References
- Ali, R. 2011. Dear Colleague Letter. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights. April 4.
- Allison, P. D. 1999. “Comparing Logit and Probit Coefficients across Groups.” Sociological Methods & Research 28 (2): 186–208. doi:10.1177/0049124199028002003.
- Baranauskas, A. J., and K. M. Drakulich. 2018. “Media Construction of Crime Revisited: Media Types, Consumer Contexts, and Frames of Crime and Justice.” Criminology 56 (4): 679–714. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12189.
- Bowden, J. 2017. “Trump Education Official: Parties Usually ‘Both Drunk’ in Campus Sexual Assault Cases.” The Hill, July 12. https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/341734-trump-education-official-parties-usually-both-drunk-in-campus-sexual
- Breen, R., and K. B. Karlson. 2013. “Counterfactual Causal Analysis and Nonlinear Probability Models.” In Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research, edited by S. L. Morgan, 167–187. New York: Springer.
- Buffkin, T., N. Cantalupo, M. Cool, and A. Orlando. 2018. “Widely Welcomed and Supported by the Public: Report on the Title IX-related Comments in the U.S. Department of Education’s Executive Order 13777 Comment Call.” California Law Review Online 9 (1): 71–102. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/callro9&i=71
- Burstein, P. 2010. “Public Opinion, Public Policy, and Democracy.” In Handbook of Politics, edited by K. T. Leicht and J. C. Jenkins, 63–79. New York: Springer.
- Butler, L. C., H. Lee, and B. S. Fisher. 2019. “Less Safe in the Ivory Tower: Campus Sexual Assault Policy in the Trump Administration.” Victims & Offenders 14 (8): 979–996. doi:10.1080/15564886.2019.1671289.
- Butler, L. C., H. Ningard, B. Pugh, and T. Vander Ven. 2017. “Creepers, Druggers, and Predator Ambiguity: The Interactional Construction of Campus Victimization and the University Sex Predator.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 42 (4): 790–806. doi:10.1007/s12103-016-9383-1.
- Cantor, D., B. Fisher, S. Chibnall, R. Townsend, H. Lee, C. Bruce, and G. Thomas. 2015. “Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct.” Washington, D.C.: Association of American Universities.
- Cantor, D., B. Fisher, S. Chinball, S. Harps, R. Townsend, G. Thomas, H. Lee, V. Kranz, R. Herbison, and K. Madden. 2019. “Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct: Revised.” Washington, D.C: Association of American Universities.
- Chicago Tribune. 2017. “#metoo: A Timeline of Events.” February 4. https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-me-too-timeline-20171208-htmlstory.html
- Ciemnecki, D. 2018. “WGBH News Poll: Majority of Americans Unhappy with How Colleges Handle Sex Assault.” GBH, September 16. https://www.wgbh.org/news/education/2018/09/16/wgbh-news-poll-majority-of-americans-unhappy-with-how-colleges-handle-sex-assault
- Clarida, M. Q. 2014. “Law School Profs Condemn New Sexual Harassment Policy.” The Harvard Crimson. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2014/10/15/law-profs-criticize-new-policy
- Daigle, L. E., K. Hancock, T. C. Chafin, and A. Azimi. 2021. “U.S. And Canadian College Students’ Fear of Crime: A Comparative Investigation of Fear of Crime and Its Correlates.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 088626052110014. doi:10.1177/08862605211001477.
- Dauber, M. L., and M. O. Warner. 2019. “Legal and Political Responses to Campus Sexual Assault.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 15 (1): 311–333. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-031308.
- Davis, W. N. 2017. “Campus Sex Assault Investigations Have Become Polarized and Political.” American Bar Association. https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/campus_sex_assault_investigations
- Dowling, S. C. 2021. “(Un) Due Process: Adversarial Cross-examination in Title IX Adjudications.” Maine Law Review 73 (1): 123–168. https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol73/iss1/5
- Eisenberg, M. E., K. Lust, M. A. Mathiason, and C. M. Porta. 2017. “Sexual Assault, Sexual Orientation, and Reporting among College Students.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36 (1–2): 62–82. doi:10.1177/0886260517726414.
- Fortunato, D., and R. Stevenson. 2019. “Heuristics in Context.” Political Science Research and Methods 7 (2): 311–330. doi:10.1017/psrm.2016.37.
