Plant Growth Regulators in Citriculture: Factors Regulating Endogenous Levels in Citrus Tissues

References

• Abe , H. 1989 . Advances in brassinosteroid research and prospects for its agricultural application . Jpn. Pest. Inf , 55 : 10 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Abeles , F. W. , Morgan , P. W. and Salveit , M. E. 1992 . Ethylene in Plant Biology, , 2nd ed , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Addicott , F. T. , Lyon , J. L. , Okhuma , K. , Thiessen , W. E. , Carns , H. R. , Smith , O. E. , Cornforth , J. W. , Milborrow , B. V. , Rayback , G. and Wareing , P. F. 1968 . Abscisic acid: a new name for abscisin II (dormin) . Science , 159 : 1493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aharoni , Y. 1968 . Respiration of oranges and grapefruits harvested at different stages of development . Plant Physiol , 43 : 99 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aharoni , N. 1978 . Relationship between leaf water status and endogenous ethylene in detached leaves . Plant Physiol , 61 : 658 – 662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali-Dinar , H. M. , Krezdom , A. H. and Wheaton , T. A. 1988 . The sexual-hormonal relation in citrus during fruit set . Acta Hortic , 218 : 159 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Apelbaum , A. , Burgoon , A. C. , Anderson , J. D. , Lieberman , M. , Ben-Arie , R. and Mattoo , A. K. 1981 . Polyamines inhibit biosynthesis of ethylene in higher plant tissue and fruit protoplasts . Plant Physiol , 68 : 453 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aung , L. H. , Houck , L. G. and Norman , S. M. 1991 . The abscisic acid content of citrus with special reference to lemon . J. Exp. Bot , 42 : 1083 – 1088 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagni , M. and Torrigiani , P. 1992 . “ Polyamines: a new class of growth substances ” . In Progress in Plant Growth Regulation , Edited by: Karssen , C. M. , van Loon , L. C. and Vreugdenhil , D. 264 – 275 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , E. A. and Biggs , R. H. 1988 . Cell-wall lysing enzymes and products of cell-wall digestion elicit ethylene in citrus . Physiol. Plant , 73 : 58 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin , E. A. and Pressey , R. 1989 . Pectic enzymes in pectolyase . Plant Physiol , 90 : 191 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthe , G. A. , Jourdan , P. S. , McIntosh , C. A. and Mansell , R. L. 1988 . Radioimmunoassay for the quantitative determination of hesperidin and analysis of its distribution in C . Sinensis, Phytochemistry , 27 : 249 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthe , G. A. and Stewart , I. 1985 . Enzyme immuno-assay (EIA) of endogenous cytokinins in Citrus . J. Agric. Food Chem , 33 : 293 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beale , M. H. , MacMillan , J. , Makinson , I. K. and Willis , C. L. 1991 . Two efficient partial syntheses of gibberellin A81 from gibberellin A3 . J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans , 1 : 1191 – 1195 .
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Yehoshua , S. and Aloni , B. 1974 . Effect of water stress on ethylene production by detached leaves of Valencia orange (C sinensis Osbeck) . Plant Physiol , 53 : 863 – 865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Yehoshua , S. and Shapiro , B. 1981 . Effects of pre- and postharvest applications of ethylene-releasing agents and auxins, and individual seal-packaging with high-density polyethylene film, on coloration of citrus fruit and its quality . Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture , 1 : 226 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Berhow , M. A. and Vandercook , C. E. 1992 . The reduction of naringin content of grapefruit by applications of gibberellic acid . Plant Growth Regul , 11 : 75 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer , E. M. Jr. 1976 . A potent inhibitor of ethylene action in plants . Plant Physiol , 58 : 268 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biale , J. B. 1940 . Effect of emanations from several species of fungi on respiration and color development of citrus fruits . Science , 91 : 458 – 459 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biale , J. B. and Young , R. E. 1981 . “ Respiration and ripening in fruits - retrospect and prospect ” . In Recent Advances in the Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables , Edited by: Friend , J. and Rhodes , M. J. C. 1 – 39 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Biale , J. C. , Young , R. E. and Olmstead , A. J. 1954 . Fruit respiration and ethylene production . Plant Physiol , 29 : 168 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisker , H. E. , Goldschmidt , E. E. and Goren , R. 1976 . Ethylene-induced formation of ABA in citrus peel as related to chloroplast transformations . Plant Physiol , 58 : 377 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burg , S. P. and Burg , E. A. 1965 . Ethylene action and the ripening of fruits . Science , 148 : 1190 – 1196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burg , S. P. and Burg , E. A. 1967 . Molecular requirements for the biological activity of ethylene . Plant Physiol , 42 : 144 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger , W. P. 1984 . The response of citrus roots to neutral coumarins . Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture , 1 : 293 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• Burger , W. P. and Small , J. G. C. 1983 . Allelopathy in citrus orchards . Sci. Hortic , 20 : 361 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , W. C. and Henry , W. H. 1971 . Abscission chemicals in relation to citrus fruit harvest . J. Agric. Food Chem , 19 : 559 – 563 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , W. C. and Henry , W. H. 1973 . “ Abscisic acid, auxin, and gibberellic acid in wound-ethylene production and abscission of fruit of C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck on two rootstocks ” . In Plant Growth Substances , 1052 – 1061 . Tokyo : Hirokawa Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , W. C. , Rasmussen , G. K. , Rogers , B. J. , Reece , P. C. and Henry , W. H. 1968 . Control of abscission in agricultural crops and its physiological basis . Plant Physiol , 43 : 1560 – 1576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousins , H. H. 1910 . III. Agricultural Experiments 7 Citrus. Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture, Jamaica
   Google Scholar
