Free‐air CO₂ enrichment field experiments: An historical overview

References

• Allen , LH Jr. 1973 . Crop micrometeorology: A. Wide‐row light penetration. B. Carbon dioxide enrichment and diffusion , 366 Ithaca, New York : Cornell University . Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Microfilm Diss. Abstr. No. 73–14, 716
   Google Scholar
• Allen , LH Jr. 1974 . Line source carbon dioxide release, II. Two‐dimensional numerical diffusion modeling . Agron. J. , 66 : 616 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , LH Jr. 1975a . Line source carbon dioxide release, m. Predictions by a two‐dimensional numerical diffusion model . Boundary‐Layer Meteorol. , 8 : 39 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , LH Jr. 1975b . Shade‐cloth microclimate of soybeans . Agron. J. , 67 : 175 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , LH Jr. 1979 . “ Potentials for carbon dioxide enrichment ” . In Modifying the Aerial Environment of Crops , Monograph No. 2 Edited by: Barfield , BJ and Gerber , JF . 500 – 519 . St. Joseph, MI : Amer. Soc. of Agric. Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , LH Jr. and Beladi , SE . 1990 . “ Response of Vegetation to Rising Carbon Dioxide‐057 ” . In Free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE): Analysis of gaseous dispersion arrays for the study of rising atmospheric CO2 effects on vegetation , Gainesville : Plant Stress and Protection Research Unit, USDA‐ARS in cooperation with the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida . Joint Program of the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington
   Google Scholar
• Allen , LH Jr. , Beladi , SE and Shinn , JH . Modeling the feasibility of free‐air carbon dioxide releases for vegetation response research . 17th Conf. on Agric. and Forest Meteorology . May 21–24 1985 , Scottsdale, Arizona. pp. 161 – 164 . Boston : Amer. Meteorol. Soc .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , LH Jr. , Boote , KJ , Jones , JW , Jones , PH , Valle , RR , Acock , B , Rogers , HH and Dahlman , RC . 1987 . Response of vegetation to rising carbon dioxide: Photosynthesis, biomass, and seed yield of soybean . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 1 : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , LH Jr. , Desjardins , RL and Lemon , ER . 1974 . Line source carbon dioxide release: I. Field experiment . Agron. J. , 66 : 609 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , LH Jr. , Jensen , SE and Lemon , ER . 1971 . Plant response to carbon dioxide enrichment under field conditions: A simulation . Science , 173 : 256 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arp , WJ . 1991 . Effects of source‐sink relations on photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 . Plant Cell Environ. , 14 : 869 – 875 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , CK , Unsworth , MH and Greenwood , P . 1982 . Leaf injury on wheat plants exposed to the field in winter to SO2 . Nature , 299 : 149 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , DN , Harper , LA , Hesketh , JD and Box , JE Jr. 1970 . Carbon dioxide and the photosynthesis of field crops. A metered release in cotton , Report No. 1 State College, MS : Southern Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, USDA‐ARS, and Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , DN and McKinion , JM . 1971 . Annual Report , State College, MS : Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, Southern Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, USDA‐ARS, in cooperation with the Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , DN and Lambert , JR . Carbon Dioxide Effects Research and Assessment Program‐009 . Workshop on environmental and societal consequences of a possible CO2‐induced climate change . April 2–6 1979 , Annapolis, Maryland. The analysis of crop responses to enhanced atmospheric CO2 levels , pp. 275 – 294 . Washington : Office of Health and Environmental Research, U.S. Dept. of Energy . CONF‐7904143
   Google Scholar
• Baker , DN , Allen , LH Jr. and Lambert , JR . 1982 . Effects of increased CO2 on photosynthesis and agricultural pro‐ductivity. Vol. II. Part 6. Environmental and societal consequences of a possible CO2‐induced climate change , Washington : U.S. Department of Energy . DOE/EV/10019–6
   Google Scholar
• Broecker , WS and Takahashi , T . 1979 . A new technology for determining agricultural growth enhancement caused by fossil fuel CO2 . Unpublished document, pers. comm.
