Agroecology of Tropical Underground Crops for Small-Scale Agriculture

References

• Abasi , L. and Omweme , I. C. Herbicidal weed control in tannia cocoyam . Symp. Int. Soc. Tropical Root Crops, 6th Proc. Int. Potato Ctr. CIP . Lima , Peru. pp. 91
   Google Scholar
• Abruna , F. , Vincente-Chandler , J. , Rodriguez , J. , Badillo and Silva , S. 1979 . Crop response to soil acidity factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. V. Sweetpotato . J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico , 63 : 250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acedo , A. L. and Javier , R. R. 1980 . Residual nitrogen from legumes and its effect on the succeeding crop of sweetpotato . Ann. Trop. Res , 2 : 72
   Google Scholar
• Akobundu , I. O. 1990 . “ The role of weed control in integrated pest management for tropical and tuber crops ” . In Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 25 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , P. and Sachs , C. 1993 . What do we want to sustain? , Santa Cruz : University of California . developing a comprehensive vision of sustainable agriculture, issue paper
   Google Scholar
• Altieri , M. A. 1988 . “ The impact, uses, and ecological role of weeds in agroecosystems ” . In Weed Management in Agroecosystems: Ecological Approaches , Edited by: Altieri , M. A. and Liebman , M. 1 Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Altieri , M. A. and Anderson , M. K. 1986 . An ecological basis for the development of alternative agricultural systems for small farmers in the third world . Am. J. Alternative Agric , 1 : 30
   Google Scholar
• Ambe , J. T. , Agboola , A. A. and Hahn , S. K. 1992 . Studies of weeding frequency in cassava in Cameroon . Trop. Pest. Manage , 38 : 302
   Google Scholar
• Arene , O. B. and Okpala , E. U. 1981 . “ A disease of cocoyam in Nigeria caused by Corticum rolfsii ” . In Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s , Edited by: Terry , E. R. , Oduro , K. A. and Caveness , F. 239 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Asokan , M. P. , O'Hair , S. K. and Litz , R. E. 1984 . In vitro plant regeneration from leaf disks of hausa potato (Coleus parviflorus) . HortScience , 19 : 75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayuk-Takem , J. A. and Chhedda , H. R. 1985 . Grain yield potential of some diverse maize morphotypes intercropped with cocoyam . Exp. Agric , 21 : 145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badillo-Feliciano , J. and Lugo-Lopez , M. A. 1977 . Sweetpotato production in oxisols under a high level of technology . Univ. Puerto Rico Bull , : 256
   Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian , V. and Sekayange , L. 1991 . Area harvests equivalency ratio for measuring efficiency in multiseason intercropping . IITA Res , 1 ( 2 ) : 16
   Google Scholar
• Basualdo , I. , Zardini , E. and Ortiz , M. 1991 . Medicinal plants of Paraguay: underground organs . Econ. Bot , 45 : 86
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beale , A. , Green , V. E. and Parrado , J. L. 1981 . Effect of planting material on plant characters, yield, and yield components of tanier . J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico , 65 : 213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellotti , A. C. 1990 . “ A review of control strategies for four important cassava pests in the Americas ” . In Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 58 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Benites , J. R. , McCollum , R. E. and Naderman , G. C. 1993 . Production efficiency of intercrops relative to sequentially planted sole crops in a humid tropical environment . Field Crops Res , 31 : 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bersnstein , L. 1959 . Salt tolerance of vegetable crops in the West . U.S.D.A. Inform. Bull , No. 205
   Google Scholar
• Biemond , H. and Vos , J. 1992 . Effects of nitrogen on the development and growth of the potato plant. II. The partitioning of dry matter, nitrogen and nitrate . Ann. Bot , 70 : 37
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas , S. , Sen , H. and Mukhopadhyay , S. K. 1990 . Effect of light intensity on shoot growth and tuber development in sweet potato . J. Root Crops , 16 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Bone , R. A. , Lee , D. W. and Morgan , J. M. 1985 . Epidermal cells functioning as lenses in leaves of tropical rain-forest shade plants . Appl. Opt , 24 : 1408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourke , R. M. 1984 . Growth analysis of four sweetpotato cultivars in Papua New Guinea . Trop. Agric , 61 : 177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouwkamp , J. C. 1985 . “ Production requirements ” . In Sweetpotato Products: A Natural Resource for the Tropics , Edited by: Bouwkamp , J. C. 9 Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bouwkamp , J. C. and Hassam , M. N. M. 1988 . Source-sink relationships in sweetpotato . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 113 : 627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brekelbaum , T. , Bellotti , A. and Lozano , J. C. , eds. 1977 . Proc. Cassava Protection Workshop , Cali, Colombia : CIAT .
   Google Scholar
• Bridgit , T. K. , Sreedharan , C. and Abraham , C. T. 1987 . “ Fertilizer management in groundnut intercropped cassava ” . In Tropical Tuber Crops: Products and Utilization , Edited by: Ramanujam , T. , Rajendran , P. G. , Thankappan , M. , Balagopal , C. and Nair , R. B. 93 Trivandrum , , India : CTCRI .
