References
- Abdollahi, M. K.2002. “Understanding police stress research.” Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice2 (2): 1–24.
- Agnew, R.1992. “Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency.” Criminology30 (1): 47–88.
- Amendola, K. L., et al.2012. The impact of shift length in policing on performance, health, quality of life, sleep, fatigue, and extra-duty employment, Final Report No. NCJ 237330. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
- Anshel, M. H.2000. “A conceptual model and implications for coping with stressful events in police work.” Criminal Justice and Behavior27 (3): 375–400.
- Ayres, R. M., G. S.Flanagan, and M. B.Ayres. 1992. Preventing law enforcement stress: the organization's role, No. NCJ 141934. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance.
- Ballenger, J. F., et al.2011. “Patterns and predictors of alcohol use in male and female urban police officers.” The American Journal on Addictions20 (1): 21–29.
- Banks, C.2013. Criminal justice ethics: theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Banton. 1964. The policemen in the community. New York: Basic Books.
- Barker, T., and D. L.Carter. 1994. Police deviance. 3rd ed.Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
- Barone, P. T.2010. “Michigan's new ‘super drunk’ law.” Michigan Bar Journal89 (3): 36–37.
- Barton, G.2011. “Milwaukee police often face minimal punishment for driving drunk.” Journal Sentinel, 25 Oct.
- Beauregard, E., and T.Mieczkowski. 2012. “From police interrogation to prison: which sex offender characteristics predict confession?” Police Quarterly15 (2): 197–214.
- Begg, D. J., J. D.Langley, and S.Stephenson. 2003. “Identifying factors that predict persistent driving after drinking, unsafe driving after drinking, and driving after using cannabis among young adults.” Accident; analysis and prevention35 (5): 669–675.
- Bharat, K.2012. “Google News turns 10.” Google News Blog, [online]. Available from: http://googlenewsblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/google-news-turns-10.html [Accessed 23 September 2012].
- Black, D. J.1976. The behavior of law. New York: Academic Press.
- Bouchard, M., and H.Nguyen. 2010. “Is it who you know, or how many that counts? Criminal networks and cost avoidance in a sample of young offenders.” Justice Quarterly27 (1): 130–158.
- Carlson, M.2007. “Order versus access: news search engines and the challenge to traditional journalistic roles.” Media, Culture & Society29 (6): 1014–1030.
- Castaneda, R.2008. “DUI arrest is officer's 4th this year: Prince George's lieutenant allegedly asleep behind the wheel.” Washington Post, 17 Dec, p. B1.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. “Impaired driving: get the facts [online].” Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/Impaired_Driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html [Accessed 22 December 2012].
- Chermak, S. M., E.McGarrell, and J.Gruenewald. 2006. “Media coverage of police misconduct and attitudes toward police.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management29 (2): 261–281.
- Chou, S. P., et al.2002. “The prevalence of drinking and driving in the United States, 2001–2002: results from the national epidemiological survey on alcohol and related conditions.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence83 (2): 137–146.
- Crank, J. P.2004. Understanding police culture. 2nd ed.Dayton, OH: Anderson/LexisNexis.
- Davey, J. D., P. L.Obst, and M. C.Sheehan. 2001. “It goes with the job: officers' insights into the impact of stress and culture on alcohol consumption within the policing occupation.” Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy8 (2): 141–149.
- Davis, A. C.2008. “Officer TASERed in one of four DUI incidents: prosecutors dropped some charges.” Washington Post, 20 Dec, p. B3.
- Denton, E.2010. “International news coverage of human trafficking arrests and prosecutions: a content analysis.” Women & Criminal Justice20: 10–26.
- Dietrich, J. F., and J.Smith. 1986. “The nonmedical use of drugs including alcohol among police personnel: a critical literature review.” Journal of Police Science and Administration14 (4): 300–306.
- Dishlacoff, L.1976. “The drinking cop.” Police Chief43 (1): 32–39.
- Dresser, M.2011. “When police let officers skate, respect for traffic law tanks.” The Baltimore Sun, 6 Feb.
- Fazlollah, M.2001. “How a top cop drank, drove, crashed and covered it up.” The Philadelphia Inquirer: A1.