• Cowan , A. K. and Richardson , G. R. 1993 . 1′,4′-Trans-[14C]-abscisic acid diol: a major product of R-[2-14C]-mevalonic acid metabolism in extracts of Citrus sinensis exocarp . J. Plant Physiol , 142 : 730 – 734 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalziel , J. and Lawrence , D. K. 1984 . Biochemical and biological effects of kaurene oxidase inhibitors, such as paclobutrazol . Monogr. Br. Plant Growth , 4 : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Darvill , A. G. and Albersheim , P. 1984 . Phytoalexins and their elicitors — a defense against microbial infection in plants . Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol , 35 : 243 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , W. J. and Jones , H. G. 1991 . Abscisic Acid: Physiology and Biochemistry , Oxford : BioScientific Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Denny , F. E. 1924 . Hastening the coloration of lemons . J. Agric. Res , 27 : 757 – 769 .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , R. K. , Garrett , H. E. and Cox , G. S. 1988 . Cytokinin activity in Citrus jambhiri Lush. seedlings colonized by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi . Trees , 2 : 39 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta , S. and Biggs , R. H. 1991 . Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in citrus leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv citri . Physiol Plant , 82 : 225 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaks , I. L. 1970 . Respiratory responses, ethylene production, and response to ethylene of citrus fruit during ontogeny . Plant Physiol , 45 : 334 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edriss , M. H. , Davis , R. M. and Burger , D. W. 1984 . Influences of mycorrhizal fungi on cytokinin production in sour orange . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 109 : 587 – 590 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Otmani , M. , Coggins , C. W. Jr. and Eaks , I. L. 1986 . Fruit age and gibberellic acid effect on epicuticular wax accumulation, respiration, and internal atmosphere . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 111 : 228 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , E. and Ludwig-Mïller , J. 1993 . Indole-3-butyric acid in plants: occurrence, synthesis, metabolism and transport . Plant Physiol , 88 : 382 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , E. and Sagee , O. 1992 . Effect of ethylene treatment on transport and metabolism of indole-3-butyric acid in citrus leaf midribs . Plant Growth Regul , 11 : 357 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erner , Y. , Goren , R. and Monselise , S. P. 1976 . The rough fruit condition of the Shamouti orange-connections with the endogenous hormonal balance . J. Hort. Sci , 51 : 367 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Erner , Y. , Reuveni , O. and Goldschmidt , E. E. 1975 . Partial purification of a growth factor from orange juice which affects citrus tissue culture and its replacement by citric acid . Plant Physiol , 56 : 279 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , P. T. and Malmberg , R. L. 1989 . Do polyamines have roles in plant development? . Annual Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol , 40 : 235 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Even-Chen , Z. , Mattoo , A. K. and Goren , R. 1982 . Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis by aminoethoxy-vinylglycine and by polyamines shunts label from 3,4-[14C]methionine into spermidine in aged orange peel discs . Plant Physiol , 69 : 385 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust , M. and Wang , S. Y. 1992 . Polyamines in horticulturally important plants . Hortic. Rev , 14 : 333 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , A. W. and Hanks , R. W. 1968 . Phenolic content in the roots and leaves of tolerant and susceptible citrus cultivars attacked by Radopholus similis . Phytochemistry , 7 : 5 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson , L. , Wheaton , T. A. , Davies , F. S. and Ismail , M. A. 1986 . 14C-gibberellic acid uptake, translocation, persistence, and metabolism in grapefruit . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 111 : 926 – 932 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firn , R. D. , Burden , R. S. and Taylor , H. F. 1972 . The detection and estimation of the growth inhibitor xanthoxin in plants . Planta , 102 : 115 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores , H. E. , Protacio , C. M. and Signs , M. W. 1989 . Primary and secondary metabolism of polyamines in plants . Recent Adv. Phytochem , 23 : 329 – 393 .
   Google Scholar
• Furió , J. , Calvo , F. , Tadeo , J. L. and Primo-Millo , E. 1981 . Relationship between endogenous hormonal content and fruit set in citrus varieties of the navel group . Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture , 1 : 253 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Galston , A. W. and Sawhney , R. K. 1990 . Polyamines in plant physiology . Plant Physiol , 94 : 406 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gane , R. 1934 . Production of ethylene by some ripening fruit . Nature , 134 : 1008
   Google Scholar
• García-Martínez , J. L. and García-Papí , M. A. 1979 . Influence of gibberellic acid on early fruit development, diffusible growth substances and content of macronutrients in seedless Clementine mandarin . Sci. Hortic , 11 : 337 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Papí , M. A. and García-Martínez , J. L. 1983a . Fruit set and development in seeded and seedless Clementine mandarin . Sci. Hortic , 22 : 113 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Papí , M. A. and García-Martínez , J. L. 1984b . Endogenous plant growth substances content in young fruits of seeded and seedless Clementine mandarin as related to fruit set and development . Sci. Hortic , 22 : 265 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geballe , G. T. and Galston , A. W. 1982 . Ethylene as an effector of wound induced resistance to cellulose in oat leaves . Plant Physiol , 70 : 788 – 790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh , A. K. , Nagar , P. K. and Sircar , P. K. 1983 . A cytokinin complex from the developing fruit of Aegle marmelos . Physiol. Plant , 59 : 165 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. 1968 . The auxin induced curvature of citrus petals . Plant Physiol , 43 : 1973 – 1977 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. 1976 . Endogenous growth substances of citrus tissues . HortScience , 11 : 95 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. 1980 . Abscisic acid in citrus flower organs as related to floral development and function . Plant Cell Physiol , 21 : 193 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. 1984 . Endogenous abscisic acid and 2-trans-abscisic in alternate bearing ‘Wilking’ mandarin trees . Plant Growth Regul , 2 : 9 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. and Eilati , S. K. 1970 . Gibberellin-treated Shamouti oranges: effects on coloration and translocation within peel of fruits attached to or detached from the tree . Bot. Gaz , 131 : 116 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. , Eilati , S. K. and Goren , R. 1972 . “ Increase in ABA-like growth inhibitors and decrease in gibberellin-like substances during ripening and senescence of citrus fruits ” . In Plant Growth Substances 1970 , Edited by: Carr , D. J. 611 – 617 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. and Galily , D. 1974 . The fate of endogenous gibberellins and applied radioactive gibberellin A3 during natural and ethylene-induced senescence in citrus peel . Plant Cell Physiol , 15 : 485 – 491 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. and Galily , D. 1981 . Fate of 14C-gibberellic acid in senescing on-tree “Valencia” orange fruit . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 106 : 175 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. , Goren , R. , Even-Chen , Z. and Bittner , S. 1973 . Increase in free and bound abscisic acid during natural and ethylene-induced senescence of citrus fruit peel . Plant Physiol , 51 : 879 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. , Goren , R. and Monselise , S. P. 1967 . The IAA-oxidase system of citrus roots . Planta , 72 : 213 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. , Goren , R. , Monselise , S. P. , Takahashi , N. , Igoshi , H. , Yamagushi , I. and Hirose , K. 1971a . Auxin in citrus: a reappraisal . Science , 174 : 1256 – 1257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. , Huberman , M. and Goren , R. 1993 . Probing the role of endogenous ethylene in the degreening of citrus fruit with ethylene antagonists . Plant Growth Regul , 12 : 325 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. and Leshem , B. 1971 . Style abscission in the citron (Citrus medica L.) and other citrus species: morphology, physiology, and chemical control with Picloram . Am. J. Bot , 58 : 14 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. and Monselise , S. P. 1966 . Citrus petal bioassay based on the indolyl-3-acetic acid effect on flower opening . Nature , 212 : 1064 – 1065 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. and Monselise , S. P. 1968a . Extraction of auxin and other growth regulators from citrus stems by centrifugal force . Physiol. Plant , 21 : 754 – 758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. and Monselise , S. P. 1968b . Native growth inhibitors from citrus shoots. Partition, bioassay and characterization . Plant Physiol , 43 : 113 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , E. E. and Monselise , S. P. 1972 . “ Hormonal control of flowering in citrus and some other woody perennials ” . In Plant Growth Substances 1970 , Edited by: Carr , D. J. 758 – 766 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Goldschdmidt , E. E. , Monselise , S. P. and Goren , R. 1971b . On the identification of native auxins in citrus tissues . Can. J. Bot , 49 : 241 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Aguilar , G. , Lafuente , M. T. and Zacarías , L. Changes in polyamines in “Fortune” mandarin with cold storage and temperature conditioning . International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology, Pathology and Technologies for Horticultural Commodities . January 16–21 1994 , Agadir , Morocco. (Abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Goren , R. , Altman , A. and Giladi , I. 1979 . Role of ethylene in abscisic acid-induced callus formation in citrus bud cultures . Plant Physiol , 63 : 280 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goren , R. , Aron , Y. , Monselise , S. P. and Huberman , M. 1986 . Morphactin-induced inhibition of abscission in citrus leaves . Acta Hortic , 179 : 631 – 636 .
   Google Scholar
• Goren , R. and Goldschmidt , E. E. 1970 . Regulative systems in the developing citrus fruit. I. The hormonal balance in orange fruit tissues . Physiol Plant , 23 : 937 – 947 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goren , R. , Goldschmidt , E. E. and Monselise , S. P. 1971 . Hormonal balance in bark and leaves of Shamouti orange trees (C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck) in relation to ringing . J. Hort. Sci , 46 : 443 – 451 .
   Google Scholar
• Goren , R. and Monselise , S. P. 1964 . Survey of hesperidin and nitrogen in the developing flower of the “Shamouti” orange tree . Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 85 : 218 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Goren , R. and Stanley , W. L. 1970 . Isolation and identification of xanthyletin in citrus roots . Phytochemistry , 9 : 2069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goren , R. and Tomer , E. 1971 . Effects of seselin and coumarin on growth, indole-3-acetic acid oxidase and peroxidase, with special reference to cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) radicles . Plant Physiol , 47 : 312 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto , A. , Yamane , H. , Takahashi , N. and Hirose , K. 1989 . Identification of nine gibberellins from young fruit of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc) . Agric. Biol Chem , 53 : 2817 – 2818 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto , M. , Yaguchi , Y. and Hyodo , H. 1980 . Ethylene production in citrus leaves infected with Xanthomonas citri and its relation to defoliation . Physiol. Plant Pathol , 16 : 343 – 350 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. , Goldschmidt , E. E. and Goren , R. 1993 . Potential and limitations of the use of paclobutrazol in citrus orchards in Israel . Acta Hortic , 329 : 58 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson , F. G. 1939 . The cause of natural parthenocarpy . Am. J. Bot , 26 : 135 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , W. C. 1951 . Studies on the origin of ethylene from plant tissues . Bot. Gaz , 113 : 55 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , M. J. and Dugger , W. M. 1986a . The occurrence of abscisic acid and abscisyl-β-D-glucopyranoside in developing and mature citrus fruit as determined by enzyme immunoassay . Plant Physiol , 82 : 339 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , M. J. and Dugger , W. M. 1986b . Levels of free and conjugated abscisic acid in developing floral organs of the navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) cv. Washington . Plant Physiol , 82 : 1164 – 1166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harry , A. R. and van Staden , J. 1988 . Minireview: the use of growth retardants in citriculture . Isr. J. Bot , 37 : 155 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Hendry , N. S. , van Staden , J. and Allan , P. 1982a . Cytokinins in citrus. I. Fluctuation in the leaves during seasonal and developmental changes . Sci. Hortic , 16 : 9 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry , N. S. , van Staden , J. and Allan , P. 1982b . Cytokinins in citrus. II. Fluctuations during growth in juvenile and adult plants . Sci. Hortic , 17 : 247 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Miñana , F. M. 1991 . Identification of cytokinins and the changes in their endogenous levels in developing Citrus sinensis leaves . J. Hortic. Sci , 66 : 505 – 511 .
