Social integration and mass shootings in U.S. counties

References

• Agnich, L. E. 2015. “A Comparative Analysis of Attempted and Completed School-Based Mass Murders.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 40: 1–22. doi:10.1007/s12103-014-9239-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banay, R. S. 1956. “Psychology of a Mass Murderer.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 1: 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Berkman, L. F., T. Glass, I. Brissette, and T. E. Seeman. 2000. “From Social Integration to Health: Durkheim in the New Millennium.” Social Science & Medicine 51: 843–857. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00065-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berne, E. 1950. “Cultural Aspects of a Multiple Murder.” Psychiatric Quarterly 24: 250–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, J. R., and P. M. Blau. 1982. “The Cost of Inequality: Metropolitan Structure and Violent Crime.” American Sociological Review 47: 114–129. doi:10.2307/2095046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boduszek, D., A. Debowska, and D. Willmott. 2017. “Latent Profile Analysis of Psychopathic Traits among Homicide, General Violent, Property, and White-Collar Offenders.” Journal of Criminal Justice 51: 17–23. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1985. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. G. Richardson, 241–258. Greenwood: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, G. W., and T. Harris. 1978. Social Origins of Depression. London: Tavistock.
   Google Scholar
• Bruch, H. 1967. “Mass Murder: The Wagner Case.” American Journal of Psychiatry 124: 693–698. doi:10.1176/ajp.124.5.693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, R. S. 1992. Structural Holes, the Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cloward, R. A. 1959. “Illegitimate Means, Anomie, and Deviant Behavior.” American Sociological Review 24: 164–176. doi:10.2307/2089427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, J. S. 1988. ““Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94: S95–S121. doi:10.1086/228943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crutchfield, R. D., M. Geerken, and W. R. Gove. 1982. “Crime Rates and Social Integration: The Impact of Metropolitan Mobility.” Criminology 20: 467–478. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00472.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLisi, M., and A. M. Scherer. 2006. “Multiple Homicide Offenders: Offense Characteristics, Social Correlates, and Criminal Careers.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 33: 367–391. doi:10.1177/0093854806286193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz, P. E. 1986. “Mass, Serial, and Sensational Homicides.” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 62: 477–490.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dohrenwend, B. S., and B. P. Dohrenwend. 1974. Stressful Life Events: Their Nature and Effects. Oxford: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Durkheim, E. 1951 [1897]. Suicide. A Study in Sociology. Glencoe: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duwe, G. 2004. “The Patterns and Prevalence of Mass Murder in Twentieth-Century America.” Justice Quarterly 21: 729–761. doi:10.1080/07418820400095971.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duwe, G., T. Kovandzic, and C. E. Moody. 2002. “The Impact of Right-to-Carry Concealed Firearm Laws on Mass Public Shootings.” Homicide Studies 6: 271–296. doi:10.1177/108876702237341.
   Google Scholar
• Evseef, G. S., and E. M. Wisniewski. 1972. “A Psychiatric Study of A Violent Mass Murderer.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 17: 371–376.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fegadel, A. R., and K. M. Heide. 2017. “Offspring-Perpetrated Familicide: Examining Family Homicides Involving Parents as Victims.” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61: 6–24. doi:10.1177/0306624X15589091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flavin, P., and C. Radcliff. 2009. “Public Policies and Suicide in the American States.” Social Indicators Research 90: 195–209. doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9252-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J. A., and J. Levin. 1998. “Multiple Homicide: Patterns of Serial and Mass Murder.” In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by M. Tonry, 407–455. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gallemore, J. L., and J. A. Panton. 1976. “Motiveless Public Assassins.” Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry Law 4: 51–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galvin, J. A. V., and J. H. Macdonald. 1959. “Psychiatric Study of a Mass Murderer.” The American Journal of Psychiatry 115: 1057–1061. doi:10.1176/ajp.115.12.1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, P., J. Silver, J. Horgan, and E. Corner. 2017. “Shooting Alone: The Pre-Attack Experiences and Behaviors of U.S. Solo Mass Murderers.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 62: 710–714. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gius, M. 2015. “The Impact of State and Federal Assault Weapons Bans on Public Mass Shootings.” Applied Economics Letters 22: 281–284. doi:10.1080/13504851.2014.939367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–1380. doi:10.1086/225469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. 1983. “The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited.” Sociological Theory 1: 201–233. doi:10.2307/202051.