   Google Scholar
• de Cormis , L , Bonte , J and Tisne , A . 1975 . Technique experimentale permettant l'etude de l'incidence sur la vegetation d'une pollution par le dioxyde de soufre appliquee en permanence et a dose subnecrotique . Pollut. Atmos. , 66 : 103 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Drake , BG , Rogers , HH and Allen , LH Jr. 1985 . “ Methods of exposing plants to elevated carbon dioxide ” . In Direct effects of increasing carbon dioxide on vegetation , Edited by: Strain , BR and Cure , JD . 11 – 31 . Washington : U.S. Dept. of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Div. . DOE/ER‐0238
   Google Scholar
• Enoch , HZ , Carmi , I , Rounick , JS and Magaritz , M . 1984 . Use of carbon isotopes to estimate incorporation of added CO2 by greenhouse‐grown tomato plants . Plant Physiol. , 76 : 1083 – 1085 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enoch , HZ and Kimball , BA , eds. 1986 . Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse crops, Vol. 1, Status and sources , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Enoch , HZ , Baker , DN , Acock , B , Idso , SB , Mergen , F , Reifsnyder , WF and Allen , LH . 1977 . “A proposal to test the effect of future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels‐now.” . Appendix B in Allen and Beladi 1990 (ref. 6 above)
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood , P , Greenhalgh , A , Baker , C and Unsworth , M . 1982 . A computer‐controlled system for exposing field crops to gaseous air pollutants . Atmos. Environ. , 16 : 2261 – 2266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , LA . 1971 . Mass and energy transfer between the atmosphere and two plant canopy types , Athens, GA : University of Georgia . Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Microfilms Diss. Abstr. No. 72–2488
   Google Scholar
• Harper , LA , Baker , DN , Box , JE Jr. and Hesketh , JD . 1973a . Carbon dioxide and the photosynthesis of field crops: A metered carbon dioxide release in cotton under field conditions . Agron. J. , 65 : 7 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , LA , Box , JE Jr. , Baker , DN and Hesketh , JD . 1973b . Carbon dioxide and the photosynthesis of field crops. A tracer examination of turbulent transfer theory . Agron. J. , 65 : 574 – 578 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrey , GR . July 1987 . Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) Facility Development‐Progress Report , BNL‐40305 Informal Report July , Upton, NY : Dept. of Applied Science, Brookhaven National Lab. . 1987
   Google Scholar
• Hendrey , G , Lewin , K , Kolber , Z and Daum , M . 1988a . Control of Ozone Concentrations for Plant Effect Studies , BNL‐43589 Informal Report September 1988 Report to National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement Upton, NY : Dept. of Applied Science, Brookhaven National Lab. .
   Google Scholar
• Hendrey , GR , Lewin , KF , Lipfert , F , Kolber , Z and Daum , M . 1988b . Response of Vegetation to Carbon Diox‐ide‐045. Free‐air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility development: I. Concept, prototype design and performance , Washington : Div. of Environmental Biotechnology, Dept. of Applied Science, Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY. Program of the U.S. Dept. of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Div. .
   Google Scholar
• Hendrey , GR , Lipfert , FW , Kimball , BA , Hileman , DR and Bhattacharya , NC . 1988c . Response of Vegetation to Carbon Dioxide‐046. Free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility development: II. Field tests at Yazoo City, MS, 1987 , Washington : Prepared by Brookhaven National Lab., USDA Water Conservation Lab., and Tuskegee University. Program of the U.S. Dept. of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Div. .
   Google Scholar
• Hendrey , GR , Lewin , KF , Lipfert , F , Daum , M , Kolber , Z and Evans , LS . 1988d . Free‐air carbon dioxide (FACE) facility development III. Operation and performance of multiple FACE arrays at Yazoo City, 1988 , Upton, NY : Dept. of Applied Science, Brookhaven National Lab. .
   Google Scholar
• Hogsett , WE , Olszyk , D , Ormrod , DP , Taylor , GE Jr. and Tingey , DT . 1987a . Air Pollution Exposure Systems and Experimental Protocols. Volume 1: A Review and Evaluation of Performance , Corvallis, OR : Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA 600/3–87/037a
   Google Scholar
• Hogsett , WE , Olszyk , D , Ormrod , DP , Taylor , GE Jr. and Tingey , DT . 1987b . Air Pollution Exposure Systems and Experimental Protocols. Volume 2: Description of Facilities , Corvallis, OR : Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA 600/3–87/037b
   Google Scholar
• Irving , PM and Miller , JE . 1981 . Productivity of field‐grown soybeans exposed to acid rain and sulfur dioxide alone and in combination . J. Environ. Qual. , 10 : 473 – 478 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving , PM and Miller , JE . 1984 . Synergistic effect on field‐grown soybeans from combinations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide . Can. J. Bot. , 62 : 840 – 846 .
   Google Scholar
• Kretchman , DW . 1969 . CO2 enrichment of outdoor crops , 67 Wooster, OH : An interim report. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Dept. of Hort. .
   Google Scholar
• Kretchman , DW . 1970 . CO2 enrichment of outdoor crops. Interim report III , 22 Wooster, OH : Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Dept. of Hort. .