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Miñana , F. M. and Primo-Millo , E. 1990 . Studies on endogenous cytokinins in Citrus . J. Hortic. Sci , 65 : 595 – 601 .
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Miñana , F. M. , Primo-Millo , E. and Primo-Millo , J. 1988 . Isolation and identification of cytokinins from developing citrus fruits . Proc. 6th Int. Citrus Congr , 1 : 367 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Miñana , F. M. , Primo-Millo , E. and Primo-Millo , J. 1989 . Endogenous cytokinins in developing fruits of seeded and seedless citrus cultivars . J. Exp. Bot , 40 : 1127 – 1134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewett , E. W. and Wareing , P. F. 1973 . Cytokinins in Populus robusta: changes during chilling and bud burst . Physiol. Plant , 28 : 393 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofman , P. J. 1988 . Abscisic acid and gibberellins in the fruitlets and leaves of the “Valencia” orange in relation to fruit growth and retention . Proc. 6th Int. Citrus Congr , 1 : 355 – 362 .
   Google Scholar
• Hofman , P. J. 1990 . Abscisic acid and gibberellins in the fruitlets and leaves of “Valencia” orange in relation to fruit growth and retention . Sci. Hortic , 42 : 257 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyodo , H. 1977 . Ethylene production by albedo tissue of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruit . Plant Physiol , 59 : 111 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyodo , H. and Nishino , T. 1981 . Wound-induced ethylene formation in albedo of citrus fruit . Plant Physiol , 67 : 421 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igoshi , M. , Yamaguchi , I. , Takahashi , N. and Hirose , K. 1971 . Plant growth substances in the young fruit of Citrus unshiu, Agric . Biol. Chem , 35 : 629 – 631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilan , I. and Goren , R. 1979 . Cytokinins and senescence in lemon leaves . Physiol. Plant , 45 : 93 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imaseki , H. 1986 . “ Ethylene ” . In Chemistry of Plant Hormones , Edited by: Takahashi , N. 249 – 264 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Iwahori , S. , Tominaga , S. and Higuchi , S. 1990 . Retardation of abscission of citrus leaf and fruitlet explants by brassinolide . Plant Growth Regul , 9 : 119 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe , M. J. and Goren , R. 1988a . Deposition of callose in relation to abscission of citrus leaves . Physiol. Plant , 72 : 329 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe , M. J. and Goren , R. 1988b . Ethylene and callose deposition in citrus leaf abscission zone . Proc. 6th Int. Citrus Congr , 1 : 407 – 415 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , W. W. , Coggins , C. W. Jr. and Embleton , T. W. 1976 . Endogenous abscisic acid in relation to bud growth in alternate bearing “Valencia” orange . Plant Physiol , 58 : 681 – 682 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jourdan , P. S. , McIntosh , C. A. and Mansell , R. L. 1985 . Naringin levels in citrus tissues. II. Quantitative distribution of naringin in Citrus paradisi Mcfad . Plant Physiol , 77 : 903 – 908 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamiya , Y. and Graebe , J. E. 1983 . The biosynthesis of all major pea gibberellins in a cell-free system from Pisum sativum . Phytochemistry , 22 : 681 – 689 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawaguchi , M. , Fujioka , S. , Sakurai , A. , Yamaki , Y. T. and Syõono , K. 1993 . Presence of a pathway for the biosynthesis of auxin via indole-3-acetamide in trifoliata orange . Plant Cell Physiol , 34 : 121 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawarada , A. and Sumiki , Y. 1959 . The occurrence of gibberellin A1 in water sprouts of citrus . Bull. Agric. Chem. Soc. Jpn , 23 : 343 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Kefford , N. P. 1955 . The growth substances separated from plant extracts by chromatography . J. Exp. Bot , 6 : 129 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifah , R. A. 1967 . Metabolism of DL-tryptophan-3-14C by the fruitlets of Citrus aurantifolia . Physiol. Plant , 20 : 355 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifah , R. A. and Lewis , L. N. 1966 . Cytokinins in citrus: isolation of a cell division factor from lemon seeds . Nature , 212 : 1472 – 1473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifah , R. A. , Lewis , L. N. and Coggins , C. W. Jr. 1963 . New natural growth promoting substance in young citrus fruit . Science , 142 : 399 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifah , R. A. , Lewis , L. N. and Coggins , C. W. Jr. 1965a . Isolation and properties of gibberellin-like substances from citrus fruits . Plant Physiol , 40 : 441 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifah , R. A. , Lewis , L. N. and Coggins , C. W. Jr. 1966 . Differentiation between indoleacetic acid and the citrus auxin by column chromatography . Plant Physiol , 41 : 208 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifah , R. A. , Lewis , L. N. , Coggins , C. W. Jr. and Radlick , P. C. 1965b . Fluorometric, chromatographic, and spectronic evidence for the non-indolic nature of Citrus auxin . J. Exp. Bot , 16 : 511 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshimizu , K. and Iwamura , H. 1986 . “ Cytokinins ” . In Chemistry of Plant Hormones , Edited by: Takahashi , N. 153 – 199 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kreele , E. and Libbert , E. 1968 . Inhibition of the polar auxin transport by a morphactin . Planta , 80 : 317 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriedemann , P. E. 1968 . An effect of kinetin on the translocation of 14C-labeled photosynthates in citrus . Austr. J. Biol. Sci , 21 : 569 – 571 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuraoka , T. , Iwasaki , K. and Ishii , T. 1977 . Effects of GA3 on puffing and levels of GA-like substances and ABA in the peel of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 102 : 651 – 654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushad , M. M. , Orves , A. R. and Yelenosky , G. 1990 . Relative changes in polyamines during citrus flower development . HortScience , 25 : 946 – 948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , L. N. , Khalifah , R. A. and Coggins , C. W. Jr. 1965a . The existence of the non-indolic citrus auxin in several plant families . Phytochemistry , 4 : 203 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , L. N. , Khalifah , R. A. and Coggins , C. W. Jr. 1965b . Seasonal changes in citrus auxin and two auxin antagonists as related to fruit development . Plant Physiol , 40 : 500 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Y. and Walton , D. C. 1990 . Violaxanthin is an abscisic acid precursor in water-stressed dark-grown bean leaves . Plant Physiol , 92 : 551 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , M. 1979 . Biosynthesis and action of ethylene . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol , 30 : 533 – 591 .