   Google Scholar
• Bronson , B. 1966 . Roots and subsistence of the ancient Maya . Southwest. J. Anthropol , 22 : 251
   Google Scholar
• Bullock , D. G. 1992 . Crop rotation . CRC Crit. Rev. Plant Sci , 11 : 309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cable , W. J. 1988 . Storm seas inundation of Cyrtosperma pits on Fakaofo, Tokelau and its effects on later pit salinities and replanted “Pulaka” growth . Trop. Root Tuber Crops Newsl , 18 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Cable , W. J. and Wilson , J. E. Dioscorea nummularia Lam.: the primary edible yam of Western Samoa . Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops, 6th Proc. Int. Potato Ctr. CIP . Lima , Peru. pp. 599
   Google Scholar
• Caesar , K. 1980 . Growth and development of Xanthosoma Colocasia under different light and water supply conditions . Field Crops Res , 3 : 235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell , R. and Hansen , J. 1990 . Simulation of intercropping with IBSNAT models . Univ. Hawaii Coop. Ext. Ser., Agrotechnol. Transfer News , No. 12
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho , M. , Alves de Almeida , P. , Pires de Mattos , P. L. and Fonseca , R. 1979 . “ Cassava intercropping in Brazil ” . In Intercropping with Cassava , Edited by: Weber , E. , Nestel , B. and Campbell , M. 25 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Cenpukdee , U. and Fukai , U. 1992 . Cassava/legume intercropping with contrasting cassava cultivars. I. Competition between component crops under three intercropping conditions . Field Crops Res , 29 : 113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cenpukdee , U. and Fukai , U. 1992 . Cassava/legume intercropping with contrasting cassava cultivars. II. Selection criteria for cassava genotypes in intercropping with two contrasting legume crops . Field Crops Res , 29 : 135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cenpukdee , U. and Fukai , U. 1992 . Agronomic modification of competition between cassava and pigeonpea intercropping . Field Crops Res , 30 : 131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalfant , R. B. , Jansson , R. K. , Seal , D. R. and Schalk , J. M. 1990 . Ecology and management of sweet potato insects . Annu. Rev. Entomol , 35 : 157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra , A. , Patel , G. S. and Tiwari , J. P. 1987 . “ Studies on growth, sink and quality parameters in sweetpotato ” . In Tropical Tuber Crops: Products and Utilization , Edited by: Ramanujam , T. , Rajendran , P. G. , Thankappan , M. , Balagopal , C. and Nair , R. B. 153 Trivandrum , , India : CTCRI .
   Google Scholar
• Chazdon , R. L. and Pearcy , R. W. 1986 . Photosynthetic responses to light variation in rainforest species. I. Induction under constant and fluctuating light conditions . Oecologia , 69 : 517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chazdon , R. L. and Pearcy , R. W. 1986 . Photosynthetic responses to light variation in rainforest species. II. Carbon gain and photosynthetic efficiency during lightflecks . Oecologia , 69 : 524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chee , R. P. , Leskovar , D. I. and Cantliffe , D. J. 1992 . Optimizing embryogenic callus and embryo growth of a synthetic seed system for sweetpotato by varying media nutrient concentrations . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 117 : 663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , C. and Li , L. 1970 . “ Sweetpotato production in Taiwan ” . In Tropical Root and Tuber Crops Tomorrow , Edited by: Plucknett , D. L. Vol. 2 , 5 Honolulu : University of Hawaii .
   Google Scholar
• Chu , Z. X. 1984 . Modulation of the light-harvesting assemblies in chloroplasts of a shade plant . Alocasia macrorrhiza, Photobiochem. Photobiophys , 8 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Cock , J. H. and Howeler , R. H. 1978 . “ The ability of cassava to grow on poor soils ” . In Crop Tolerance to Suboptimal Land Conditions Edited by: Jung , G. A. 145 Madison , WI ASA Special Publ., No. 32
   Google Scholar
• Cock , J. H. , Frankling , D. , Sandoval , G. and Juri , P. 1979 . The ideal cassava plant for maximum yield . Crop Sci , 19 : 271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corley , R. H. V. 1983 . Potential productivity of tropical perennial crops . Exp. Agric , 19 : 217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coursey , D. G. 1968 . The edible aroids . World Crops , 20 : 25
   Google Scholar
• Coursey , D. G. 1978 . “ Some ideological considerations relating to tropical root crop production ” . In The Adaptation of Traditional Agriculture: Socioeconomic Problems of Urbanization , Edited by: Fisk , E. K. 131 Canberra : The Australian National University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dahniya , M. T. 1981 . “ Effects of leaf harvests and detopping on the yield of leaves and roots of cassava and sweet potato ” . In Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s , Edited by: Terry , E. R. , Oduro , K. A. and Caveness , F. 137 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Davide , R. G. 1990 . “ Biological control of nematodes using Paecilomyces lilacinus in the Philippines ” . In Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 156 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , J. H. , Woolley , J. N. and Moreno , R. A. 1986 . “ Multiple cropping with legumes and starchy roots ” . In Multiple Cropping Systems , Edited by: Francis , C. A. 133 New York : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• De la Pena , R. S. 1979 . “ Weed control in root crops in the tropics ” . In Weed Control in Tropical Crops , Edited by: Moody , K. 169 Manila : Weed Science Society of the Philippines Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• De la Pena , R. S. and Melchor , F. M. Water use efficiency in lowland taro production . Symp. Int. Soc. Trap. Root Crops, 6th Proc. Int. Potato Ctr. CIP . Lima , Peru. pp. 97
   Google Scholar
• De la Pena , R. S. and Melchor , F. M. 1988 . Effects of intercropping on growth and yield of upland taro, variety Bun-Long . Trop. Root Tuber Crops Newsl , 18 : 22
   Google Scholar
• De la Pena , R. S. and Melchor , F. M. 1993 . Effects of mulching and intercropping on upland taro . Univ. Hawaii Coop. Ext. Serv. Res. Ext. Ser , 140 : 46
   Google Scholar
• De Vries , C. A. , Ferwerda , J. D. and Flach , M. 1967 . Choice of food crops in relation to actual and potential production in the tropics . Neth. J. Agric. Sci , 15 : 241
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , D. G. , Asher , C. J. and Wilson , G. L. 1977 . “ Mineral nutrition of cassava and adaptation to low fertility conditions ” . In Proc. 4th Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops , Edited by: Cock , J. , MacIntyre , R. and Graham , M. 124 Cali, Colombia : CIAT .