- Fennell, M., M. B.Rodin, and G. K.Kantor. 1981. “Problems in the work setting, drinking, and reasons for drinking.” Social Forces60 (1): 114–132.
- Governors Highway Safety Association. 2012. Drive sober or get pulled over: 2012 holiday crackdown. Washington, DC: Governors Highway Safety Association.
- Hingson, R., T.Mangione, and J.Barrett. 1981. “Job characteristics and drinking practices in the Boston metropolitan area.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs42 (9): 725–738.
- Hurrell, J. J., Jr., et al.1984. Stress among police officers. Cincinnati, OH: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Biomedical and Behavioral Science.
- Indianapolis Star. 2012. “IMPD officer David Bisard.” Indianapolis Star, 6 Dec.
- Kane, R. J., and M. D.White. 2009. “Bad cops: a study of career-ending misconduct among New York City police officers.” Criminology & Public Policy8 (4): 737–769.
- Kastellec, J. P.2010. “The statistical analysis of judicial decisions and legal rules with classification trees.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies7 (2): 202–230.
- Kelly, E., S.Darke, and J.Ross. 2009. “A review of drug use and driving: epidemiology, impairment, risk factors and risk perceptions.” Drug and Alcohol Review23 (3): 319–344.
- Kingsnorth, R., C.Barnes, and P.Coonley. 1989. “Driving under the influence: the impact of legislative reform on the role of legal and extralegal variables in court sentencing practices.” Criminal Justice Policy Review3 (4): 344–359.
- Kingsnorth, R., and M.Jungsten. 1988. “Driving under the influence: the impact of legislative reform on court sentencing practices.” Crime & Delinquency34 (1): 3–27.
- Klockars, C. B., et al.2000. The measurement of police integrity, No. NCJ 181465. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
- Kohan, A., and B. P.O'Connor. 2002. “Police officer job satisfaction in relation to mood, well-being, and alcohol consumption.” Journal of Psychology136 (3): 307–319.
- Leino, T., et al.2011. “Work-related violence, debriefing and increased alcohol consumption among police officers.” International Journal of Police Science & Management13 (2): 149–157.
- Liederbach, J., and J.Frank. 2003. “Policing Mayberry: the work routines of small-town and rural officers.” American Journal of Criminal Justice28 (1): 53–72.
- Lillsunde, P., et al.1993. “Drugs usage of drivers suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs: a study of one week's samples in 1979 and 1993 in Finland.” Forensic Science International77 (1): 119–129.
- Lindsay, V., and K.Shelley. 2009. “Social and stress-related influences of police officers' alcohol consumption.” Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology24: 87–92.
- Macdonald, S., S.Wells, and T. C.Wild. 1999. “Occupational risk factors associated with alcohol and drug problems.” The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse25 (2): 351–369.
- McGhee, T.2011. “Denver police chief proposes double-check on DUI stops of public officials.” The Denver Post, 27 Oct.
- Menard, S.2002. Applied logistic regression analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Mieczkowski, T.2002. “Drug abuse, corruption, and officer drug testing: an overview.” In Policing and misconduct, edited by K. M.Lersch, 157–192. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2012. Drive sober or get pulled over. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 2008. Alcohol and other drugs, No. Alcohol Alert No. 76. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
- Neuilly, M. -A., et al.2011. “Predicting recidivism in homicide offenders using classification tree analysis.” Homicide Studies15 (2): 154–176.
- Neuteboom, W., and P. G. M.Zweipfenning. 1984. “Driving and the combined use of drugs and alcohol in The Netherlands.” Forensic Science International25 (2): 93–104.
- Ohio Department of Public Safety. 2011. Traffic crash report procedure manual. Columbus, OH: Ohio Department of Public Safety.
- Paddock, B., and B. Lesser. 2010. “NYPD cops drive drunk, but no one puts on brakes: even after messy crashes, police are still on job.” New York Daily News, 7 Mar.
- Payne, B.2011. White-collar crime: a text reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Pollock, J. M.2013. Ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice. 8th ed.Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage.
- Van Raalte, R. C.1979. “Alcoholism as a problem among officers.” Police Chief46 (2): 38–39.
- Ready, J., M. D.White, and C.Fisher. 2008. “Shock value: a comparative analysis of news reports and official records on TASER deployments.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management31 (1): 148–170.