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman , M. , Kunishi , A. T. and Owens , L. D. 1974 . “ Specific inhibitors of ethylene production as retardants of ripening process in fruits ” . In Facteurs et Régulation de la Maturation des Fruits , Edited by: Ulrich , R. 161 – 170 . Paris : Editions CNRS . Coll. Int. CNRS 238
   Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. , Hoffman , N. E. and Yang , S. F. 1985 . Ethylene-promoted malonylation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid participates in autoinhibition of ethylene synthesis in grapefruit flavedo discs . Planta , 164 : 565 – 568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovatt , C. J. , Sagee , O. and Ali , A. G. 1992 . Ammonia and/or its metabolites influence flowering, fruit set, and yield of the “Washington” navel orange . Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture , 1 : 412 – 416 .
   Google Scholar
• Magie , A. R. , Wilsoy , E. E. and Kosuge , T. 1963 . Indoleacetamide as an intermediate in the synthesis of indoleacetic acid in Pseudomonas savastanoi . Science , 141 : 1281 – 1282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandava , M. B. 1988 . Plant growth-promoting brassinosteroids . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., Plant Mol. Biol , 39 : 23 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Tanguy , J. 1985 . The occurrence and possible function of hydroxycinnamoyl acid amides in plants . Plant Growth Regul , 3 : 381 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Tanguy , J. , Perdrizet , E. and Prevost , J. 1982 . Hydroxycinnamic amides in fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile lines of maize . Phytochemistry , 21 : 1939 – 1945 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marumo , S. 1986 . “ Auxins ” . In Chemistry of Plant Hormones , Edited by: Takahashi , N. 9 – 56 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Matsushima , J. and Yonemori , K. 1981 . Effect of ethylene on fruit drop, growth, photosynthesis, diffusive resistance and abscisic acid of citrus trees . Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture , 1 : 304 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Mattoo , A. K. and Suttle , J. C. 1991 . The Plant Hormone Ethylene , Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , R. E. and Kushad , M. M. 1986 . Accumulation of putrescine during chilling injury of fruits . Plant Physiol , 82 : 324 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGraw , B. A. 1987 . “ Cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism ” . In Plant Hormones and their Role in Plant Growth and Development , Edited by: Davies , P. J. 76 – 93 . Boston : Martinus Niiohoff .
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh , C. A. , Mansell , R. L. and Rouseff , R. L. 1982 . Distribution of limonin in the fruit tissues of 9 grapefruit cultivars . J. Agric. Food Chem , 30 : 689 – 692 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurchie , E. J. , McGlasson , W. B. and Eaks , I. L. 1972 . Treatment of fruit with propylene gives information about the biogenesis of ethylene . Nature , 237 : 235 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milborrow , B. V. 1967 . The identification of (+)-abscisin II[(+)-dormin] in plants and measurements of its concentrations . Planta , 76 : 93 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milborrow , B. V. 1974 . The chemistry and physiology of abscisic acid . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol , 25 : 259 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Milborrow , B. V. 1978 . “ Pathways to and from abscisic acid ” . In Abscisic Acid , Edited by: Addicott , F. T. 79 – 111 . New York : Praeger Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , E. V. , Winston , J. R. and Fisher , D. F. 1940 . Production of epinasty by emanations from normal and decaying citrus fruits and from Penicillium digitatum . J. Agric. Res , 60 : 269 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Monselise , S. P. , Goldschmidt , E. E. and Golomb , A. 1981 . Alternate bearing in citrus and ways of control . Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture , 1 : 239 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Monselise , S. P. , Goren , R. and Costo , J. 1967 . Hormone-inhibitor balance of some citrus tissues . Isr. J. Agric. Res , 17 : 35 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Mozes , R. and Altman , A. 1977 . Characterization of root to shoot transport of cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine in intact seedlings of Citrus aurantium . Physiol. Plant , 39 : 225 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murashige , T. and Tucker , D. P. H. 1969 . Growth factor requirements of citrus tissue culture . Proc. Ist Int. Citrus Symp , 3 : 1155 – 1161 .