   Google Scholar
• Laurenroth , WK , Milchunas , DG and Dodd , JL . 1983 . Response of a grassland to sulfur dioxide and nitrogen additions under controlled SO2 exposure . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 23 : 339 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , JJ , Lewis , RA and Body , DE . A field experimental system for the evaluation of the bioenvironmental effect of sulfur dioxide . Proceedings of the Fort Union Coal Field Symposium . Edited by: Wil‐son , D and Clark , F . Volume 5 , pp. 608 – 620 . Billings, Montana : Montana Academy of Science .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , JJ and Lewis , RA . December 1976 . “ Field experimental component ” . In The Bioenvironmental Impact of a Coal‐Fired Power Plant , First Interim Report Edited by: Lewis , RA and Lefohn , AS . December , 95 – 101 . Colstrip, Montana : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1974, Corvallis, OR, EPA‐600/3–76–002
   Google Scholar
• Lemon , E . 1977 . “ The land's response to more carbon dioxide ” . In The fate of fossil fuel CO2 in the ocean , Symposium Series in Oceanography Edited by: Anderson , NR and Malahoff , A . 97 – 130 . New York : U.S. Office of Naval Research . Plenum Publishing Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Lemon , ER , ed. 1983 . CO2 and plants: The response of plants to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide , AAAS Selected Symp. 84 Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lister , RA . 1974 . The effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and particles on plant photosynthesis , 159 Ithaca, NY : Cornell University . Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Microfilms Diss. Abstr. No. 75–4257
   Google Scholar
• Lister , RA and Lemon , ER . Jan. 1976 . “ Interactions of atmospheric carbon dioxide, diffuse light, plant productivity, and climate processes‐model predictions ” . In Atmospheric‐Surface Exchange of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants , ERDA Symposium Series 38 Jan. , 112 – 135 . Springfield, VA : NTC, U.S. Dept. of Commerce . 1976) CONF‐740921
   Google Scholar
• Lundegârdh , H . 1927 . Carbon dioxide evolution of soil and crop growth . Soil Sci. , 23 : 417 – 449 .
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , AR and Fackrell , JE . 1983 . A Prototype System for Open‐Air Fumigation of Agricultural Crops. 1. Theoretical Design , Report TPRD/L/2474/N83 Leatherhead, , United Kingdom : Central Electricity Generating Board, Technology Planning and Research Division .
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , AR , Alexander , K and Hatcher , P . 1983 . A Prototype System for Open‐Air Fumigation of Agricultural Crops. 2. Construction and Description , Report TPRD/L/2475/N83 Leatherhead, , United Kingdom : Central Electricity Generating Board, Technology Planning and Research Division .
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , AR , Fackrell , JE and Alexander , K . 1985 . Open‐air fumigation of field crops: Criteria and design for a new experimental system . Atmos. Environ. , 19 : 1639 – 1649 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod , AR and Baker , CK . 1988 . “ The use of open field systems to assess yield response to gaseous pollutants ” . In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollution , Edited by: Heck , WW , Taylor , OC and Tingey , DT . 181 – 10 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , JE , Sprugel , DG , Smith , HJ and Xerikos , PB . 1980 . Open‐air fumigation system for investigation of sulfur dioxide effects on crops . Phytopathology , 70 : 1124 – 1128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , JE , Prepejchal , W and Smith , HJ . 1981 . Relative sensitivity of field corn hybrids to ozone: A field study , Report No. ANL‐81–85‐III 30 – 36 . Illinois : Argonne National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Moser , TJ , Nash , TH and Clark , WD . 1980 . Effects of long‐term field sulfur dioxide fumigation of Arctic caribou forage lichens . Can. J. Bot. , 58 : 2235 – 2240 .
   Google Scholar
• Northrop Services Inc. 1983 . Work Assignment 5. Air quality related values , Air pollution fumigation studies, No. 1. SP4162–83–08 34 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
   Google Scholar
• Preston , EM and Lee , JJ . 1982 . Design and performance of a field exposure system for evaluation of the ecological effect of SO2 on native grassland . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 1 : 213 – 228 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Runeckles , VC , Palmer , KT and Trabelsi , H . 1981 . Effects of field exposures to SO2 on Douglas fir, Agropyron spicatum and Lolium perenne . Silva Fennica. , 15 : 505 – 515 .
   Google Scholar
• Shinn , JH and Allen , LH Jr. 1985 . An evaluation of free‐air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) as a field method for investigation of direct effects of carbon dioxide on plants , Livermore, CA : Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . UCRL‐93635, Prepared for U.S. Dept. of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Div., Washington
   Google Scholar
• Takami , S and van Bavel , CHM . 1975 . Distribution of carbon dioxide released in a field crop . J. Agric. Meteorol. (Japan) , 31 : 29 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , RB and Strain , BR . 1991 . Root restriction as a factor in photosynthetic acclimation of cotton seedlings grown in elevated carbon dioxide . Plant Physiol. , 96 : 627 – 634 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , CR , Olszyk , DM , Kats , G , Bytnerowicz , A , Dawson , PJ and Wolf , JW . 1984 . Effects of O3 or SO2 on annual plants of the Mojave Desert . J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. , 34 : 1017 – 1022 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchijima , Z and Inoue , K . 1970 . Studies of energy and gas exchange within crop canopies. (9) Simulation of CO2 environment within a canopy . J. Agr. Meteorol. (Japan) , 26 : 5 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Waggoner , PE . 1969 . “ Environmental manipulations for higher yields ” . In Physiological Aspects of Crop Yield , Edited by: Eastin , JD , Haskins , FA , Sullivan , CY and van Bavel , CHM . 343 – 373 . Madison, WI : Amer. Soc. of Agron. .
   Google Scholar
• Wittwer , SH and Robb , WM . 1964 . Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse atmospheres for food crop production . Econ. Bot. , 18 : 34 – 56 .
   Google Scholar