   Google Scholar
• Egunjobi , O. A. 1990 . “ Considerations of nematodes in integrated pest management of tropical crops in Nigeria ” . In Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 176 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• El-Sharkawy , M. A. 1993 . Drought-tolerant cassava for Africa, Asia, and Latin America . BioScience , 47 : 441
   Google Scholar
• Emebiri , L. C. and Obiefuna , J. C. 1992 . Effects of leaf removal and intercropping on the incidence and severity of black Sigatoka disease at the establishment phase of plantains . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ , 39 : 213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinoza , N. O. , Estrada , R. , Silva-Rodriguez , D. , Tovar , P. , Lizarraga , R. and Dodds , J. H. 1986 . The potato: a model crop plant for tissue culture . Outlook Agric , 15 : 21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson , J. P. , Plucknett , D. L. and Horton , I. 1970 . “ A proposed classification for agricultural systems ” . In Tropical Root and Tuber Crops Tomorrow , Edited by: Plucknett , D. L. Vol. 2 , 63 Honolulu : University of Hawaii .
   Google Scholar
• Ezeilo , W. N. O. 1979 . “ Intercropping with cassava in Africa ” . In Intercropping with Cassava , Edited by: Weber , E. , Nestel , B. and Campbell , M. 49 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Fay , J. M. 1991 . Icacina oliviformis (Icacinaceae): a close look at an underexploited food plant. II. Analyses of food products . Econ. Bot , 45 : 16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes , E. C. M. and Nair , P. K. R. 1986 . An evaluation of the structure and function of tropical homegardens . Agric. Syst , 21 : 279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney , D. J. 1990 . Intercropping experiments, statistical analysis, and agricultural practice . Exp. Agric , 26 : 73
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , C. A. 1985 . Variety development for multiple cropping systems . CRC Crit. Rev. Plant Sci , 3 : 133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , C. A. 1986 . “ Introduction: distribution and importance of multiple cropping ” . In Multiple Cropping Systems , Edited by: Francis , C. A. 1 New York : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Fresco , L. O. 1986 . Cassava in shifting cultivation , Amsterdam : Royal Tropical Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , S. P. , Kabeerathumma , S. and Lakshmi , K. R. 1987 . “ Run-off and soil loss in a cassava based multiple cropping system ” . In Tropical Tuber Crops: Products and Utilization , Edited by: Ramanujam , T. , Rajendran , P. G. , Thankappan , M. , Balagopal , C. and Nair , R. B. 115 Trivandrum , , India : CTCRI .
   Google Scholar
• Glover , N. and Beer , J. 1986 . Nutrient cycling in two traditional Central American agroforestry systems . Agrofor. Syst , 4 : 77
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goering , T. J. 1979 . Tropical root crops and rural development Washington , D.C. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 324
   Google Scholar
• Gold , C. , Bellotti , A. and Altieri , M. 1988 . Intercropping and population dynamics of the cassava whitefly . Cassava Newsl , 12 ( 1 ) : 7
   Google Scholar
• Gold , C. S. , Altieri , M. A. and Bellotti , A. C. 1989 . Cassava intercropping and pest incidence: a review illustrated with a case study from Colombia . Trop. Pest Manage , 35 : 339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold , C. S. , Altieri , M. A. and Bellotti , A. C. 1989 . Direct and residual effects of short duration intercrops on the cassava whiteflies Aleurotrachelus socialis Trialeurodes variabilis (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Colombia . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ , 32 : 57
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales , A. , Santiago , M. A. , Lugo , W. I. , Lugo-Mercado , H. , Beale , A. and Rafols , N. 1991 . Efecto de la rotacion de cultivos en la produccion de yautia . J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico , 75 : 87
   Google Scholar
• Gross , W. , Buchel , H. B. and Tiebel , H. 1991 . Pressurized ventilation in wetland plants . Aquat. Bot , 39 : 89
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubinger , V. 1993 . Coping with weeds organically . N. Engl. Vegetable Small Fruit Newsl , 93 : 7
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , S. K. , Osiru , D. S. O. , Akoroda , M. O. and Otoo , J. A. 1987 . Yam production and its future prospects . Outlook Agric , 16 : 105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. , eds. 1990 . Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , S. K. , Caveness , F. E. , Lema , K. M. and Theberge , R. L. 1990 . “ Breeding cassava and sweetpotato for pest and disease resistance in Africa ” . In Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 66 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Herren , H. R. 1990 . “ The Africa-wide biological control program ” . In Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 33 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Hiebsch , C. K. and McCollum , R. E. 1987 . Area-×-time equivalency ratio: a method for evaluating the productivity of intercrops . Agron. J , 79 : 15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrand , P. E. and Poey , F. 1987 . On-Farm Agronomic Trials in Farming Systems Research and Extension , Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , W. A. 1989 . “ Sweetpotato ” . In Detecting Mineral Nutrient Deficiencies in Tropical and Temperate Crops , Edited by: Plucknett , D. L. and Sprague , H. B. 179 Boulder , CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Hodge , W. H. 1949 . Three native tuber foods of the high Andes . Nat. Hist , 12 : 185
   Google Scholar
• Hollyer , J. R. 1990 . White taro-another opportunity: allergen-free food products from Hawaii . Univ. Hawaii Coop. Ext. Serv , No. 39
   Google Scholar
• Horton , D. 1988 . Underground crops: long-term trend in production of roots and tubers, Winrock
   Google Scholar
• Hullugalle , N. R. , Lai , R. and Gichuru , M. 1991 . Effect of five years of no-tillage and mulch on soil properties and tuber yield of cassava on an acid Ultisol in southeastern Nigeria . IITA Res , 1 ( 2 ) : 13
   Google Scholar
• Igbokne , M. C. , Arene , O. B. , Ndubuizu , T. C. and Umana , E. E. Intercropping cocoyams with plantain, Effects on the yield and disease of cocoyams . Proc. 2nd Trien. Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops . August 14 to 19 1983 , Douala , Cameroon. pp. 182
   Google Scholar
• Ikediobi , C. O. and Igboanusi , L. C. 1983 . Identification of yam species and cultivars by use of electrophoretic patterns of soluble tuber proteins . Biotropica , 15 : 65
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeorgu , J. E. G. 1991 . Effects of maize and cassava on the performance of intercropped egusi melon and okra in Nigeria . Sci. Hortic , 48 : 261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeorgu , J. E. G. and Ezumah , H. C. 1991 . Some analytical aspects of cassava/maize/okra/egusi-melon complex mixture. I. Soil temperature in relation to leaf area variation . Field Crops Res , 27 : 51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeorgu , J. E. G. , Wahua , T. A. T. and Ezumah , H. C. Crop performance in complex mixtures: melon and okra in cassava-maize mixture . Proc. 2nd Trien. Symp. Int. Soc. Root Crops . August 14 to 19 , Douala , Cameroon. pp. 63
   Google Scholar
• Ikeorgu , J. E. G. , Wahua , T. A. T. and Ezumah , H. C. 1989 . Effects of melon and okra on the soil moisture and leaf water status of intercropped cassava/maize in Nigeria . Trop. Hortic , 66 : 78
   Google Scholar
• Indira , P. and Ramanujam , T. 1987 . “ Leaf area index, net assimilation rate and crop growth rate of five sweetpotato genotypes ” . In Tropical Tuber Crops: Products and Utilization , Edited by: Ramanujam , T. , Rajendran , P. G. , Thankappan , M. , Balagopal , C. and Nair , R. B. 143 Trivandrum , , India : CTCRI .