   Google Scholar
• Murti , G. S. R. 1989 . Studies on gibberellin-like substances in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) . Indian J. Plant Physiol , 32 : 57 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Nathan , R. , Altman , A. and Monselise , S. P. 1984 . Changes in activity of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes and polyamine contents in developing fruit tissues of “Murcott” mandarin . Sci. Hortic , 22 : 359 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neljubow , D. 1901 . Ueber die horizontale Nutation der Stengel von Pisum sativum und einiger anderer . Pflanzen Beih. Bot. Zentralbl , 10 : 128 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Norman , S. M. , Maier , V. P. and Pon , D. L. 1990 . Abscisic acid accumulation and carotenoid and chlorophyll content in relation to water stress and leaf age of different types of citrus . J. Agric. Food Chem , 38 : 1326 – 1334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman , S. M. , Poling , S. M. and Maier , V. P. 1988 . An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for (+)-abscisic acid in Citrus, Ricinus, and Xanthium leaves . J. Agric. Food Chem , 36 : 225 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohlrogge , J. B. , García-Martínez , J. L. , Adams , D. and Rappaport , L. 1980 . Uptake and subcellular compartmentation of gibberellin A1 applied to leaves of barley and cowpea . Plant Physiol , 66 : 422 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , M. V. , Horgan , R. and Wareing , P. F. 1981 . Cytokinin metabolism in Phaseolus vulgaris L. I. Variation in cytokinin levels in leaves of decapitated plants in relation to bud outgrowth . J. Exp. Bot , 32 : 1231 – 1241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilabert , M. Parra and Tuells , A. Pina . 1984 . Evolution of the abscisic acid in Verna lemon tree leaves during their growth and development as well as in flowers in different blooming stages . Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture , 1 : 208 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilabert , M. Parra , Tuells , A. Pina and Hernandez-Rubio , J. 1988 . Influence of treatments with gibberellins on ABA in Verna lemon during growth and maturity . Proc. 6th Int. Citrus Congr , 1 : 363 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Parry , A. D. 1993 . Abscisic acid metabolism . Methods Plant Biochem , 9 : 381 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• Parry , A. D. , Babiano , M. J. and Horgan , R. 1990 . The role of cis-carotenoids in abscisic acid biosynthesis . Planta , 182 : 118 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry , A. D. and Horgan , R. 1991 . Carotenoid metabolism and the biosynthesis of abscisic acid . Phytochemistry , 30 : 815 – 821 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penny , M. , Willis , C. L. , Gaskin , P. and Lenton , J. R. 1993 . Preparations of gibberellins A79 and A90 and their occurrence in mature wheat grain . Phytochemistry , 33 : 951 – 956 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plummer , J. A. , Mullins , M. G. , Vine , J. H. and Pharis , R. P. 1989 . The role of endogenous hormones in shoot emergence and abscission in alternate bearing Valencia orange trees . Acta Hortic , 239 : 341 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Plummer , J. A. , Vine , J. H. and Mullins , M. G. 1991 . Regulation of stem abscission and callus growth in shoot explants of sweet orange (C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck) . Ann. Bot , 67 : 17 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poling , S. M. 1991 . Identification of endogenous gibberellins in immature navel orange fruit . J. Agric. Food Chem , 39 : 677 – 680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poling , S. M. and Maier , V. P. 1988 . Identification of endogenous gibberellins in navel orange shoots . Plant Physiol , 88 : 639 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan , S. Effect of oryzin, a newly discovered nonconventional hormone content on tree growth and fruit development in citrus . 7th International Symposium on Plant Growth Regulators in Fruit Production . June 14 to 19 1992 , Jerusalem , Israel. (Abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Protacio , C. , Zheng , Y. and Lovatt , C. J. p-Coumaroyl-, feruloyl-, and caffeoylputrescine are present in flowers and leaves of Citrus species during flowering but not in leaves from nonflowering trees . 7th International Symposium on Plant Growth Regulators in Fruit Production . June 14 to 19 1992 , Jerusalem , Israel. (Abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , G. K. 1973 . The effect of growth regulators on degreening and regreening of citrus fruit . Acta Hortic , 34 : 473 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , G. K. 1974 . Cellulase activity in separation zones of citrus fruit treated with abscisic acid under normal and hypobaric atmospheres . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 99 : 229 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve , D. R. and Crozier , A. 1975 . “ Gibberellin bioassays ” . In Gibberellins and Plant Growth , Edited by: Krishnamoorthy , H. N. 35 – 64 . New Delhi : Wiley Eastern .
   Google Scholar
• Reinecke , D. M. and Bandurski , R. S. 1987 . “ Auxin biosynthesis and metabolism ” . In Plant Hormones and their Role in Plant Growth and Development , Edited by: Davies , P. J. 24 – 42 . Boston : Martinus Nijhoff .
   Google Scholar
• Riov , J. , Dagan , E. , Goren , R. and Yang , S. F. 1990 . Characterization of abscisic acid-induced ethylene production in citrus leaf and tomato fruit tissues . Plant Physiol , 92 : 48 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riov , J. , Dror , N. and Goren , R. 1982 . Effect of ethylene on [14C]indole-3-acetic acid metabolism in leaf tissues of woody plants . Plant Physiol , 70 : 1265 – 1270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riov , J. and Goren , R. 1979 . Effect of ethylene on auxin transport and metabolism in midrib sections in relation to leaf abscission of woody plants . Plant Cell, Environ , 2 : 83 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Riov , J. and Hausman , R. 1988 . Regulation of water-stress-induced ethylene in citrus leaves . Isr. J. Bot , 37 : 83 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riov , J. , Monselise , S. P. and Kahan , R. S. 1969 . Ethylene controlled induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in citrus fruit peel . Plant Physiol , 44 : 631 – 635 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riov , J. , Sagee , O. and Goren , R. 1984 . “ Effect of ethylene on indole-3-acetic acid transport, metabolism, and level in leaf tissues of woody plants during abscission ” . In Ethylene: Biochemical, Physiological and Applied Aspects , Edited by: Fuchs , Y. and Chalutz , E. 267 – 276 . The Hague , , Netherlands : Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk, Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Riov , J. , Sagee , O. and Goren , R. 1986 . Ethylene-induced changes in indole-3-acetic acid metabolism in citrus leaf tissues during abscission and senescence . Acta Hortic , 179 : 613 – 620 .
