276
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Egg Activation in Higher Plants: The Making of a New Generation in Angiosperms

, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Antoine, A. F., Faure, J. E., Cordeiro, S., Dumas, C., Rougier., and Feijó, J. A. 2000. A Ca2+ influx is triggered and propagates in the zygote as a wavefront during in vitro fertilization of flowering plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 97:10643–10648. doi:10.1073/pnas.180243697
  • Antoine, A. F., Faure, J. E., Dumas, C., and Feijó, J. A. 2001. Differential contribution of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and Ca2+ influx to gamete fusion and egg activation in maize. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:1120–1123. doi:10.1038/ncb1201-1120
  • Autran, D., Baroux, C., Raissig, M. T., Lenormand, T., Wittig, M., Grob, S., Steimer, A., Barann, M., Klostermeier, U. C., Leblanc, O., Vielle-Calzada, J. P., Rosenstiel, P., Grimanelli, D., and Grossniklaus, U. 2011. Maternal epigenetic pathways control parental contributions to Arabidopsis early embryogenesis. Cell 145:707–719. doi:10.1016/J.CELL.2011.04.014
  • Bartoli, G., Felici, C., and Castiglione, M. R. 2017. Female gametophyte and embryo development in Helleborus bocconei Ten. (Ranunculaceae). Protoplasma 254:491–504. doi:10.1007/s00709-016-0969-8
  • Bayer, M., Nawy, T., Giglione, C., Galli, M., Meinnel, T., and Lukowitz, W. 2009. Paternal control of embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. Science 323:1485–1488. doi:10.1126/science.1167784
  • Bayer, M., Slane, D., and Jürgens, G. 2017. Early plant embryogenesis-dark ages or dark matter? Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 35:30–36. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.004
  • Beale, K. M., and Johnson, M. A. 2013. Speed dating, rejection, and finding the perfect mate: advice from flowering plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 16:590–597. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005
  • Berger, F., Hamamura, Y., Ingouff, M., and Higashiyama, T. 2008. Double fertilization-caught in the act. Trends Plant Sci. 13:437–443. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.05.011
  • Bhojwani, S. S., and Bhatnagar, S. P. 1974. The Embryology of Angiosperms. VIKAS PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD, New Delhi Bombay Bangalore Calcutta Kanpur, pp. 161–182.
  • Boutilier, K., Offringa, R., Sharma, V. K., Kieft, H., Ouellet, T., Zhang, L., Hattori, J., Liu, C. M., van Lammeren, A. A. M., Miki, B. L. A., Custers, J. B. M., and van Lookeren Campagne, M. M. 2002. Ectopic expression of BABY BOOM triggers a conversion from vegetative to embryonic growth. Plant Cell. 14:1737–1749. doi:10.1105/tpc.001941
  • Brukhin, V. 2017. Molecular and genetic regulation of apomixis. Russ. J. Genet. 53:943–964. doi:10.1134/S1022795417090046
  • Chen, B., Maas, L., Figueiredo, D., Zhong, Y., Reis, R., Li, M., Horstman, A., Riksen, T., Weemen, M., Liu, H., Siemons, C., Chen, S., Angenent, G.C., and Boutilier, K. 2022. BABY BOOM regulates early embryo and endosperm development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 119:e2201761119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2201761119
  • Ciapa, B., and Chiri, S. 2000. Egg activation: upstream of the fertilization calcium signal. Biol. Cell. 92:215–233. doi:10.1016/s0248-4900(00)01065-0
  • Conner, J. A., Mookkan, M., Huo, H., Chae, K., and Ozias-Akins, P. 2015. A parthenogenesis gene of apomict origin elicits embryo formation from unfertilized eggs in a sexual plant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 112:11205–11210. doi:10.1073/pnas.1505856112
  • Conner, J. A., Podio, M., and Ozias-Akins, P. 2017. Haploid embryo production in rice and maize induced by PsASGR-BBML transgenes. Plant Reprod. 30:41–52. doi:10.1007/s00497-017-0298-x
  • Cyprys, P., Lindemeier, M., and Sprunck, S. 2019. Gamete fusion is facilitated by two sperm cell-expressed DUF679 membrane proteins. Nat. Plants. 5:253–257. doi:10.1038/s41477-019-0382-3
  • Del Toro-De León, G., García-Aguilar, M., and Gillmor, C. S. 2014. Non-equivalent contributions of maternal and paternal genomes to early plant embryogenesis. Nature 514:624–627. doi:10.1038/nature13620
