A. A. , Whigham , D. F. and Leak , J. L. 1992 . Flower visitation, pollen deposition, and pollen-tube competition in Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae) . Am. J. Bot. , 79 : 428 – 433 .
   Google Scholar
• Sritongchuay , T. , Bumrung , S. , Meesawat , U. and Mazer , S. 2010 . Stigma closure and re-opening in Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae): Causes and consequences . Am. J. Bot. , 97 : 136 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Srithongchuay , T. , Sripaoraya , E. and Bumrungsri , S. 2008 . The pollination ecology of the late-successional tree, Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) in Thailand . J. Trop. Ecol. , 24 : 477 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Stephens , W. C. 1948 . Kansas Wild Flowers , Lawrence : University of Kansas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , J. L. and Motten , A. F. 2002 . Anther-stigma separation is associated with inbreeding depression in Datura stramonium, a predominantly self-fertilizing annual . Evolution , 56 : 2187 – 2195 .
   Google Scholar
• Sun , S. , Gao , J. Y. , Liao , W. J. , Li , Q. J. and Zhang , D. Y. 2007 . Adaptive significance of flexistyly in Alpinia blepharocalyx (Zingiberaceae): a hand-pollination experiment . Ann. Bot. , 99 : 661 – 660 .
   Google Scholar
• Sun , S. G. , Guo , Y. H. , Gituru , R. W. and Huang , S. Q. 2005 . Corolla wilting facilitates delayed autonomous self-pollination in Pedicularis dunniana (Orobanchaceae) . Plant. Syst. Evol. , 251 : 229 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , P. E. , Card , G. , House , J. , Dickinson , M. H. and Flagan , R. C. 2006 . High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry tree, Morus alba L . Sex. Plant Reprod. , 19 : 19 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , J. D. , Barrett , S. C.H. and Baker , A. M. 2003 . Frequency-dependent variation in reproductive success in Narcissus: implications for the maintenance of stigma-height dimorphism . Proc. Roy. Soc. London B. Biol. Sci. , 270 : 949 – 953 .
   Google Scholar
• Traveset , A. , Willson , M. F. and Sabag , C. 1998 . Effect of nectar-robbing birds on fruit set of Fuchsia magellanica in Tierra del Fuego: a disrupted mutualism . Func. Ecol. , 12 : 459 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay , R. L. , Ackerman , J. D. , Zimmerman , J. K. and Calvo , R. N. 2005 . Variation in sexual reproduction in orchids and its evolutionary consequences: a spasmodic journey to diversification . Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , 84 : 1 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma , S. , Magotra , R. and Koul , A. K. 2004 . Stylar movement avoids self-pollination and promotes cross-pollination in Eremurus himalaicus . Curr. Sci. , 87 : 872 – 873 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Zhang , D. , Renner , S. S. and Chen , Z. 2004 . A new self-pollination mechanism . Nature , 431 : 39 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , L. and Dallwitz , M. J. 1992 . The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval Version 9th September 2008. http://delta-intkey.com
   Google Scholar
• Webb , C. J. and Lloyd , D. G. 1986 . The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms . II. Herkogamy. New Zeal. J. Bot. , 24 : 163 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weekley , C. W. and Brother , S. A. 2006 . Failure of reproductive assurance in the chasmogamous flowers of Polygala lewtonii (Polygalaceae), an endangered sandhill herb . Am. J. Bot. , 93 : 245 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigend , M. and Gottschling , M. 2006 . Evolution of funnel revolver flowers and ornithophily in Nasa (Loasaceae) . Plant Biol. , 8 : 120 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Weller , S. G. and Sakai , A. K. 1999 . Using phylogenetic approaches for the analysis of plant breeding system evolution . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst , 30 : 167 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker , D. L. , Webster , L. A. and Edwards , J. 2007 . The biomechanics of Cornus canadensis stamens are ideal for catapulting pollen vertically . Func. Ecol. , 21 : 219 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggins , I. L. 1980 . Flora of Baja California , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , C. L. and Hu , N. Z. 1995 . Floral traits and flowering process of Chimonanthus praecox . Acta Hortic. Sin. , 22 : 277 – 282 . (in Chinese with English abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Wu , T. L. and Larsen , K. 2000 . “ Zingiberaceae ” . In Flora of China , Edited by: Wu , Z. Y. and Peter , H. R. 322 – 377 . Beijing : Science Press .
   Google Scholar
• Xu , Z. Y. , Ma , S. B. , Hu , C. P. , Yang , C. Y. and Hu , Z. H. 1997 . The floral biology and its evolutionary significance of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying (Berberidaceae) . J. Wuhan Bot. Res. , 15 : 223 – 227 . (in Chinese with English abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Yang , C. F. , Guo , Y. H. , Gituru , R. W. and Sun , S. G. 2002 . Variation in stigma morphology-How does it contribute to pollination adaptation in Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae)? . Plant Syst. Evol , 236 : 89 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , S. X. , Yang , C. F. , Zhang , T. and Wang , Q. F. 2004 . A mechanism facilitates pollination due to stigma behavior in Campsis radicans (Bignoniaceae) . Acta Bot. Sin. , 46 : 1071 – 1074 .
   Google Scholar
• Yeo , P. F. 1993 . Secondary pollen presentation: form, function and evolution . Plant Syst. Evol. , S6 : 268
   Google Scholar
• Yu , Q. and Huang , S. Q. 2006 . Flexible stigma presentation assists context-dependent pollination in a wild columbine . New Phytol. , 169 : 237 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , D. Y. 2004 . Plant Life-History Evolution and Reproductive Ecology , Beijing : Science Press . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Z. H. and Santisuk , T. 2003 . Flora of China , Missouri, Missouri : Botanical Garden Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Z. Q. and Li , Q. J. 2008 . Autonomous selfing provides reproductive assurance in an Alpine ginger Roscoea schneideriana (Zingiberaceae) . Ann. Bot. , 102 : 531 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zomlefer , W. B. 1989 . Flowering Plants of Florida: a Guide to Common Families , Gainesville, Florida, , USA : Biological Illustrations, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Zuloaga , F. O. and Morrone , O. 1999 . Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina , USA : Missouri Botanical Garden .
   Google Scholar