   Google Scholar
• Riov , J. and Yang , S. F. 1982a . Autoinhibition of ethylene production in citrus peel discs: suppression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthesis . Plant Physiol , 69 : 687 – 690 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riov , J. and Yang , S. F. 1982b . Effects of exogenous ethylene production in citrus leaf tissue . Plant Physiol , 70 : 136 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riov , J. and Yang , S. F. 1982c . Stimulation of ethylene production in citrus leaf discs by mannitol . Plant Physiol , 70 : 142 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , D. R. and Rayback , G. 1969 . Incorporation of tritium from ([4R]-4-3H)-Mevalonate into abscisic acid . Biochem. J , 113 : 895 – 897 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouseff , R. L. , Martin , S. F. and Youtsey , C. O. 1987 . Quantitative survey of narirutin, naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin in Citrus . J. Agric. Food Chem , 35 : 1027 – 1030 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagee , O. and Erner , Y. 1991 . Gibberellins and abscisic acid contents during flowering and fruit set of “Shamouti” orange . Sci. Hortic , 48 : 29 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagee , O. , Goren , R. and Riov , J. 1980 . Abscission of citrus leaf explants. Interrelationships of abscisic acid, ethylene, and hydrolytic enzymes . Plant Physiol , 66 : 750 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagee , O. and Lovatt , C. 1991 . Putrescine content parallels ammonia and arginine metabolism in developing flowers of the “Washington”navel orange . Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci , 116 : 280 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagee , O. , Masz , A. , Mertens , R. , Goren , R. and Riov , J. 1986 . Comparison of different enzyme immunoassays for measuring indole-3-acetic acid in vegetative tissues . Physiol. Plant , 68 : 265 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagee , O. , Riov , J. and Goren , R. 1990 . Ethylene-enhanced catabolism of [14C]indole-3-acetic acid to indole-3-carboxylic acid in citrus leaf tissues . Plant Physiol , 91 : 54 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Saidha , T. , Goldschmidt , E. E. and Monselise , S. P. 1983 . Endogenous growth regulators in tracheal sap of citrus . HortScience , 18 : 231 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saidha , T. , Goldschmidt , E. E. and Monselise , S. P. 1985 . Endogenous cytokinins from developing ‘Shamouti’ orange fruits derived from leafy and leafless inflorescences . Sci. Hortic , 26 : 35 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffer , A. A. , Sagee , O. , Goldschmidt , E. E. and Goren , R. 1987 . Invertase and sucrose synthase activity, carbohydrate status and endogenous IAA levels during Citrus leaf development . Physiol. Plant , 69 : 151 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schechter , S. , Goldschmidt , E. E. and Galily , D. 1989 . Persistence of [14C]gibberellin A3 and [3H]gibberellin A1, in senescing, ethylene treated Citrus and tomato fruit . Plant Growth Regul , 8 : 243 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , E. A. and Wightman , F. 1974 . Metabolism of auxin in higher plants . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol , 25 : 487 – 513 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , P. E. , Calkins , C. O. , McDonald , R. E. , Greany , P. D. , Webb , J. C. , Nisperos-Carniedo , M. O. and Barros , S. M. 1991 . Changes in limonin and naringin levels in grapefruit albedo with maturity and the effects of gibberellic acid on these changes . Phytochemistry , 30 : 3215 – 3219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisler , E. C. and Yang , S. F. 1984 . Anti-ethylene effects of cis-2-butene and cyclic olefins . Phytochemistry , 23 : 2765 – 2768 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skene , K. G. M. 1972 . Cytokinins in the xylem sap of grapevine canes: changes in activity during cold storage . Planta , 104 : 89 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slocum , R. D. and Flores , H. E. 1991 . Biochemistry and Physiology of Polyamines in Plants , 264 Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , V. A. 1992 . Gibberellin A1 biosynthesis in Pisum sativum L. II. Biological and biochemical consequences of the le mutation . Plant Physiol , 99 : 372 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sponsel , V. M. 1983 . “ In vivo gibberellin metabolism in higher plants ” . In The Biochemistry and Physiology of Gibberellins , Edited by: Crozier , A. Vol. 1 , 151 – 250 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Sponsel , V. M. 1987 . “ Gibberellin biosynthesis and metabolism ” . In Plant Hormones and Their Role in Plant Growth and Development , Edited by: Davies , P. J. 43 – 75 . Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Spray , C. R. and Phinney , B. O. 1987 . “ Gibberellins in higher plants: the biosynthetic pathway leading to GA1 ” . In Ecology and Metabolism of Plant Lipids , ACS Symposium, Series 325 Edited by: Fuller , G. and Nes , W. D. 25 – 43 . Washington , DC : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Spray , C. R. , Phinney , B. O. , Gaskin , P. , Gilmour , S. J. and MacMillan , J. 1984 . Internode length in Zea mays L . Planta , 160 : 464 – 468 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stahmann , M. A. , Clare , B. G. and Woodbury , W. 1966 . Increased disease resistance and enzyme activity induced by ethylene and ethylene production by black rot infected sweet potato tissue . Plant Physiol , 41 : 1505 – 1512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley , W. L. and Jurd , L. 1971 . Citrus coumarins . J. Agric. FoodChem , 1 : 1106 – 1110 .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , I. and Barthe , G. A. 1984 . Cytokinins in citrus . Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture , 1 : 289 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Stowe , B. B. , Thimann , K. V. and Kefford , N. P. 1956 . Further studies of some plant indoles and auxins by paper chromatography . Plant Physiol , 31 : 162 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama , K. and Kuraishi , S. 1989 . Stimulation of fruit set of “Morita” navel orange with brassinolide . Acta Hortic , 239 : 345 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Takagi , T. , Tomiyasu , A. , Matsushima , M. and Suzuki , T. 1989 . Seasonal changes of GA-like substances in fruit and current shoots of Satsuma mandarin trees . J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci , 58 : 569 – 573 .