  • Deng, H., Song, Y. X., Qin, K., and Tian, H. Q. 2012. DNA content and cell cycle changes of male and female gametes of Lycium barbarum L. Plant Physiology J 48:869–873. (In Chinese)
  • Denninger, P., Bleckmann, A., Lausser, A., Vogler, F., Ott, T., Ehrhardt, D. W., Frommer, W. B., Sprunck, S., Dresselhaus, T., and Grossmann, G. 2014. Male-female communication triggers calcium signatures during fertilization in Arabidopsis. Nat. Commun. 5:4645–4657. doi:10.1038/ncomms5645
  • Digonnet, C., Aldon, D., Leduc, N., Dumas, C., and Rougier, M. 1997. First evidence of a calcium transient in flowering plants at fertilization. Development 124:2867–2874. doi:10.1242/dev.124.15.2867
  • Dresselhaus, T., Sprunck, S., and Wessel, G. M. 2016. Fertilization mechanisms in flowering plants. Curr. Biol. 26:R125–R139. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.032
  • Ducibella, T., and Fissore, R. 2008. The roles of Ca2+, downstream protein kinases, and oscillatory signaling in regulating fertilization and the activation of development. Dev. Biol. 315:257–279. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.12.012
  • Friedman, W. E. 1999. Expression of the cell cycle in sperm of Arabidopsis: implications for understanding patterns of gametogenesis and fertilization in plants and other eukaryotes. Development 126:1065–1075. doi:10.1242/dev.126.5.1065
  • Ge, L. L., Tian, H. Q., and Russell, S. D. 2007. Calcium function and distribution during fertilization in angiosperms. Am. J. Bot. 94:1046–1060. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.6.1046
  • Gilles, L. M., Khaled, A., Laffaire, J., Chaignon, S., Gendrot, G., Laplaige, J., Bergès, H., Beydon, G., Bayle, V., Barret, P., Comadran, J., Martinant, J. P., Rogowsky, P. M., and Widiez, T. 2017. Loss of pollen-specific phospholipase NOT LIKE DAD triggers gynogenesis in maize. Embo J. 36:707–717. doi:10.15252/embj.201796603
  • Grossniklaus, U., Nogler, G. A., and van Dijk, P. J. 2001. How to avoid sex: the genetic control of gametophytic apomixes. Plant Cell. 13:1491–1498. doi:10.1105/tpc.13.7.1491
  • Hamamura, Y., Nagahara, S., and Higashiyama, T. 2012. Double fertilization on the move. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 15:70–77. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.11.001
  • Hamamura, Y., Nishimaki, M., Takeuchi, H., Geitmann, A., Kurihara, D., and Higashiyama, T. 2014. Live imaging of calcium spikes during double fertilization in Arabidopsis. Nat. Commun. 5:4722–4731. doi:10.1038/ncomms5722
  • Hamamura, Y., Saito, C., Awai, C., Kurihara, D., Miyawaki, A., Nakagawa, T., Kanaoka, M. M., Sasaki, N., Nakano, A., Berger, F., and Higashiyama, T. 2011. Live-cell imaging reveals the dynamics of two sperm cells during double fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr. Biol. 21:497–502. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.02.013
  • Hater, F., Nakel, T., and Gro-Hardt, R. 2020. Reproductive Multitasking: The Female Gametophyte. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 71:517–546. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035943
  • Hu, S. Y. 2005. Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms. High Education Press, Beijing, pp. 106–133. (In Chinese)
  • Hu, S. Y., and Tian, H. Q. 2002. The Structure and Function of Male Germ Unit. In Biology of Angiosperm Fertilization, Hu, S. Y. and Yang, H. Y., Eds. Beijing: Sci Press, pp. 59–77. (in Chinese)
  • Ingouff, M., Sakata, T., Li, J., Sprunck, S., Dresselhaus, T., and Berger, F. 2009. The two male gametes share equal ability to fertilize the egg cell in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr. Biol. 19:R19–20. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.025
  • Iwano, M., Ngo, Q. A., Entani, T., Shiba, H., Nagai, T., Miyawaki, A., Isogai, A., Grossniklaus, U., and Takayama, S. 2012. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ changes dynamically during the interaction of the pollen tube with synergid cells. Development 139:4202–4209. doi:10.1242/dev.081208
  • Jiang, J., Stührwohldt, N., Liu, T., Huang, Q., Li, L., Zhang, L., Gu, H., Fan, L., Zhong, S., Schaller, A., and Qu, L. J. 2022. Egg cell-secreted aspartic proteases ECS1/2 promote gamete attachment to prioritize the fertilization of egg cells over central cells in Arabidopsis. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 64:2047–2059. doi:10.1111/jipb.13371