   Google Scholar
• Irizarry , H. , Capiel , M. and Acosta , A. 1977 . Yield of twelve tanier cultivars grown with and without irrigation in east-central Puerto Rico . J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico , 61 : 100
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , G. and McKenzie , E. 1991 . Sweetpotato scab, South Pacific Commission . Pest Adv. Lf , 24
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , G. V. H. , Gollifer , D. E. and Newhook , F. J. 1980 . Studies on the taro leaf blight fungus Phytophtora colocasiae in Solomon Islands: control by fungicides and spacing . Ann. Appl. Biol , 96 : 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby , T. 1965 . Nutritional and manuring of tropical root crops . Verlagsgesell. Green Bull , : 19
   Google Scholar
• Jarret , R. L. 1989 . A repository for sweetpotato germplasm . HortScience , 24 : 886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jena , D. and Misra , C. 1988 . Effect of crop geometry (row proportions) on the water balance of the root zone of a pigeonpea and rice intercropping system . Exp. Agric , 24 : 385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns , T. and Kokwaro , J. O. 1991 . Food plants of the Luo of Siaya District, Kenya . Econ. Bot , 45 : 103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , M. R. , Larsen , N. P. and Pritchard , G. P. 1934 . Taro and sweetpotatoes versus grain foods in relation to health and dental decay in Hawaii . Dental Cosmos , 76 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Kalu , B. A. 1989 . Seed yam production by minisett technique: evaluation of three Dioscorea species in the Guinea and derived Savanna zone of Nigeria . Trop. Agric , 66 : 83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karikari , S. K. 1981 . “ Intercropping of plantains, cocoyams, and cassava ” . In Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s , Edited by: Terry , E. R. , Oduro , K. A. and Caveness , F. 120 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Kass , D. C. L. 1979 . Polyculture cropping systems: review and analysis , Cornell University .
   Google Scholar
• Kawano , K. and Thung , M. D. 1982 . Intergenotypic competition and competition with associated crops in cassava . Crop Sci , 22 : 59
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khader , K. B. A. and Antony , K. J. 1968 . Intercropping: a paying proposition for areca growers . Indian Farming , 18 : 14
   Google Scholar
• King , G. A. 1985 . The effect of time of planting on yield of six varieties of sweetpotato in the southern coastal lowlands of Papua New Guinea . Trop. Agric , 62 : 225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum , M. U. F. and Pearcy , R. W. 1988 . Gas exchange analysis of the relative importance of stomatal and biochemical factors in photosynthetic induction in Alocasia macrorrhiza . Plant Physiol , 86 : 782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum , M. U. F. and Pearcy , R. W. 1988 . Gas exchange analysis of the fast phase of photosynthetic induction in Alocasia macrorrhiza . Plant Physiol , 87 : 818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum , M. U. F. , Gross , L. J. and Pearcy , R. W. 1988 . Observed and modelled stomatal responses to dynamic light environments in the shade plant Alocasia macrorrhiza . Plant Cell Environ , 11 : 111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klay , A. 1990 . “ The cassava green spider mite biological control program: the use of population model to monitor mass production of natural enemies ” . In Integrated Pest Management/or Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 51 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Knipscheer , H. C. and Wilson , J. E. 1981 . “ Cocoyam farming systems in Nigeria ” . In Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s , Edited by: Terry , E. R. , Oduro , K. A. and Caveness , F. 247 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Koregave , B. A. 1964 . Effect of mixed cropping on the growth and yield of Suran (Elephant Yam, Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume) . Indian J. Agron , 9 : 255
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , C. R. M. , Mandal , R. C. and Singh , K. D. 1973 . Effect of mulching and plant density on growth, yield and quality of Amorphophallus . Indian J. Agron , 18 : 62
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , A. S. A. and Sasidhar , V. K. 1987 . “ Productivity of cassava as influenced by planting patterns, intercrops, and spatial arrangements ” . In Tropical Tuber Crops: Products and Utilization , Edited by: Ramanujam , T. , Rajendran , P. G. , Thankappan , M. , Balagopal , C. and Nair , R. B. 105 Trivandrum , , India : CTCRI .