- Reaves, B. A.2012. Hiring and retention of state and local law enforcement officers, 2008 - Statistical tables, No. NCJ 238251. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
- Reiss, A. J.1971. The police and the public. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Richmond, R. L., et al.1998. “How healthy are the police? A survey of life-style factors.” Addiction93 (11): 1729–1737.
- Riffe, D., S.Lacy, and F. G.Fico. 2005. Analyzing media messages: using quantitative content analysis in research. 2nd ed.Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Robinson, C.2009. “New York toughens drunken driving law.” CNN.com, 19 Nov.
- Rubin, J.2011. “New discipline policy at LAPD results in some officers avoiding punishment.” Los Angeles Times, 4 Jul.
- Rugar, W. P., and J.Sorens. 2011. Freedom in the 50 states: an index of personal and economic freedom. Arlington, VA: George Mason University, Mercatus Center.
- Shults, R. A., L. F.Beck, and A. M.Dellinger. 2006. “Self-reported alcohol-impaired driving among adults in the United States, 2006 and 2008.” Injury Prevention16 (Supplement 1): A72–A73.
- Skolnick, J. H.1994. Justice without trial: law enforcement in democratic society. New York: Macmillan.
- Skolnick, J. H., and J. J.Fyfe. 1993. Above the law: police and the excessive use of force. New York: The Free Press.
- Sonquist, J. A.1970. Multivariate model building: the validation of a search strategy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center.
- Spina, M.2012. “Blue line protects off-duty cops behind wheel.” The Buffalo News: A1, 29 Sep.
- Stinson, P. M.2009. “Police crime: a newsmaking criminology study of sworn law enforcement officers arrested, 2005–2007.” Thesis (PhD). Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
- Stinson, P. M., J.Liederbach, and T. L.Freiburger. 2012. “Off-duty and under arrest: a study of crimes perpetuated by off-duty police.” Criminal Justice Policy Review23: 139–163.
- Stinson, P. M., B. W.Reyns, and J.Liederbach. 2012. “Police crime and less-than-lethal coercive force: a description of the criminal misuse of TASERs.” International Journal of Police Science & Management14 (1): 1–19.
- Swatt, M. L., C. L.Gibson, and N. L.Piquero. 2007. “Exploring the utility of general strain theory in explaining problematic alcohol consumption by police officers.” Journal of Criminal Justice35: 596–611.
- Texas Department of Transportation. 2012. Labor Day - Drink. Drive. Go to Jail. Austin, TX: Texas Department of Transportation.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2003. Measuring rurality: rural-urban continuum codes. [Computer file]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
- U.S. Department of Justice. 2000. National incident-based reporting system: data collection guidelines. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division.
- U.S. Department of Justice. 2004. Uniform crime reporting handbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation.
- U.S. Department of Justice. 2005. Drugs of abuse. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration.
- U.S. Department of Justice. 2008. Census of state and local enforcement agencies (CSLLEA), [Computer file: ICPSR27681-v1 data set]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
- Vila, B., G. B.Morrison, and D. J.Kenney. 2002. “Improving shift schedule and work-hour policies and practices to increase police officer performance, health, and safety.” Police Quarterly5 (1): 4–24.
- Violanti, J. M.1999. “Alcohol abuse in policing: prevention strategies.” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin68 (1): 16–18.
- Violanti, J. M.2012. Shifts, extended work hours, and fatigue: an assessment of health and personal risks for police officers, No. NIJ 234964. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
- Violanti, J. M., J. R.Marshall, and B.Howe. 1985. “Stress, coping, and alcohol use: the police connection.” Journal of Police Science and Administration13 (2): 106–110.
- Violanti, J. M., et al.2011. “Police and alcohol use: a descriptive analysis and associations with stress outcomes.” American Journal of Criminal Justice36 (4): 344–356.
- Walker, S.2008. “The neglect of police unions: exploring one of the most important areas of American policing.” Police Practice and Research9 (2): 95–112.
- Wintemute, G., et al.2012. “Epidemiology and clinical aspects of stray bullet shootings in the United States.” The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery73 (1): 215–223.
- Wisconsin Department of Transportation. 2011. “Drunk driving law changes”, [online]. Available from: http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/drivers/drivers/enforce/owi.htm [Accessed 5 March 2013].