  • Kelliher, T., Starr, D., Richbourg, L., Chintamanani, S., Delzer, B., Nuccio, M. L., Green, J., Chen, Z., McCuiston, J., Wang, W., Liebler, T., Bullock, P., and Martin, B. 2017. MATRILINEAL, a sperm-specific phospholipase, triggers maize haploid induction. Nature 542:105–109. doi:10.1038/nature20827
  • Khanday, I., Skinner, D., Yang, B., Mercier, R., and Sundaresan, V. 2019. A male-expressed rice embryogenic trigger redirected for asexual propagation through seeds. Nature 565:91–95. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0785-8
  • Koltunow, A. M., and Grossniklaus, U. 2003. Apomixis: a developmental perspective. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54:547–574. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.110901.160842
  • Kranz, E., Wiegen, P., and Lörz, H. 1995. Early cytological events after induction of cell division in egg cells and zygote development following in vitro fertilization with angiosperms gametes. Plant J 8:9–23. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.1995.08010009.x
  • Li, L., Hou, S., Xiang, W., Song, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Li, J., Gu, H., Dong, J., Dresselhaus, T., Zhong, S., and Qu, L. J. 2022. The egg cell is preferentially fertilized in Arabidopsis double fertilization. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 64:2039–2046. doi:10.1111/jipb.13370
  • Li, Y., Lin, Z., Yue, Y., Zhao, H., Fei, X., Lizhu, E., Liu, C., Chen, S., Lai, J., and Song, W. 2021. Loss-of-function alleles of ZmPLD3 cause haploid induction in maize. Nat. Plants. 7:1579–1588. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-01037-2
  • Liu, C., Li, X., Meng, D., Zhong, Y., Chen, C., Dong, X., Xu, X., Chen, B., Li, W., Li, L., Tian, X., Zhao, H., Song, W., Luo, H., Zhang, Q., Lai, J., Jin, W., Yan, J., and Chen, S. 2017. A 4-bp Insertion at ZmPLA1 encoding a putative phospholipase A generates haploid induction in maize. Mol. Plant. 10:520–522. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2017.01.011
  • Liu, X. Q., Shi, J. J., Fan, H., Jiao, J., Gao, L., Tan, L., Nagawa, S., and Wang, D. Y. 2021. Nuclear DNA replicates during zygote development in Arabidopsis and Torenia fournieri. Plant Physiol. 185:137–145. doi:10.1093/plphys/kiaa014
  • Maruyama, D., Hamamura, Y., Takeuchi, H., Susaki, D., Nishimaki, M., Kurihara, D., Kasahara, R. D., and Higashiyama, T. 2013. Independent control by each female gamete prevents the attraction of multiple pollen tubes. Dev. Cell. 25:317–323. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2013.03.013
  • Mogensen, H. L. 1992. The male germ unit: concept, composition, and significance. Intl. Rev. Cytol 140:129–147. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61095-5
  • Mori, T. 2014. Profiling the GCS1 -Based Gamete Fusion Mechanism. In: Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants, Sawada, H. Eds. Springer: Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London, pp. 329–335. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54589-7
  • Mori, T., Igawa, T., Tamiya, G., Miyagishima, S., and Berger, F. 2014. Gamete attachment requires GEX2 for successful fertilization in Arabidopsis. Curr. Biol. 24:170–175. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.030
  • Mori, T., Kuroiwa, H., Higashiyama, T., and Kuroiwa, T. 2006. GENERATIVE CELL SPECIFIC 1 is essential for angiosperm fertilization. Nat. Cell Biol. 8:64–71. doi:10.1038/ncb1345
  • Nakasaka, H., Yamano, S., Hinokio, K., Nakagawa, K., Yoshizawa, M., and Aono, T. 2000. Effective activation method with A23187 and puromycin to produce haploid parthenogenones from freshly ovulated mouse oocytes. Zygote 8:203–208. doi:10.1017/s096719940000099x
  • Ngo, Q. A., Vogler, H., Lituiev, D. S., Nestorova, A., and Grossniklaus, U. 2014. A calcium dialog mediated by the FERONIA signal transduction pathway controls plant sperm delivery. Dev. Cell. 29:491–500. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.008
  • Nodine, M. D., and Bartel, D. P. 2012. Maternal and paternal genomes contribute equally to the transcriptome of early plant embryos. Nature 482:94–97. doi:10.1038/nature10756
