399
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Gender and incarceration as coercive mobility: a theoretical model of effects on women’s forms of capital and informal social control

Pages 245-261 | Received 18 Jan 2019, Accepted 04 Aug 2019, Published online: 12 Aug 2019

References

  • Aaron, L., and D. H. Dallaire. 2010. “Parental Incarceration and Multiple Risk Experiences: Effects on Family Dynamics and Children’s Delinquency.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39 (12): 1471–1484. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9458-0.
  • Alexander, M. 2010. The New Jim Crow: How the War on Drugs Gave Birth to a Permanent American Undercast. New York, NY: New Press.
  • American Association of University Women. 2014. The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap. Washington, DC: AAUW.
  • Andersen, S. H., and C. Wildeman. 2014. “The Effect of Paternal Incarceration on Children’s Risk of Foster Care Placement.” Social Forces 931: 269–298. doi:10.1093/sf/sou027.
  • Apel, R. 2016. “The Effects of Jail and Prison Confinement on Cohabitation and Marriage.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 6651: 103–126. doi:10.1177/0002716216629360.
  • Arditti, J. A. 2012. Parental Incarceration and the Family: Psychological and Social Effects of Imprisonment on Children, Parents, and Caregivers. New York, NY: NYU Press.
  • Arditti, J. A. 2016. “A Family Stress-proximal Process Model for Understanding the Effects of Parental Incarceration on Children and their Families.” Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice 5: 65–88. doi:10.1037/cfp0000058.
  • Bacak, V., and E. H. Kennedy. 2015. “Marginal Structural Models: An Application to Incarceration and Marriage during Young Adulthood.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 771: 112–125. doi:10.1111/jomf.12159.
  • Bates, R. E., S. Lawrence-Wills, and C. F. Hairston. 2003. Children and Families of Incarcerated Parents: A View from the Ground. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois at Chicago Jane Addams Center for Social Policy and Research.
  • Braman, D. 2003. “Families and Incarceration.” In Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, edited by M. Mauer and M. Chesney-Lind, 117–135. New York, NY: Norton.
  • Braman, D. 2004. Doing Time on the Outside: Incarceration and Family Life in Urban America. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
  • Bruns, A. 2019. “The Third Shift: Multiple Job Holding and the Incarceration of Women’s Partners.” Social Science Research 80: 202–215. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.024.
  • Bursik, R. J., Jr. 1988. “Social Disorganization and Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Problems and Prospects.” Criminology 264: 519–552. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00854.x.
  • Bursik, R. J., Jr., and H. G. Grasmick. 1993. Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimensions of Effective Community Control. New York, NY: Lexington Books.
  • Cadora, E., and C. Swartz. 2006. Justice Mapping Center Project Gallery. Brooklyn, NY: Justice Mapping Center.
  • Campbell, K. E., and B. A. Lee. 1992. “Gender Differences in Urban Neighboring.” Sociological Quarterly 314: 495–512.
  • Carlson, M., S. McLanahan, and P. England. 2001. Union Formation and Stability in Fragile Families. Washington, DC: Presentation given at the Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America.
  • Carson, E. A. 2018. Prisoners in 2016. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • Chamberlain, A. 2018. “From Prison to the Community: Assessing the Direct, Reciprocal, and Indirect Effects of Parolees on Neighborhood Structure and Crime.” Crime and Delinquency 642: 166–200. doi:10.1177/0011128716678194.
  • Christian, J. 2005. “Riding the Bus: Barriers to Prison Visitation and Family Management Strategies.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 211: 31–48. doi:10.1177/1043986204271618.
  • Christian, J., D. J. Martinez, and D. Martinez. 2015. “Beyond the Shadows of the Prison: Agency and Resilience among Prisoners’ Family Members.” In And Justice for All: Families & the Criminal Justice System, edited by J. A. Arditti and T. le Roux, 59–84. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library.
  • Christian, J., and L. W. Kennedy. 2011. “Secondary Narratives in the Aftermath of Crime: Family Members’ Relationships with Prisoners.” Punishment and Society 13: 379–402. doi:10.1177/1462474511414781.
  • Clear, T. R. 2007. Imprisoning Communities. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Clear, T. R., D. R. Rose, E. Waring, and K. Scully. 2003. “Coercive Mobility and Crime: A Preliminary Examination of Concentrated Incarceration and Social Disorganization.” Justice Quarterly 201: 33–64. doi:10.1080/07418820300095451.