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz , T. , Melsted , S. W. and Bray , R. H. 1952 . The importance of nitrogen and water in reducing competition between intercrops and corn . Agron. J , 44 : 13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebot , V. and Aradhya , K. M. 1992 . Collecting and evaluating taro for isozyme variation . FAO Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl , 90 : 47
   Google Scholar
• Leihner , D. E. 1979 . “ Agronomic implications of cassavalegume intercropping systems ” . In Intercropping with Cassava , Edited by: Weber , E. , Nestel , B. and Campbell , M. 103 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Leihner , D. E. 1980 . A minimum input technology for cassava production . J. Agron. Crop. Sci , 149 : 261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leihner , D. E. , Lehle , M. and Ruppenthal , M. 1987 . Erosion control in smallholder cassava cultivation . Cassava Newsl , 11 ( 2 ) : 1
   Google Scholar
• Liebman , M. 1988 . “ Ecological suppression of weeds in intercropping systems: a review ” . In Weed Management in Agroecosystems: Ecological Approaches , Edited by: Altieri , M. A. and Liebman , M. 197 Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lozano , J. C. 1986 . Cassava bacterial blight: a manageable disease . Plant Dis , 70 : 1089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzen , H. 1993 . Farming with nature: for an ecologically and socially sustainable agricultural reform , Bonn , , Germany : Kippsatz . Green Papers No. 10
   Google Scholar
• LyNam , J. K. , Sanders , J. H. and Mason , S. C. 1986 . “ Economics and risk in multiple cropping ” . In Multiple Cropping Systems , Edited by: Francis , C. A. 250 New York : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Maduakor , H. O. 1993 . Effect of soil compaction on leaf, stem and fibrous root growth of cassava . Soil Till. Res , 26 : 69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maduewesi , J. N. C. and Onyike , R. C. I. 1981 . “ Fungal rotting of cocoyams in storage in Nigeria ” . In Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s , Edited by: Terry , E. R. , Oduro , K. A. and Caveness , F. 235 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , F. W. 1983 . Variation of sweetpotatoes with respect to the effects of waterlogging . Trop. Agric , 60 : 117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , F. W. and Cabanillas , E. 1976 . Leren (Calathea allouia), a little known tuberous root crops of the Caribbean . Econ. Bot , 30 : 249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , F. W. and Degras , L. 1978 . “ Tropical yams and their potential. VI. Minor cultivated Dioscorea species ” . In U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb No. 538
   Google Scholar
• Mason , S. C. , Leihner , D. E. and Vorst , J. J. 1986 . Cassava-cowpea and cassava-peanut intercropping. I. Yield and land use efficiency . Agron. J , 78 : 43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , S. C. , Leihner , D. E. , Vorst , J. J. and Salazar , E. 1986 . Cassava-cowpea and cassava-peanut intercropping. II. Leaf area index and dry matter accumulation . Agron. J , 78 : 47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , S. C. , Leihner , D. E. and Vorst , J. J. 1986 . Cassava-cowpea and cassava-peanut intercropping. III. Nutrient concentration and removal . Agron. J , 78 : 441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh , J. L. and Effendi , S. 1979 . “ Soil fertility implications of cropping patterns and practices for cassava ” . In Intercropping with Cassava , Edited by: Weber , E. , Nestel , B. and Campbell , M. 77 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• McSorley , R. 1980 . Nematodes associated with sweetpotato and edible aroids in southern Florida . Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc , 93 : 283
   Google Scholar
• Mead , R. 1986 . “ Statistical methods for multiple cropping ” . In Multiple Cropping Systems , Edited by: Francis , C. A. 317 New York : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza , T. C. 1986 . Light interception and total biomass productivity in sugar cane intercropping . Philipp. J. Crop Sci , 11 : 191
   Google Scholar
• Mevi-Schutz , J. and Grosse , W. 1988 . The importance of water vapor for the circulating air flow through Nelumbo nucifera . J. Exp. Bot , 39 : 1231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mevi-Schutz , J. and Grosse , W. 1988 . A two-way gas transport system in Nelumbo nucifera . Plant Cell Environ , 11 : 27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura , K. and Osada , A. 1981 . Effect of shading on photosynthesis, respiration, leaf area and corm weight in konjak plants . Jpn. J. Crop Sci , 50 : 553
   Google Scholar
• Mignucci , J. S. , Hepperly , P. R. , Green , J. , Torres-Lopez , R. and Figueroa , L. A. 1988 . Yam protection. II. Anthracnose, yield, and profit of monocultures and interplantings . J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico , 72 : 179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra , S. S. , Mishra , S. and Sinha , U. P. 1987 . “ Production and profit potentials of different cropping systems with arvi (Colocasia esculenta) ” . In Tropical Tuber Crops: Products and Utilization , Edited by: Ramanujam , T. , Rajendran , P. G. , Thankappan , M. , Balagopal , C. and Nair , R. B. 161 Trivandrum , , India : CTCRI .
   Google Scholar
• Mohan , K. C. R. and Hrishi , N. 1979 . “ Intercropping systems with cassava in Kerala state, India ” . In Intercropping with Cassava , Edited by: Weber , E. , Nestel , B. and Campbell , M. 31 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed , N. A. and Mantell , S. H. 1976 . Incidence of virus symptoms in yam foliage in the Commonwealth Caribbean . Trop. Agric , 53 : 255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montaldo , A. and Montilla , J. J. 1977 . “ Production of cassava foliage ” . In Proc. 4th Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops , Edited by: Cock , J. , MacIntyre , R. and Graham , M. 142 Cali, Colombia : CIAT .
   Google Scholar
• Moreno , R. A. 1979 . “ Crop protection implications of cassava intercropping ” . In Intercropping with Cassava , Edited by: Weber , E. , Nestel , B. and Campbell , M. 113 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Moreno , R. A. and Hart , R. D. 1979 . “ Intercropping with cassava in Central America ” . In Intercropping with Cassava , Edited by: Weber , E. , Nestel , B. and Campbell , M. 17 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Murata , T. , Hoshino , K. and Miyaji , Y. 1987 . Callus formation and plant regeneration from petiole protoplasts of sweet potato . Jpn. J. Breed , 37 : 291
   Google Scholar
• Nafus , D. and Schreiner , I. 1986 . Intercropping maize and sweetpotatoes, effects on parasitation of Ostrinia furnacalis eggs by Trichogramma chilonis . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ , 15 : 189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair , P. K. R. 1979 . Intensive Multiple Cropping with Coconuts in India: Principles, Programs, and Prospects , Berlin : Verlag Paul Parey .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 1989 . Lost Crops of the Incas , Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neuenschwander , P. and Hammond , W. N. O. 1990 . “ Biological control of the cassava mealybug in Africa: review of field studies ” . In Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 42 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Ng , S. Y. C. , Rossel , H. W. and Thottappilly , G. 1990 . “ The role of tissue culture in the establishment of disease-free germplasm for international distribution ” . In Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 73 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Nitis , I. M. and Suarna , M. 1977 . “ Undersowing cassava with stylo grown under coconut ” . In Proc. 4th Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops , Edited by: Cock , J. , MacIntyre , R. and Graham , M. 98 Cali, Colombia : CIAT .