  • Ohnishi, Y., Kokubu, I., Kinoshita, T., and Okamoto, T. 2019. Sperm entry into the egg cell induces the progression of karyogamy in rice zygotes. Plant Cell Physiol. 60:1656–1665. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcz077
  • Palovaara, J., de Zeeuw, T., and Weijers, D. 2016. Tissue and Organ Initiation in the Plant Embryo: A First Time for Everything. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 32:47–75. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-124929
  • Passarinho, P., Ketelaar, T., Xing, M., van Arkel, J., Maliepaard, C., Hendriks, M. W., Joosen, R., Lammers, M., Herdies, L., den Boer, B., van der Geest, L., and Boutilier, K. 2008. BABY BOOM target genes provide diverse entry points into cell proliferation and cell growth pathways. Plant Mol. Biol. 68:225–237. doi:10.1007/s11103-008-9364-y
  • Peng, L., Li, Z. K., Ding, X. L., and Tian, H. Q. 2018. Advances in the study of egg activation of higher plants. Zygote 26:435–442. doi:10.1017/S0967199418000539
  • Pónya, Z., and Barnabás, B. 2001. Microinjected fluorescent phalloidin in vivo reveals F-actin dynamics in isolated egg cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed in situ and fertilised in vitro. J. Plant Physiol 158:1527–1539. doi:10.1078/0176-1617-00570
  • Pónya, Z., Corsi, I., Hoffmann, R., Kovács, M., Dobosy, A., Kovács, A. Z., Cresti, M., and Barnabás, B. 2014. When isolated at full receptivity, in vitro fertilized wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) egg cells reveal [Ca2+]cyt oscillation of intracellular origin. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15:23766–23791. doi:10.3390/ijms151223766
  • Rademacher, S., and Sprunck, S. 2013. Downregulation of egg cell-secreted EC1 is accompanied with delayed gamete fusion and polytubey. Plant Signal. Behav. 8:e27377. doi:10.4161/psb.27377
  • Rahman, M. H., Toda, E., Kobayashi, M., Kudo, T., Koshimizu, S., Takahara, M., Iwami, M., Watanabe, Y., Sekimoto, H., Yano, K., and Okamoto, T. 2019. Expression of genes from paternal alleles in rice zygotes and involvement of OsASGR-BBML1 in initiation of zygotic development. Plant Cell Physiol. 60:725–737. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcz030
  • Roberts, S., and Brownlee, C. 1995. Calcium influx, fertilisation potential and egg activation in Fucus serratus. Zygote 3:191–197. doi:10.1017/s0967199400002586
  • Russell, S. D. 1985. Preferential fertilization in Plumbago: ultrastructural evidence for gamete-level recognition in an angiosperm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 82:6129–6132. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.18.6129
  • Sauter, M., von Wiegen, P., Lörz, H., and Kranz, E. 1998. Cell cycle regulatory genes from maize are differentially controlled during fertilization and first embryonic cell division. Sex. Plant Reprod 11:41–48. doi:10.1007/s004970050119
  • Scott, R., Armstrong, S. J., Doughty, J., and Spielman, M. 2008. Double fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana involves a polyspermy block on the egg but not the central cell. Mol. Plant. 1:611–619. doi:10.1093/mp/ssn016
  • Shin, J. M., Yuan, L., Ohme-Takagi, M., and Kawashima, T. 2021. Cellular dynamics of double fertilization and early embryogenesis in flowering plants. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 336:642–651. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22981
  • Shivanna, K. R. 2016. Fertilization in flowering plants. Resonance 21:1007–1018. doi:10.1007/s12045-016-0411-8
  • Spielman, M., and Scott, R. J. 2008. Polyspermy barriers in plants: from preventing to promoting fertilization. Sex. Plant Reprod 21:53–65. doi:10.1007/s00497-007-0063-7
  • Sprunck, S. 2010. Let’s get physical: gamete interaction in flowering plants. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 38:635–640. doi:10.1042/BST0380635
  • Sprunck, S. 2020. Twice the fun, double the trouble: gamete interactions in flowering plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 53:106–116. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2019.11.003
  • Sprunck, S., and Gross-Hardt, R. 2011. Nuclear behavior, cell polarity, and cell specification in the female gametophyte. Sex. Plant Reprod. 24:123–136. doi:10.1007/s00497-011-0161-4