   Google Scholar
• Hao, L. 1994. Kin Support, Welfare, and Out-of-Wedlock Mothers. New York,NY: Garland.
   Google Scholar
• Hawe, P., and A. Shiell. 2000. “Social Capital and Health Promotion: A Review.” Social Science & Medicine 51 (6): 871–885. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00067-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, R. M., and S. T. Holmes. 1992. “Understanding Mass Murder: A Starting Point.” Federal Probation 56: 53–60.
   Google Scholar
• Kahn, M. W. 1960. “Psychological Test Study of a Mass Murderer.” Journal of Projective Techniques 24: 148–160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapucu, N. 2011. “Social Capital and Civic Engagement.” International Journal of Social Inquiry 4: 1.
   Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., B. P. Kennedy, K. Lochner, and D. Prothro-Stith. 1997. “Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality.” American Journal of Public Health 87: 1491–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovandzic, T. V., L. M. Vieraitis, and M. R. Yeisley. 1998. “The Structural Covariates of Urban Homicide: Reassessing the Impact of Income Inequality and Poverty in the Post-Regan Era.” Criminology 36: 569–599. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01259.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kposowa, A. J., K. D. Breault, and B. M. Harrison. 1995. “Reassessing the Structural Covariates of Violent and Property Crimes in the USA: A County Level Analysis.” British Journal of Sociology 46: 79–105. doi:10.2307/591624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunitz, S. J. 2001. “Accounts of Social Capital: The Mixed Health Effects of Personal Communities and Voluntary Groups.” In Poverty Inequality and Health. An International Perspective, edited by D. A. Leon and G. Walt, 159–174. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, R., and J. F. Cabrera. Forthcoming. “Socioeconomic Factors and Mass Shootings in the United States.” Critical Public Health.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, J., and J. A. Fox. 1996. “A Psycho-Social Analysis of Mass Murder.” In Serial and Mass Murder: Theory, Research, and Policy, edited by T. O’Reilly-Fleming, 55–76. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lindström, M. 2008. “Social Capital and Health-Related Behaviors.” In Social Capital and Health, edited by I Kawachi, SV Subramanian, D Kim, 215–238. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lott, J. R., and W. M. Landes. 2000. “Multiple Victim Public Shootings.” Social Science Research Network. Accessed January 16 2016. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=272929
   Google Scholar
• Loury, G. C. 1977. “A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences.” In Women, Minorities, and Employment Discrimination, edited by P. A. Wallace and A. M. La Mond, 153–186. Lexington: Heath.
   Google Scholar
• Mass Shootings in America. 2015. Stanford Geospatial Center and Stanford Libraries. Accessed https://library.stanford.edu/projects/mass-shootings-america.
   Google Scholar
• McCall, P. L., K. C. Land, and K. F. Parker. 2011. “Heterogeneity in the Rise and Decline of City-Level Homicide Rates, 1976–2005: A Latent Trajectory Analysis.” Social Science Research 40: 363–378. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.09.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLanahan, S., and G. Sandefur. 1994. Growing up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. 1938. “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review 3: 672–682. doi:10.2307/2084686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. 1968. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Messner, S. F., and R. Rosenfeld. 1999. “Social Structure and Homicide: Theory and Research.” In Homicide: A Sourcebook of Social Research, edited by M. D. Smith and M. A. Zahn, 27–41. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, R., Y. Song, and L. D. Frank. 2010. “Social Diversity and Construction Era of Neighborhoods with Traditional Design Features: Portland and Atlanta Compared.” Journal of Urbanism 3 (1): 19–38.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M., N. L. Recker, and M. Heirigs. 2014. “Suicide and the Creative Class.” Social Indicators Research 119: 1613–1626. doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0566-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, M. D., and N. L. Recker. 2016. “Social Capital, Type of Crime, and Social Control.” Crime & Delinquency 62 (6): 728–747. doi:10.1177/0011128713510082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, K. F., R. Stansfield, and P. L. McCall. 2016. “Temporal Changes in Racial Violence, 1980 to 2006: A Latent Trajectory Approach.” Journal of Criminal Justice 47: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlin, L. 1985. “Social Structure and Processes of Social Support.” In Social Support and Human Health, edited by S. Cohen, L. Syme, and S. Diego, 46–60. CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Petee, T. A., K. G. Padgett, and T. S. York. 1997. “Debunking the Stereotype: An Examination of Mass Murder in Public Places.” Homicide Studies 1: 317–337. doi:10.1177/1088767997001004002.