- Gabbidon, S. L., and H. T. Greene. 2018. Race and Crime. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Gersen, J. S. 2019. “Assessing Betsy DeVos’s Proposed Rules on Title IX and Sexual Assault.” The New Yorker, February 1. https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/assessing-betsy-devos-proposed-rules-on-title-ix-and-sexual-assault
- Gertsmann, E. 2020. “New Title IX Regulations Will Allow Cross-examination of Accusers in Campus Sexual Assault Cases.” Forbes, May 6. https://www.forbes.com/sites/evangerstmann/2020/05/06/new-title-ix-regulations-will-allow-cross-examination-of-accusers-in-campus-sexual-assault-cases/?sh=1899150561f0
- Henrick, S. 2013. “A Hostile Environment for Student Defendants: Title IX and Sexual Assault on College Campuses.” Northern Kentucky Law Review 40 (1): 49–92. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2126340
- Hirsch, J. S., and S. Khan. 2020. Sexual Citizens: A Landmark Study of Sex, Power, and Assault on Campus. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Holland, K. J., N. Bedera, and A. R. Webermann. 2020. “The Selective Shield of Due Process: Analysis of the U.S. Department of Education’s 2020 Title IX Regulations on Live Cross‐examination.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 20 (1): 584–612. doi:10.1111/asap.12216.
- Holland, K. J., V. C. Rabelo, and L. Cortina. 2016. “See Something, Do Something: Predicting Sexual Assault Bystander Intentions in the U.S. Military.” American Journal of Community Psychology 58 (1–2): 3–15. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12077.
- Javorka, M., and R. Campbell. 2021. ““This Isn’t Just a Police Issue”: Tensions between Criminal Justice and University Responses to Sexual Assault among College Students.” American Journal of Community Psychology 67 (1–2): 152–165. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12448.
- Jurkowitz, M., and A. Mitchell. 2020. Cable TV and COVID-19: How Americans Perceive the Outbreak and View Media Coverage Differ by Main News Source. Washington, D.C: Pew Research Center.
- Kahneman, D. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Macmillan.
- Karjane, H., B. S. Fisher, and T. Cullen. 2002. Campus Sexual Assault: How America’s Institutions of Higher Education Respond. Newton, MA: Education Development Center.
- Kaukinen, C., R. A. Powers, and M. H. Miller. 2017. “Violence against College Women.” In Addressing Violence against Women on College Campuses, edited by C. Kaukinen, R. A. Powers, and M. H. Miller, 1–13. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
- King, L. L., and J. J. Roberts. 2017. “The Complexity of Public Attitudes toward Sex Crimes.” Victims & Offenders 12 (1): 71–89. doi:10.1080/15564886.2015.1005266.
- Kreighbaum, A. 2019. “States Wade into Title IX Debate.” Inside Higher Ed, June 19. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/06/19/texas-legislation-contrasts-devos-take-campus-sexual-misconduct
- Landerman, L. R., S. A. Mustillo, and K. C. Land. 2011. “Modeling Repeated Measures of Dichotomous Data: Testing whether the Within-person Trajectory of Change Varies across Levels of Between-person Factors.” Social Science Research 40 (5): 1456–1464. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.05.006.
- Lhamon, K. 2014. Questions and Answers on Title IX and Sexual Violence. U.S. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights. April 29.
- Long, J. S., and S. A. Mustillo. 2021. “Using Predictions and Marginal Effects to Compare Groups in Regression Models for Binary Outcomes.” Sociological Methods & Research 50 (3): 1284–1320. doi:10.1177/0049124118799374.
- Mancini, C., and K. M. Budd. 2020. “Americans’ Views of Efficacy toward Campus Sexual Assault Reform.” Journal of School Violence 19 (3): 265–276. doi:10.1080/15388220.2019.1660884.
- Mancini, C., J. T. Pickett, C. Call, R. D. McDougle, S. J. Brubaker, and H. H. Brownstein. 2019. “Sexual Assault in the Ivory Tower: Public Opinion on University Accountability and Mandatory Reporting.” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 31 (3): 344–365. doi:10.1177/1079063217706707.
- Mancini, C., J. T. Pickett, C. Call, and S. P. Roche. 2016. “Mandatory Reporting (MR) in Higher Education: College Students’ Perceptions of Laws Designed to Reduce Campus Sexual Assault.” Criminal Justice Review 41 (2): 219–235. doi:10.1177/0734016816634787.
- Mondak, J. J. 1993. “Public Opinion and Heuristic Processing of Source Cues.” Political Behavior 15 (2): 167–192. doi:10.1007/BF00993852.
- Mood, C. 2010. “Logistic Regression: Why We Cannot Do What We Think We Can Do, and What We Can Do about It.” European Sociological Review 26 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1093/esr/jcp006.
- Moylan, C. A., and M. Javorka. 2020. “Widening the Lens: An Ecological Review of Campus Sexual Assault.” Trauma, Violence & Abuse 21 (1): 179–192. doi:10.1177/1524838018756121.