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi , N. 1974 . “ Recent progress in the chemistry of gibberellins ” . In Plant Growth Substances 1973 , 228 – 240 . Tokyo : Hirokawa Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi , N. , Yamagushi , I. , Kono , T. , Igoshi , M. , Hirose , K. and Suzuki , K. 1975 . Characterization of plant growth substances in Citrus unshiu and their change in fruit development . Plant Cell Physiol , 16 : 1101 – 1111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi , N. , Yamagushi , I. and Yamane , H. 1986 . “ Gibberellins ” . In Chemistry of Plant Hormones , Edited by: Takahashi , N. 57 – 151 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Talón , M. and Primo-Millo , E. 1984 . Endogenous gibberellins as related to fruit set in citrus varieties of the navel group . Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture , 1 : 200 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Talón , M. , Hedden , P. and Primo-Millo , E. 1990a . Gibberellins in Citrus sinensis: a comparison between seeded and seedless varieties . J. Plant Growth Regul , 9 : 201 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talón , M. , Zacarías , L. and Primo-Millo , E. 1990b . Hormonal changes associated with fruit set and development in mandarins differing in their parthenocarpic ability . Physiol. Plant , 79 : 400 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talón , M. , Zacarías , L. and Primo-Millo , E. 1992 . Gibberellins and parthenocarpic ability in developing ovaries of seedless mandarins . Plant Physiol , 99 : 1575 – 1581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , I. B. 1991 . “ Genetics of ABA synthesis ” . In Abscisic Acid: Physiology and Biochemistry , Edited by: Davies , W. D. and Jones , H. G. 23 – 37 . Oxford : BioScientific Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , H. F. and Burden , R. S. 1970 . Xanthoxin; a new naturally occurring plant growth inhibitor . Nature , 227 : 302 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theologis , A. 1992 . One rotten apple spoils the whole bushel: the role of ethylene in fruit ripening . Cell , 70 : 181 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thimann , K. V. 1935 . On the plant growth hormone produced by Rhizopus suinus . J. Biol. Chem , 109 : 279 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Tomer , E. , Goren , R. and Monselise , S. P. 1969 . Isolation and identification of seselin in citrus roots . Phytochemistry , 8 : 1315 – 1316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull , C. G. N. 1989a . Gibberellins and control of fruit retention and seedlessness in Valencia orange . Acta Hortic , 239 : 335 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull , C. G. N. 1989b . Identification and quantitative analysis of gibberellins in Citrus . J. Plant Growth Regul , 8 : 273 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Staden , J. 1977 . Seasonal changes in the cytokinin content of the leaves of Salix babylonica . Physiol. Plant , 40 : 296 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varga , M. 1957 . Examination of growth inhibiting substances, separated by paper chromatography, in fleshy fruits. I. Results of the bio-assay of the chromatograms obtained from the ether extract of the fruits . Acta Biol., (Szeged) , 8 : 39 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Vines , H. M. , Grierson , W. and Edwards , G. J. 1968 . Respiration, internal atmosphere, and ethylene evolution of citrus fruit . Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci , 92 : 227 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallerstein , I. , Goren , R. and Monselise , S. P. 1973 . Seasonal changes in gibberellin-like substances of Shamouti orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) trees in relation to ringing . J. Hortic. Sci , 48 : 75 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Weill , M. , Avidan , A. , Goldschmidt , E. E. and Monselise , S. P. 1979 . Water stress in citrus: does endogenous ABA play a regulatory role? . Acta Hortic , 89 : 133 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton , T. A. and Bausher , M. G. 1977 . Separation and identification of endogenous growth regulators in citrus . Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture , 2 : 673 – 676 .
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton , T. A. and Stewart , I. 1965 . Feruloylputrescine: isolation and identification from citrus leaves and fruit . Nature , 206 : 620 – 621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiltbank , W. J. and Krezdorn , A. H. 1969 . Determination of gibberellins in ovaries and young fruits of navel oranges and their correlation with fruit growth . J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci , 94 : 195 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winer , L. , Riov , J. and Goren , R. 1993 . Catabolism of indole-3-acetic acid in citrus leaves: identification and characterization of idole-3-aldehyde oxidase . Physiol. Plant , 89 : 220 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , S. F. and Hoffman , N. E. 1984 . Ethylene biosynthesis and its regulation in higher plants . Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol , 35 : 155 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , R. E. , Pratt , H. K. and Biale , J. B. 1951 . Identification of ethylene as a volatile product of the fungus Penicillium digitatum . Plant Physiol , 26 : 304 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , R. E. , Pratt , H. K. and Biale , J. B. 1952 . Manometric determination of low concentrations of ethylene . Anal. Chem , 24 : 551 – 555 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacarías , L. , Tudela , D. and Primo-Millo , E. 1988 . Ethylene forming activity from ACC in citrus leaf discs: influence of light and darkness . Proc. 6th Int. Citrus Congr , 1 : 315 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Zacarías , L. , Tudela , D. and Primo-Millo , E. 1990 . Autoinhibition of ethylene biosynthesis in isolated citrus petals . Plant Physiol. Biochem , 28 : 561 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacarías , L. , Tudela , D. and Primo-Millo , E. 1991 . Role of ethylene in the opening and senescence of citrus flowers . Sci. Hortic , 46 : 55 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeevaart , J. A. D. and Creelman , R. A. 1988 . Metabolism and physiology of abscisic acid . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol , 39 : 439 – 473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeevaart , J. A. D. , Rock , C. D. , Fantuzzo , F. , Heath , T. G. and Gage , D. A. 1991 . “ Metabolism of ABA and its physiological implications ” . In Abscisic Acid: Physiology and Biochemistry , Edited by: Davies , W. D. and Jones , H. G. 39 – 52 . Oxford : BioScientific Publishing .
   Google Scholar