   Google Scholar
• Njoku , E. , Nwoke , F. I. O. and Okonkwo , S. N. C. 1984 . Pattern of growth and development in Dioscorea rotundata Poir . Trop. Agric , 61 : 17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolt , B. L. 1990 . “ Production of virus-free Latin American cassava clones ” . In Integrated Pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hahn , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 78 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Nyman , L. P. , Gonzales , C. J. and Arditti , J. 1984 . Salt tolerance tissue of taro: selection and constituents . Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops, 6th Proc. Int. Potato Or. CIP . 1984 , Lima , Peru. pp. 33
   Google Scholar
• Odurukwe , S. O. 1986 . Yam-maize intercropping investigations in Nigeria . Trop. Agric , 63 : 17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odurukwe , S. O. 1984 . Studies on yam/maize intercropping . Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops, 6th Proc. Int. Potato Ctr. CIP . 1984 , Lima , Peru. pp. 617
   Google Scholar
• Odurukwe , S. O. and Oji , U. I. 1981 . “ The effects of previous cropping on yields of yam, cassava, and maize ” . In Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s , Edited by: Terry , E. R. , Oduro , K. A. and Caveness , F. 116 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• O'Hair , S. K. 1990 . Tropical root and tuber crops . Hortic. Rev , 11 : 157
   Google Scholar
• O'Hair , S. K. 1984 . “ Farinaceous crops ” . In CRC Handbook of Tropical Food Crops , Edited by: Martin , F. W. 109 Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Hair , S. K. 1985 . Potato growth in the subtropics of Florida . Am. Potato J , 62 : 391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hair , S. K. and Asokan , M. P. 1986 . Edible aroids: botany and horticulture . Hortic. Rev , 8 : 43
   Google Scholar
• O'Hair , S. K. , Locascio , S. J. , Forbes , R. R. , White , J. M. , Hensel , D. R. , Shumaker , J. R. and Dangler , J. M. 1983 . Root crops and their biomass potential in Florida . Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc , 42 : 13
   Google Scholar
• Ojeniyi , S. O. and Agbede , O. O. 1980 . Agri-silviculture in Nigeria: food crops and soil fertility . J. Agric. Sci. Camb , 95 : 725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okeke , J. E. 1984 . Cassava productivity in intercropping systems . Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops, 6th Proc. Int. Potato Ctr. CIP . 1984 , Lima , Peru. pp. 277
   Google Scholar
• Okeke , J. E. 1990 . “ Status of the cultural management component in an integrated control of the cassava mealybug (Pheanococcus manihoti Mat-. Fer.) and green spider mite (Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar) in Nigeria ” . In Integrated pest Management for Tropical Root and Tuber Crops , Edited by: Hah , S. K. and Caveness , F. E. 188 Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Okezie , A. I. 1981 . “ Weed control in maize-cassava intercrop ” . In Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s , Edited by: Terry , E. R. , Oduro , K. A. and Caveness , F. 124 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Okoli , O. O. 1980 . Dry matter accumulation and tuber sprouting in yams . Exp. Agric , 16 : 161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okorgi , E. C. 1992 . Economics of yam production in southern Nigeria . Beitr. Trop. Landwirtsch. Vet. Med , 30 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Onwueme , I. C. 1976 . Performance of yam setts planted without water . J. Agric. Sci. Camb , 87 : 413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onwueme , I. C. and Fadayomi , O. 1984 . A labour-saving system of yam production through weed control with herbicides, the elimination of staking, and cropping at high density . J. Agric. Sci. Camb , 95 : 641
   Google Scholar
• Onwueme , I. C. and Haverkort , A. J. 1991 . Modelling growth and productivity of yams: prospects and problems . Agric. Syst , 36 : 351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osaki , M. , Morikawa , K. , Yoshida , M. , Shinano , T. and Tadano , T. 1991 . Productivity of high-yielding crops. I. Comparison of growth and productivity among high-yielding crops . Soil Sci. Plant Nutr , 37 : 331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osifo , E. O. 1988 . Somatic embryogenesis in Dioscorea . J. Plant Physiol , 133 : 378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parris , G. K. 1941 . Diseases of taro in Hawaii and their control . Univ. Hawaii Coop. Ext. Serv. Circ , : 18
   Google Scholar
• PCARR . 1980 . Agro-Economic Studies of Root Crops in the Philippines , Baybay , , Leyte : Philippines Council for Agriculture and Resource Research (PCARR) .
   Google Scholar
• Peairs , F. B. and Carballo , M. 1987 . Effects of cropping system and insecticide protection on insects associated with maize and cassava . Turrialba , 37 : 147
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , S. C. and Gilliver , B. 1978 . The statistical analysis of data from intercropping experiments . J. Agric. Sci. Camb , 91 : 625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pena , J. E. and Waddill , V. H. 1981 . Southern armyworm and black cutworm damage to cassava at different growth stages . J. Econ. Entomol , 74 : 271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieri , C. 1985 . “ Management of acid tropical soils in Africa ” . In Management of Acid Tropical Soils for Sustainable Agriculture , Edited by: Sanchez , P. A. , Stoner , E. R. and Pushparajah , E. 41 Bangkok , , Thailand : IBSRAM, Funny Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Pillai , N. G. , Kumar , B. M. , Nair , P. G. , Kebeerathumma , S. and Kumar , C. R. M. 1987 . “ Effect of continuous application of manures and fertilizers on the yield and quality of cassava in laterite soil ” . In Tropical Tuber Crops: Products and Utilization , Edited by: Ramanujam , T. , Rajendran , P. G. , Thankappan , M. , Balagopal , C. and Nair , R. B. 109 Trivandrum , , India : CTCRI .