   Google Scholar
• Pichler, F., and C. Wallace. 2007. “Patterns of Formal and Informal Social Capital in Europe.” European Sociological Review 23: 423–445. doi:10.1093/esr/jcm013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes, A., and J. Sensenbrenner. 1993. ““Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action.” American Journal of Sociology 98: 1320–1350. doi:10.1086/230191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pridemore, W. A. 2002. “What We Know about Social Structure and Homicide: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature.” Violence and Victims 17: 127–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. 1993. “The Prosperous Community.” The American Prospect 4 (13): 35-42.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. 1995. “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital.” Journal of Democracy 6: 65–78. doi:10.1353/jod.1995.0002.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York,NY: Touchstone.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. 2007. “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-First Century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture.” Scandinavian Political Studies 30: 137–174. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport, R. G. 1988. “The Serial and Mass Murderer: Patterns, Differentiation, Pathology.” American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 9: 39–48.
   Google Scholar
• Recker, N. L., and M. D. Moore. 2016. “Durkheim, Social Capital, and Suicide Rates across US Counties.” Health Sociology Review 25: 78–91. doi:10.1080/14461242.2015.1101703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupasingha, A., and S. J. Goetz. 2008. US County-Level Social Capital Data, 1990–2005. University Park: Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development, Penn State University.
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R., and C. Graif. 2009. “Neighborhood Social Capital as Differential Social Organization: Resident and Leadership Dimensions.” American Behavioral Scientist 52 (11): 1579–1605. doi:10.1177/0002764209331527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., and J. L. Lauritsen. 1994. “Violent Victimization and Offending: Individual-, Situational-, and Community-Level Risk Factors.” In Understanding and Preventing Violence: Social Influences, edited by A. J. Reiss and J. A. Roth, 1–114. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J. 2006. “Collective Efficacy Theory: Lessons Learned and Directions for Future Inquiry.” In Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory, edited by W. Cullen and E. Blevins, 146–168. NJ: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., and W. B. Groves. 1989. “Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 94: 774–802. doi:10.1086/229068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarteschi, C. M. 2016. “Severe Mental Illness, Somatic Delusions, and Attempted Mass Murder.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 61: 284–287. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, C., and H. D. McKay. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sherretts, N., D. Bodusek, A. Debowska, and D. Willmott. 2017. “Comparison of Murderers with Recidivists and First Time Incarcerated Offenders from U.S. Prisons on Psychopathy and Identity as a Criminal: An Exploratory Analysis.” Journal of Criminal Justice 51: 89–92. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, L. 2013. Social Capital and Health.”In Medical Sociology on the Move, 233–257. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Thoits, P. A., and L. N. Hewitt. 2001. “Volunteer Work and Well-Being.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42: 115–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2010. Census of the Population. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, K. 1984. “Economic Sources of Homicide: Reestimating the Effects of Poverty and Inequality.” American Sociological Review 49: 283–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willmott, P. 1987. Friendship Networks and Social Support. Policy Studies Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Wirth, L. 1938. “Urbanism as a Way of Life.” American Journal of Sociology 44: 1–24. doi:10.1086/217913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfgang, M. E., and F. Ferracuti. 1967. The Subculture of Violence. London: Tavistock.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, K. A., T. C. Pratt, and D. Matt. 2008. “Examining Offending Specialization in a Sample of Male Multiple Homicide Offenders.” Homicide Studies 12: 381–398. doi:10.1177/1088767908323930.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, M., and C. L. Bankston. 1996. “Social Capital and the Adaptation of the Second Generation: The Case of Vietnamese Youth in New Orleans.” In The New Second Generation, edited by A. Portes, 197–220. New York,NY: Russell Sage.
   Google Scholar