- Murakami, K. 2021. “Rethinking Title IX.” Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/03/09/president-biden-tells-education-department-examine-title-ix-rules
- Mustillo, S. A., O. A. Lizardo, and R. M. McVeigh. 2018. “Editors’ Comment: A Few Guidelines for Quantitative Submissions.” American Sociological Review 83 (6): 1281–1283. doi:10.1177/0003122418806282.
- Newins, A. R., and S. W. White. 2018. “Title IX Sexual Violence Reporting Requirements: Knowledge and Opinions of Responsible Employees and Students.” Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 10 (2): 74–82. doi:10.1108/JACPR-04-2017-0282.
- Pauly, M. 2019. “There’s a Quiet #metoo Movement Unfolding in the Government’s Comments Section.” Mother Jones, January 15. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/01/betsy-devos-title-ix-sexual-assault-harassment-metoo
- Pepinsky, T. B. 2018. “A Note on Listwise Deletion versus Multiple Imputation.” Political Analysis 26 (4): 480–488. doi:10.1017/pan.2018.18.
- Perry, L. 2021. “From Brock Turner to Brian Banks: Protecting Victims and Preserving Due Process in the New Area of Title IX.” DePaul Journal for Social Justice 14 (2): 2–51. https://via.library.depaul.edu/jsj/vol14/iss2/2
- Petrocik, J. R. (2009). “Measuring party support: Leaners are not independents”. Electoral Studies, 28 (4): 562–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2009.05.022
- Richards, T. N. 2019a. “An Updated Review of Institutions of Higher Education’s Responses to Sexual Assault: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34 (10): 1983–2012. doi:10.1177/0886260516658757.
- Richards, T. N. 2019b. “No Evidence of “Weaponized Title IX” Here: An Empirical Assessment of Sexual Misconduct Reporting, Case Processing, and Outcomes.” Law and Human Behavior 43 (2): 180–192. doi:10.1037/lhb0000316.
- Sabina, C., N. Verdiglione, and E. Zadnik. 2017. “Campus Responses to Dating Violence and Sexual Assault: Information from University Representatives.” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 26 (1): 88–102. doi:10.1080/10926771.2016.1225143.
- Shultz, S. 2021. “New IX: What the DOE’s Abandonment of Trump Administration Title IX Grievance Policies Means for Universities.” University of Cincinnati Law Review, September 10. https://uclawreview.org/2021/09/10/new-ix-what-the-does-abandonment-of-trump-administration-title-ix-grievance-policies-means-for-universities%EF%BF%BC
- Sinozich, S., and L. Langton. 2014. Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization among College-age Females, 1995-2013. Washington, D.C: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
- Sokolow, B. (2020, January 15). OCR is about to rock our worlds. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/01/15/how-respond-new-federal-title-ix-regulations-being-published-soon-opinion
- Streng, T. K., and A. Kamimura. 2017. “Perceptions of University Policies to Prevent Sexual Assault on Campus among College Students in the U.S.A.” Sexuality Research and Social Policy 14 (2): 133–142. doi:10.1007/s13178-016-0245-x.
- The White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault. 2014. Not Alone: The First Report of the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault. https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/report_0.pdf
- U.S. Census Bureau. 2020. Current Population Survey (CPS). https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps.html
- U.S. Department of Education. 2018. “Secretary DeVos: Proposed Title IX rule provides clarity for schools, support for survivors, and due process rights for all.” h ttps://w ww.e d.g ov/news/p ress-r eleases/secretary-devos-proposed-title-ix-rule-provides-clarity-schools-support-survivors-and-due-process-rights-all#:~:text=Consistent%20with%20U.S.%20Supreme%20Court,school%26#x2019;s%20education%20program%20or%20activity
- U.S. Department of Education. 2020. “U.S. Department of Education Launches New Title IX Resources for Students, Institutions as Historic New Rule Takes Effect.” https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-launches-new-title-ix-resources-students-institutions-historic-new-rule-takes-effect
- Wermund, B. 2017. “DeVos Civil Rights Chief Apologizes for Remarks on Sexual Assault.” Politico, July 12. https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/12/candice-jackson-campus-sexual-assault-drunk-240464
- Williams, R. 2009. “Using Heterogeneous Choice Models to Compare Logit and Probit Coefficients across Groups.” Sociological Methods & Research 37 (4): 531–559. doi:10.1177/0049124109335735.
- Williams, L., A. Pattavina, A. C. Cares, and N. D. Stein. 2020. Responding to Sexual Assault on Campus: A National Assessment and Systematic Classification of the Scope and Challenges for Investigation and Adjudication. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Justice.
- Zaccheo, P. 2021. “Assessing the Evolving Impact of Victim Rights Law Center Et Al. V. Cardona on College and University Title IX Procedures.” Higher Education Law Report, October 5. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/assessing-the-evolving-impact-of-victim-4187913