   Google Scholar
• Pimentel , D. , Dazhong , W. , Eigenbrode , S. , Lang , H. , Emerson , D. and Karasik , M. 1986 . Deforestation: interdependency of fuelwood and agriculture . Oikos , 46 : 404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plucknett , D. L. 1977 . “ Giant swamp taro, a little-known Asian-Pacific food crop ” . In Proc. 4th Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops , Edited by: Cock , J. , MacIntyre , R. and Graham , M. 36 Cali, Colombia : CIAT .
   Google Scholar
• Plucknett , D. L. and De la Pena , R. S. 1971 . Taro production in Hawaii . World Crops , 23 : 244
   Google Scholar
• Plucknett , D. L. and Smith , N. J. H. 1986 . Sustaining agricultural yields . BioScience , 36 : 40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston , W. H. and Haun , J. R. 1962 . Factors involved in the vegetative propagation of Dioscorea spiculiflora Hemsl. from vines . Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 80 : 417
   Google Scholar
• Rao , M. M. and Edmunds , J. E. 1984 . Intercropping of banana with food crops: cowpeas, maize, and sweetpotato . Trop. Agric , 61 : 9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , M. M. and George , C. Preliminary studies on yam and yam-based cropping systems in St. Lucia . 22nd Annu. Meet. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. August 25 to 29 1986 , St. Lucia .
   Google Scholar
• Rasco , E. T. , Ociones-Rasco , A. and Villamayor , F. G. 1986 . State of the art: sweetpotato research . Crop Res. Ser , 9 : 13
   Google Scholar
• Rees , D. J. 1986 . The effects of population density, row spacing and intercropping on the interception and utilization of solar radiation by Sorghum bicolor Vigna unguiculata in semi-arid conditions in Botswana . J. Appl. Ecol , 23 : 917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , P. A. and Scheuerman , R. W. 1984 . Managing nematodes in sweetpotatoes with resistance and nematicides . Calif. Agr , 38 ( 3/4 ) : 26
   Google Scholar
• Roberts-Nkrumah , L. B. , Ferguson , T. U. and Wilson , L. A. 1986 . Responses of four sweetpotato cultivars to levels of shade. I. Dry matter production, shoot morphology and leaf anatomy . Trop. Agric , 63 : 258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts-Nkrumah , L. B. , Wilson , L. A. and Ferguson , T. U. 1986 . Responses of four sweetpotato cultivars to levels of shade. II. Tuberization . Trop. Agric , 63 : 265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , W. , Kass , D. C. and Onoro , P. 1984 . Performance in association of cultivars of cassava and cowpea on different growth habits . Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops, 6th Proc. Int. Potato Ctr. CIP . 1984 , Lima , Peru. pp. 287
   Google Scholar
• Roman , F. M. , Beale , A. and Irizarry , H. 1991 . Efecto de cultivos intercalados en el control de malezas y la production de name y batata . J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico , 75 : 11
   Google Scholar
• Saladaga , F. A. 1986 . Varietal improvement, state of the art: sweetpotato research . Crop Res. Ser , 9 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Sato , D. 1993 . Low-input and high-input dryland taro weed control in Hawaii . Univ. Hawaii Coop. Ext. Serv. Res. Ext. Ser , 140 : 58
   Google Scholar
• Schalk , J. M. , Jones , A. , Dukes , P. D. and Burnham , K. P. 1992 . Responses of soil insects to mixed and contiguous plantings of resistant and susceptible sweetpotato cultivars . HortScience , 27 : 1089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffer , B. and O'Hair , S. K. 1987 . Net CO2 assimilation of taro and cocoyam as affected by shading and leaf age . Photosynthesis Res , 11 : 245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman , J. R. , Kirschbaum , M. U. F. , Sharkey , T. D. and Pearcy , R. W. 1988 . Regulations of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity in Alocasia macrorrhiza in response to step changes in irradiance . Plant Physiol , 88 : 148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen , D. H. and Roychoudhury , N. 1986 . “ Amorphophallus ” . In Vegetable Crops in India , Edited by: Bose , T. K. and Som , M. G. 733 Calcutta : Naya Prokash .
   Google Scholar
• Shaner , W. W. , Philipp , P. F. and Schmehl , W. R. 1981 . Farming Systems Research and Development , Boulder , CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , S. K. , Mehta , H. and Rana , N. D. 1986 . A multivariate analysis of soybean genotypes grown under different cropping systems . J. Agron. Soil Sci , 156 : 81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheela , K. R. and Kunju , U. M. 1990 . Fertiliser requirement and economics of cassava based intercropping systems . J. Root Crops , 16 : 53
   Google Scholar
• Sieverding , E. and Leihner , D. E. 1984 . Influence of crop rotation and intercropping of cassava with legumes on VA mycorrhizal symbiosis of cassava . Plant Soil , 80 : 143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivan , P. 1984 . Effects of some intercrops on taro . Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops, 6th Proc. Int. Potato Ctr. CIP . 1984 , Lima , Peru. pp. 103
   Google Scholar
• Sivaprasad , P. , Inasi , K. A. and Kunju , U. M. 1989 . Response of cassava and sweetpotato intercropped in the coconut garden to VA mycorrhiza inoculation . J. Root Crops , 15 : 49
   Google Scholar
• Sivaprasad , P. , Sulochana , K. K. and Nair , S. K. 1989 . Comparative efficiency of different VA mycorrhizal fungi on cassava . J. Root Crops , 16 : 39
   Google Scholar
• Sobulo , R. A. 1972 . Studies on white yam. II. Changes in nutrient content with age . Exp. Agric , 8 : 107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somda , Z. C. and Kays , S. J. 1990 . Sweetpotato canopy morphology: leaf distribution . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 115 : 39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence , J. A. 1970 . Growth and development of tannia . Proc. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops , 2 ( 2 ) : 47
   Google Scholar
• Splittstoesser , W. E. and Tunya , G. O. 1992 . Crop physiology of cassava . Hortic. Rev , 13 : 105
   Google Scholar
• Sproat , M. N. 1968 . A guide to subsistence agriculture in Micronesia . U.S.D.A. Agric. Ext. Bull , No. 9
   Google Scholar
• Soldevila , M. and Vicente-Chandler , J. 1978 . Tanier corms as feed for growing pigs . J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico , 62 : 283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamp , J. A. 1987 . Somatic embryogenesis in cassava: the anatomy and morphology of the regeneration process . Ann. Bot , 59 : 451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulochana , K. K. and Nair , S. K. 1987 . “ Occurrence of VAM in some local cultivars of tapioca ” . In Tropical Tuber Crops: Products and Utilization , Edited by: Ramanujam , T. , Rajendran , P. G. , Thankappan , M. , Balagopal , C. and Nair , R. B. 123 Trivandrum , , India : CTCRI .