  • Clear, T. R., D. R. Rose, and J. A. Ryder. 2001. “Incarceration and the Community: The Problem of Removing and Returning Offenders.” Crime and Delinquency 473: 335–351. doi:10.1177/0011128701047003003.
  • Clear, T. R., and N. A. Frost. 2014. The Punishment Imperative: the Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America. New York, NY: NYU Press.
  • Clear, T. R., N. A. Frost, M. Carr, G. Dhondt, A. Braga, and G. A. R. Warfield. 2014. Predicting Crime through Incarceration: the Impact of Rates of Prison Cycling on Rates of Crime in Communities. Washington, DC: Department of Justice.
  • Cohen, L. E., and M. Felson. 1979. “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach.” American Sociological Review 44 (4): 588–608. doi:10.2307/2094589.
  • Coleman, J. S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Comfort, M. 2008. Doing Time Together: Love and Family in the Shadow of the Prison. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Decker, S. H. 1996. Life in the Gang: Family, Friends and Violence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • deVuono-Powell, S., C. Schweidler, A. Walters, and A. Zohrabi. 2015. Who Pays? The True Cost of Incarceration on Families. Oakland, CA: Ella Baker Center, Forward Together, Research Action Design.
  • Dhondt, G. 2012. “The Bluntness of Incarceration: Crime and Punishment in Tallahassee Neighborhoods 1995 to 2002.” Crime, Law and Social Change 575: 521–538. doi:10.1007/s10611-012-9376-z.
  • Edin, K. 2000. “What Do Low-income Single Mothers Say about Marriage?” Social Problems 471: 112–133. doi:10.2307/3097154.
  • Edin, K., and M. Kefalas. 2005. Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood before Marriage. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Ehrenreich, B. 2010. Nickel and Dimed: On Not Getting by in America. New York, NY: Macmillan.
  • Geller, A., C. E. Cooper, I. Garfinkel, O. Schwartz-Soicher, and R. B. Mincy. 2012. “Beyond Absenteeism: Father Incarceration and Child Development.” Demography 491: 49–76. doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0081-9.
  • Geller, A., I. Garfinkel, and B. Western. 2011. “Paternal Incarceration and Support for Children in Fragile Families.” Demography 481: 25–47. doi:10.1007/s13524-010-0009-9.
  • Glaze, L. E., and L. M. Maruschak. 2010. Parents in Prison and their Minor Children. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • Granja, R. 2016. “Beyond Prison Walls: The Experiences of Prisoners’ Relatives and Meanings Associated with Imprisonment.” Probation Journal 63 (3): 273–292. doi:10.1177/0264550516648394.
  • Greguletz, E., M.-R. Diehl, and K. Kreutzer. 2019. “Why Women Build Less Effective Networks than Men: The Role of Structural Exclusion and Personal Hesitation.” Human Relations 72 (7): 1234–1261. doi:10.1177/0018726718804303.
  • Hagan, J., and R. Dinovitzer. 1999. “Collateral Consequences of Imprisonment for Children, Communities, and Prisoners.” In Prisons, edited by M. Tonry and J. Petersilia, 121–162. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hamer, J. F. 2001. What It Means to Be a Daddy: Fatherhood among Black Men Living Away from Their Children. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Haney, C. 2003. “The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-prison Adjustment.” In Prisoners Once Removed: The Impact of Incarceration and Reentry on Children, Families, and Communities, edited by J. Travis and M. Waul, 33–66. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
  • Harris, A. 2016. A Pound of Flesh: Monetary Sanctions as Punishment for the Poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Haskins, A. R. 2014. “Unintended Consequences: Effects of Paternal Incarceration on School Readiness and Later Special Education Placement.” Sociological Science 1: 141–158. doi:10.15195/v1.a11.
  • Hipp, J. R., and D. K. Yates. 2009. “Do Returning Parolees affect Neighborhood Crime: A Case Study of Sacramento.” Criminology 47: 619–656. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00166.x.
  • Huang, C.C. 2006. “Child Support Enforcement and Father Involvement for Children in Never Married Mother Families.” Fathering 4: 97–111. doi:10.3149/fth.0401.97.
  • Huebner, B. M. 2005. “The Effect of Incarceration on Marriage and Work over the Life Course.” Justice Quarterly 223: 281–303. doi:10.1080/07418820500089141.
  • Huebner, B. M. 2007. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Likelihood of Marriage: The Effect of Incarceration.” Justice Quarterly 241: 156–183. doi:10.1080/07418820701201073.
  • Johnson, R. C. 2008. “Ever-increasing Levels of Parental Incarceration and the Consequences for Children.” In Do Prisons Make Us Safer? The Costs of the Prison Boom, edited by S. Raphael and M. Stoll, 177–206. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • King, V., K. M. Harris, and H. E. Heard. 2004. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Non-resident Father Involvement.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66: 1–21.
  • Lerman, A. E. 2013. The Modern Prison Paradox: Politics, Punishment, and Social Community. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lopoo, L. M., and B. Western. 2005. “Incarceration and the Formation and Stability of Marital Unions.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 673: 721–734. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00165.x.
  • Lynch, J. P., and W. J. Sabol. 2004b. “Effects of Incarceration on Informal Social Control in Communities.” In Imprisoning America, edited by M. Pattillo, D. F. Weiman, and B. Western, 135–164. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Lynch, J. P., and W. J. Sabol. 1992. Macro-social Changes and their Implications for Prison Reform: The Underclass and the Composition of U.S. Prison Populations. New Orleans, LA: Paper presented to the American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting.
  • Lynch, J. P., and W. J. Sabol. 1997. Did Getting Tough on Crime Pay? Washington, DC: Urban Institute Program on Law and Behavior State Policy Center.
  • Lynch, J. P., and W. J. Sabol. 2001. Prisoner Reentry in Perspective. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
  • Lynch, J. P., and W. J. Sabol. 2004a. “Assessing the Effects of Mass Incarceration on Informal Social Control in Communities.” Criminology and Public Policy 32: 267–294. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2004.tb00042.x.
  • Lynch, J. P., W. J. Sabol, M. Planty, and M. Shelley. 2002. Crime, Coercion, and Community: The Effects of Arrest and Incarceration on Policies on Informal Social Control. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center Report to the National Institute of Justice.
  • MacCoun, R., and P. Reuter. 1992. “Are the Wages of Sin $30 an Hour? Economic Aspects of Street-level Drug Dealing.” Crime and Delinquency 38: 477–491. doi:10.1177/0011128792038004005.
  • Maciejewski, P. K., H. G. Prigerson, and C. M. Mazure. 2001. “Sex Differences in Event-related Risk for Major Depression.” Psychological Medicine 314: 593–604. doi:10.1017/S0033291701003877.
  • Martin, A., E. M. Wright, and B. Steiner. 2016. “Formal Controls, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Violent Crime in U.S. Cities: Examining Unintended Consequences.” Journal of Criminal Justice 44: 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.12.005.
  • Maruna, S., and K. Roy. 2007. “Amputation or Reconstruction? Notes on the Concept of “Knifing Off” and Desistance from Crime.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 23: 104–124. doi:10.1177/1043986206298951.
  • Massoglia, M., B. Remster, and R. D. King. 2011. “Stigma or Separation? Understanding the Incarceration-divorce Relationship.” Social Forces 901: 133–155. doi:10.1093/sf/90.1.133.
  • McLanahan, S., and G. Sandefur. 1994. Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • McLanahan, S., I. Garfinkel, N. E. Reichman, J. Teitler, M. Carlson, and C. N. Audigier. 2003. The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study: Baseline National Report. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Center for Research on Child Wellbeing.
  • Meadows, S. O., S. S. McLanahan, and J. Brooks-Gunn. 2008. “Stability and Change in Family Structure and Maternal Health Trajectories.” American Sociological Review 73: 314–334. doi:10.1177/000312240807300207.
  • Mears, D. P., J. C. Cochran, S. E. Siennick, and W. D. Bales. 2012. “Prison Visitation and Recidivism.” Justice Quarterly 29 (6): 888–918. doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.583932.
  • Miller-Cribbs, J. E., and N. B. Farber. 2008. “Kin Networks and Poverty among African Americans: Past and Present.” Social Work 531: 43–51. doi:10.1093/sw/53.1.43.
  • Moore, J. 1996. “Bearing the Burden: How Incarceration Policies Weaken Inner-city Communities.” In The Unintended Consequences of Incarceration, edited by Vera Institute of Justice, 67–90. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice.
  • Murray, J. 2005. “The Effects of Imprisonment on Families and Children of Prisoners.” In The Effects of Imprisonment, edited by A. Liebling and S. Maruna, 442–464. London, England: Routledge.
  • Murray, J., D. P. Farrington, and I. Sekol. 2012. “Children’s Antisocial Behavior, Mental Health, Drug Use, and Educational Performance after Parental Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 1382: 175–210. doi:10.1037/a0026407.
  • Nightingale, D. S., and H. Watts. 1996. “Adding It Up: the Economic Impact of Incarceration on Individuals, Families, and Communities.” In The Unintended Consequences of Incarceration, edited by Vera Institute of Justice, 91–2104. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice.
  • Nurse, A. 2002. Fatherhood Arrested: Parenting from within the Juvenile Justice System. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
  • Parcel, T. L., and E. G. Menaghan. 1993. “Family Social Capital and Children’s Behavior Problems.” Social Psychology Quarterly 562: 120–135. doi:10.2307/2787001.
  • Park, R. E., and E. W. Burgess. 1925. The City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Pattillo, M. E., D. Weiman, and B. Western. 2006. Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Petersilia, J. 2002. When Prisoners Come Home. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Pettit, B., and B. Western. 2004. “Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration.” American Sociological Review 692: 151–169. doi:10.1177/000312240406900201.
  • Presser, H. B. 2003. “Race-ethnic and Gender Differences in Nonstandard Work Shifts.” Work and Occupations 30 (4): 412–439. doi:10.1177/0730888403256055.
  • Reid, L. L. 2002. “Occupational Segregation, Human Capital, and Motherhood: Black Women’s Higher Exit Rates from Full-time Employment.” Gender and Society 16 (5): 728–747.
  • Renauer, B. C., W. S. Cunningham, B. Feyerherm, T. O’Connor, and P. Bellatty. 2006. “Tipping the Scales of Justice: The Effect of Over-incarceration on Neighborhood Violence.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 173: 362–379. doi:10.1177/0887403406286488.
  • Rengifo, A. F., and S. E. DeWitt. 2019. “Incarceration and Personal Networks: Unpacking Measures and Meanings of Tie Strength.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 35 (2): 393–431. doi:10.1007/s10940-018-9391-z.
  • Reskin, B. F. 1999. “Occupational Segregation by Race and Ethnicity among Women Workers.” In Latinas and African American Women at Work: Race, Gender, and Economic Inequality, edited by I. Browne, 183–206. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Robertson, K., and T. Murachver. 2007. “Correlates of Partner Violence for Incarcerated Women and Men.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 225: 639–655. doi:10.1177/0886260506298835.
  • Rose, D. R., and T. R. Clear. 1998. “Incarceration, Social Capital, and Crime: Implications for Social Disorganization Theory.” Criminology 363: 441–480. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01255.x.
  • Rountree, P. W., and B. Warner. 1999. “Social Ties and Crime: Is the Relationship Gendered?” Criminology 374: 789–813. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00505.x.
  • Sampson, R. J., J. D. Morenoff, and F. Earls. 1999. “Beyond Social Capital: Spatial Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children.” American Sociological Review 645: 633–660. doi:10.2307/2657367.
  • Sampson, R. J., and J. H. Laub. 1990. “Crime and Deviance over the Life Course: The Salience of Adult Social Bonds.” American Sociological Review 555: 609–627. doi:10.2307/2095859.
  • Sampson, R. J., and W. B. Groves. 1989. “Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social Disorganization Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 944: 774–802. doi:10.1086/229068.
  • Schwartz-Soicher, O., A. Geller, and I. Garfinkel. 2011. “The Effect of Paternal Incarceration on Material Hardship.” Social Service Review 85 (3): 447–473. doi:10.1086/661925.
  • Scott, D., and H. Codd. 2010. Controversial Issues in Prisons. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Shaw, C. R., and H. D. McKay. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: A Study of Rates of Delinquents in Relation to Differential Characteristics of Local Communities in American Cities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Showalter, D., and M. Hunsinger. 2007. “Social Work in a Maximum Security Setting.” In Social Work in Juvenile and Criminal Justice Settings, edited by A. R. Roberts and D. W. Springer, 366–375. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.
  • Susan, H. 2000. “Networking.” Professional Geographer 52 (4): 751–758.
  • Tach, L., and K. Edin. 2011. “The Relationship Contexts of Young Disadvantaged Men.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 6351: 76–94. doi:10.1177/0002716210393680.
  • Tach, L., R. Mincy, and K. Edin. 2010. “Parenting as a “Package Deal”: Relationships, Fertility, and Nonresident Father Involvement among Unmarried Parents.” Demography 471: 181–204. doi:10.1353/dem.0.0096.
  • Thomas, W. I., and F. Znaniecki. 1920. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America: Organization and Disorganization in America. Boston, MA: Badger.
  • Touraut, C. 2012. La Famille a` l’ E´preuve de la Prison. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France.
  • Travis, J., and C. Visher. 2005. Prisoner Reentry and Crime in America. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Travis, J., E. C. McBride, and A. L. Solomon. 2005. Families Left Behind: The Hidden Costs of Incarceration and Reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
  • Turney, K. 2014. “The Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Maternal Neglect and Harsh Parenting.” Social Forces 92: 1607–1636. doi:10.1093/sf/sot160.
  • Turney, K., and A. R. Haskins. 2014. “Falling Behind? Children’s Early Grade Retention after Paternal Incarceration.” Sociology of Education 874: 241–258. doi:10.1177/0038040714547086.
  • Turney, K., J. Schnittker, and C. Wildeman. 2012. “Those They Leave Behind: Paternal Incarceration and Maternal Instrumental Support.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 745: 1149–1165. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00998.x.
  • Van Voorhis, P., E. M. Wright, E. Salisbury, and A. Bauman. 2010. “Women’s Risk Factors and their Contributions to Existing Risk/Needs Assessment: The Current Status of a Gender Responsive Supplement.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 373: 261–288. doi:10.1177/0093854809357442.
  • Venkatesh, S. A. 1997. “The Social Organization of Street Gang Activity in an Urban Ghetto.” American Journal of Sociology 103: 82–111. doi:10.1086/231172.
  • Wakefield, S., and C. Wildeman. 2011. “Mass Imprisonment and Racial Disparities in Childhood Behavioral Problems.” Criminology and Public Policy 103: 791–817. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00741.x.
  • Wakefield, S., and C. Wildeman. 2014. Children of the Prison Boom. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Waller, M. R. 2002. My Baby’s Father: Unmarried Parents and Paternal Responsibility. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Waller, M. R., and R. Swisher. 2006. “Fathers' Risk Factors in Fragile Families: Implications for “Healthy” Relationships and Father Involvement.” Social Problems 533: 392–420. doi:10.1525/sp.2006.53.3.392.
  • Waring, E., T. R. Clear, and K. L. Scully. 2005. Coercive Mobility in an Eight-year Tallahassee Sample: A Follow-up of the Original Tallahassee Coercive Mobility Study. New York, NY: Paper presented to Open Society Institute.
  • Western, B., L. Lopoo, and S. McLanahan. 2004. “Incarceration and the Bonds between Parents in Fragile Families.” In Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration, edited by M. Pattillo, D. Weiman, and B. Western, 21–45. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Western, B., and S. McLanahan. 2006. “Fathers Behind Bars: The Impact of Incarceration on Family Formation.” In Families, Crime, and Criminal Justice, edited by G. L. Fox and M. L. Benson, 309–324. Stamford, CN: JAI Press.
  • Western, B. 2007. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Western, B., and K. Beckett. 1999. “How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution.” American Journal of Sociology 1044: 1030–1060. doi:10.1086/210135.
  • Wildeman, C. 2009. “Parental Imprisonment, the Prison Boom, and the Concentration of Childhood Disadvantage.” Demography 462: 265–280. doi:10.1353/dem.0.0052.
  • Wildeman, C., and B. Western. 2010. “Incarceration in Fragile Families.” The Future of Children 202: 157–177. doi:10.1353/foc.2010.0006.
  • Wildeman, C., J. Schnittker, and K. Turney. 2012. “Despair by Association? The Mental Health of Mothers with Children by Recently Incarcerated Fathers.” American Sociological Review 772: 216–243. doi:10.1177/0003122411436234.
  • Wildeman, C., and K. Turney. 2014. “Positive, Negative, or Null? The Effects of Maternal Incarceration on Children’s Behavioral Problems.” Demography 51: 1041–1068. doi:10.1007/s13524-014-0291-z.
  • Wildeman, C., K. Turney, and Y. Youngmin. 2016. “Paternal Incarceration and Family Functioning: Variation across Federal, State, and Local Facilities.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 6651: 80–97. doi:10.1177/0002716215625042.
  • Wilson, W. J. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Young, A. A., Jr. 2003. The Minds of Marginalized Black Men: Making Sense of Mobility, Opportunity, and Future Life Chances. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.