  • Sprunck, S., Rademacher, S., Vogler, F., Gheyselinck, J., Grossniklaus, U., and Dresselhaus, T. 2012. Egg cell-secreted EC1 triggers sperm cell activation during double fertilization. Science 338:1093–1097. doi:10.1126/science.1223944
  • Stricker, S. A. 1999. Comparative biology of calcium signaling during fertilization and egg activation in animals. Dev. Biol. 211:157–176. doi:10.1006/dbio.1999.9340
  • Sugi, N., Izumi, R., Tomomi, S., Susaki, D., Kinoshita, T., and Maruyama, D. 2023. Removal of the endoplasma membrane upon sperm cell activation after pollen tube discharge. Front. Plant Sci. 14:1116289. doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1116289
  • Sukawa, Y., and Okamoto, T. 2018. Cell cycle in egg cell and its progression during zygotic development in rice. Plant Reprod. 31:107–116. doi:10.1007/s00497-017-0318-x
  • Takahashi, T., Mori, T., Ueda, K., Yamada, L., Nagahara, S., Higashiyama, T., Sawada, H., and Igawa, T. 2018. The male gamete membrane protein DMP9/DAU2 is required for double fertilization in flowering plants. Development 145:dev170076. doi:10.1242/dev.170076
  • Tian, H. Q., and Russell, S. D. 1997. Calcium distribution in fertilized and unfertilized ovules and embryo sacs of Nicotiana tabacum L. Planta 202:93–105. doi:10.1007/s004250050107
  • Tian, H. Q., Yuan, T., and Russell, S. D. 2005. Relationship between double fertilization and the cell cycle in male and female gametes of tobacco. Sex. Plant Reprod 17:243–252. doi:10.1007/s00497-004-0233-9
  • Tian, H. Q., Zhang, Z., and Russell, S. D. 2001. Sperm dimorphism in Nicotiana tabacum L. Sex. Plant Reprod 14:123–125. doi:10.1007/s004970100080
  • Tirlapur, U. K., Kranz, E., and Cresti, M. 1995. Characterisation of isolated egg cells, in vitro fusion products and zygotes of Zea mays L. using the technique of image analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Zygote 3:57–64. doi:10.1017/s0967199400002380
  • Tirlapur, U. K., Van Went, J. L., and Cresti, M. 1993. Visualization of membrane calcium and calmodulin in embryo sacs in situ and isolated from Petunia hybrid L. and Nicotiana tabacum L. Ann. Bot 17:161–167. doi:10.1006/anbo.1993.1020
  • von Besser, K., Frank, A. C., Johnson, M. A., and Preuss, D. 2006. Arabidopsis HAP2 (GCS1) is a sperm-specific gene required for pollen tube guidance and fertilization. Development 133:4761–4769. doi:10.1242/dev.02683
  • Wang, B., Zhu, L., Zhao, B., Zhao, Y., Xie, Y., Zheng, Z., Li, Y., Sun, J., and Wang, H. 2019. Development of a haploid-inducer mediated genome editing system for accelerating maize breeding. Mol. Plant. 12:597–602. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.006
  • Wang, W., Xiong, H., Zhao, P., Peng, X., and Sun, M. X. 2022. DMP8 and 9 regulate HAP2/GCS1 trafficking for the timely acquisition of sperm fusion competence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 119:e2207608119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2207608119
  • Xie, Y. L., Deng, W., Tian, H. Q., and Zhu, X. Y. 2022. Zygote activation: the start of the new generation in angiosperms. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci 41:177–189. doi:10.1080/07352689.2022.2082160
  • Yang, Y. H., Qiu, Y. L., Xie, C. T., and Tian, H. Q. 2005. Isolation of two populations of sperm cells and micro-electrophoresis of pairs of sperm cells from pollen tubes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Sex. Plant Reprod 18:47–53. doi:10.1007/s00497-005-0248-x
  • Yu, X., Zhang, X., Zhao, P., Peng, X., Chen, H., Bleckmann, A., Bazhenova, A., Shi, C., Dresselhaus, T., and Sun, M. X. 2021. Fertilized egg cells secrete endopeptidases to avoid polytubey. Nature 592:433–437. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03387-5
  • Zhang, J., Pinello, J. F., and Snell, W. J. 2019. Plant sperm need a little help. Nat. Plants. 5:247–248. doi:10.1038/s41477-019-0385-0
  • Zhang, Z., Tian, H. Q., and Russell, S. D. 1998. Localization of myosin on sperm-cell-associated membranes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L). Protoplasma 208:123–128. doi:10.1007/BF01279082
  • Zhou, L. Z., and Dresselhaus, T. 2019. Friend or foe: signaling mechanisms during double fertilization in flowering seed plants. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 131:453–496. doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.013

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.