   Google Scholar
• Templeton , K. M. and Collins , W. W. 1986 . Field performance and clonal variability in sweetpotatoes propagated in vitro . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 111 : 689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaman , R. R. 1978 . “ Co-operative yam gardens: adapting a traditional agricultural system to serve the needs of the developing Tongan market economy ” . In The Adaptation of Traditional Agriculture: Socioeconomic Problems of Urbanization , Edited by: Fisk , E. K. 116 Canberra : The Australian National University .
   Google Scholar
• Thung , M. and Cock , J. H. 1979 . “ Multiple cropping cassava and field beans: status of present work at the international centre of tropical agriculture ” . In Intercropping with Cassava , Edited by: Weber , E. , Nestel , B. and Campbell , M. 7 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Tiwari , J. P. , Chandra , A. and Nair , P. K. R. 1987 . “ Growth analysis of ten sweet potato varieties ” . In Tropical Tuber Crops: Products and Utilization , Edited by: Ramanujam , T. , Rajendran , P. G. , Thankappan , M. , Balagopal , C. and Nair , R. B. 147 Trivandrum , , India : CTCRI .
   Google Scholar
• Tofinga , M. P. 1991 . Rapid multiplication of cassava , Agro-Facts, IRETA . Apia, Western Samoa, Agdex 173
   Google Scholar
• Unamma , R. P. A. , Enyinnia , T. and Emezie , J. F. 1985 . Critical period of weed interference in cocoyam/maize/sweet potato intercrop . Trop. Pest Manage , 31 : 21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela , H. R. , Schaffer , B. and O'Hair , S. K. 1990 . Shade and nitrogen influence gas exchange and growth of cocoyam . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 115 : 1014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela , H. R. , Schaffer , B. and O'Hair , S. K. 1991 . Developmental light environment and net gas exchange of cocoyam . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 116 : 372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela , H. R. , Schaffer , B. and O'Hair , S. K. 1991 . Shading, growth, and dry-matter partitioning of cocoyam . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 116 : 1117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valverde , C. and Bandy , D. E. 1982 . “ Production of annual food crops in the Amazon ” . In Amazonia: Agriculture and Land Use Research , 243 Cali, Colombia : CIAT Monogr. .
   Google Scholar
• Vandermeer , J. 1989 . The Ecology of Intercropping , Cambridge , , U.K. : Cambridge University .
   Google Scholar
• Vander Zaag , P. 1979 . The Phosphorus Requirements of Root Crops , Ph.D. dissertation University of Hawaii .
   Google Scholar
• Vander Zaag , P. , Fox , R. L. , Kwakye , P. K. and Obigbesan , G. O. 1980 . The phosphorus requirements of yams . Trop. Agric , 57 : 97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargo , A. M. , Fruean , K. , Fa'aumu , S. , Patea , I. and Aieti , R. 1993 . Effect of planting Coleus blumei on insect populations in taro fields in American Samoa . Univ. Hawaii Coop. Ext. Serv. Res. Ext. Ser , 140 : 34
   Google Scholar
• Varma , S. P. and Ravindran , C. D. 1987 . “ Pattern of sweet potato yield variability in different climatic zones ” . In Tropical Tuber Crops: Products and Utilization , Edited by: Ramanujam , T. , Rajendran , P. G. , Thankappan , M. , Balagopal , C. and Nair , R. B. 157 Trivandrum , , India : CTCRI .
   Google Scholar
• Villarreal , R. L. and Lo , H. F. 1983 . Utilization of sweet potato germplasm by plant breeders . Philipp. J. Crop. Sci , 8 : 113
   Google Scholar
• Walker , D. W. and Jenkins , D. D. 1986 . Influence of sweet potato plant residue on growth of sweet potato vine cuttings and cowpea plants . HortScience , 21 : 426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates , F. and Dutton , S. J. 1988 . A simple procedure for the analysis of experiments on mixtures of varieties or species of agronomic interest . J. Agric. Sci. Camb , 110 : 13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama , K. M. , Hollyer , J. R. , Nakamoto , S. T. and Wanitprapha , K. 1989 . Taro , 1 Univ. Hawaii Dept. Agric. Resour. Econ. Fact Sheet .
   Google Scholar
• Zandstra , H. G. 1979 . “ Cassava intercropping research: agroclimatic and biological interactions ” . In Intercropping with Cassava , Edited by: Weber , E. , Nestel , B. and Campbell , M. 67 Ottawa , , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Zuofa , K. and Tariah , N. M. 1992 . Effects of weed control methods on maize and intercrop yields and net income of small-holder farmers, Nigeria . Trop. Agric , 69 : 167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar