Delinquency, substance use, and risky sexual behaviors among youth who are involved in the justice system and predominantly reside in rural communities: patterns and associated risk factors

References

• Agnew, R. 1992. “Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency.” Criminology 30 (1): 47–88. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, R. 2017. “General Strain Theory: Current Status and Directions for Further Research.” In Taking Stock, 101–123. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Agresti, A. 2010. Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data. Vol. 656. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Allison, P. D. 1999. Multiple Regression: A Primer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., J. Bonta, and R. D. Hoge. 1990. “Classification for Effective Rehabilitation: Rediscovering Psychology.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 17 (1): 19–52. doi:10.1177/0093854890017001004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrilla, C. H. A., D. G. Patterson, L. A. Garberson, C. Coulthard, and E. H. Larson. 2018. “Geographic Variation in the Supply of Selected Behavioral Health Providers.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 54 (6): S199–S207. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atav, S., and G. A. Spencer. 2002. “Health Risk Behaviors among Adolescents Attending Rural, Suburban, and Urban Schools: A Comparative Study.” Family & Community Health 25 (2): 53–64. doi:10.1097/00003727-200207000-00007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, D. E., A. T. Rowe, P. Mpofu, and T. C. B. Zapolski. 2017. “Trends in Typologies of Concurrent Alcohol, Marijuana, and Cigarette Use among US Adolescents: An Ecological Examination by Sex and race/ethnicity.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 179: 71–77. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumer, P. C., M. L. Dennis, and B. Estrada. 2018. In Needs, Services Received, and Outcomes of Adolescents and Young Adults in Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Treatment,(Leukefeld, C.G., & Gullotta, T.P (Eds.,)). Adolescent Substance Abuse, 67–139. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Belenko, S., R. Dembo, D. Weiland, M. Rollie, C. Salvatore, A. Hanlon, and K. Childs. 2008. “Recently Arrested Adolescents are at High Risk for Sexually Transmitted Diseases.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 35: 758–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belenko, S., R. Dembo, M. Rollie, K. Childs, and C. Salvatore. 2009. “Detecting, Preventing, and Treating Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Adolescent Offenders: An Unmet Public Health Need.” American Journal of Public Health 99: 1032–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belenko, S., D. Knight, G. A. Wasserman, M. L. Dennis, T. Wiley, F. S. Taxman, C. Oser, R. Dembo, A. A. Robertson, and J. Sales. 2017. “The Juvenile Justice Behavioral Health Services Cascade: “A New Framework for Measuring Unmet Substance Use Treatment Services Needs among Adolescent Offenders.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 74: 80–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackmon, B. J., S. B. Robison, and J. L. F. Rhodes. 2016. “Examining the Influence of Risk Factors across Rural and Urban Communities.” Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research 7: 615–637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonomo, Y., C. Coffey, R. Wolfe, M. Lynskey, G. Bowes, and G. Patton. 2001. “Adverse Outcomes of Alcohol Use in Adolescents.” Addiction 96 (10): 1485–1496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonta, J., and D. A. Andrews. 2016. The Psychology of Criminal Conduct. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brogan, L., E. Haney-Caron, A. NeMoyer, and D. DeMatteo. 2015. “Applying the risk-needs-responsivity (RNR) Model to Juvenile Justice.” Criminal Justice Review 40 (3): 277–302.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S., and A. 1989. “Life Events of adolescents in Relation to Personal and Parental Substance Use.” American Journal of Psychiatry 146: 484–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, M. P., K. B. Carey, S. A. Maisto, K. E. Schroder, P. A. Vanable, and C. M. Gordon. 2004. “HIV Risk Behavior among Psychiatric Outpatients: Association with Psychiatric Disorder, Substance Use Disorder, and Gender.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 192 (4): 289–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019. “Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data.” Available at: www.cdc.gov/yrbs
   Google Scholar
• Childs, K. K. 2014. “Exploring Gender Differences in Constellations of Problem Behaviors and Associated health-related Factors during Adolescence.” Criminal Justice Studies 27: 20–42.
   Google Scholar
• Childs, K. K., M. Davidson, J. Rosky, and R. H. Potter. 2016. “Exploring the Structure of Adolescent Problem Behaviors and the Association among Adult Outcomes.” Deviant Behavior 37: 95–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H. J., Y. Lu, M. Schulte, and J. R. Temple. 2018. “Adolescent Substance Use: Latent Class and Transition Analysis.” Addictive Behaviors 77: 160–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chorpita, B. F., S. Reise, J. R. Weisz, K. Grubbs, K. D. Becker, and J. L. Krull. 2010. “Evaluation of the Brief Problem Checklist: Child and Caregiver Interviews to Measure Clinical Progress.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 78 (4): 526–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Click, I. A., J. A. Basden, J. M. Bohannon, H. Anderson, and F. Tudiver. 2018. “Opioid Prescribing in Rural Family Practices.” Substance Use & Misuse 53: 533–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly, E. J., R. H. Lewis, and D. L. Boisvert. 2017. “The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Delinquency across Urban and Rural Contexts: Using a Genetically Informed Design to Identify Environmental Risk.” Criminal Justice Review 42 (3): 237–253.
   Google Scholar
• Cottle, C. C., R. J. Lee, and K. Heilbrun. 2001. “The Prediction of Criminal Recidivism in Juveniles: A meta-analysis.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 28 (3): 367–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, A. C., C. M. Waters, and C. Brindis. 2011. “Rural Adolescent Health: The Importance of Prevention Services in the Rural Community.” The Journal of Rural Health 27 (1): 60–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembo, R., J. Schmeidler, J. Wareham, and J. Faber. 2020. “Gender and Urbanity Group Comparisons of the Impact of a Health Risk Factor on Juvenile Recidivism.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 47: 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, M., J. C. Titus, G. Diamond, J. Donaldson, S. H. Godley, F. M. Tims, C. Webb, et al. 2002. “The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Experiment: Rationale, Study Design and Analysis Plans.” Addiction 97: 16–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, M. L., J. C. Titus, M. K. White, J. I. Unsicker, and D. Hodgkins. 2003. Global Appraisal of Individual Needs: Administration Guide for the GAIN and Related Measures. Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Edmond, M. B., L. Aletraris, and P. M. Roman. 2015. “Rural Substance Use Treatment Centers in the United States: An Assessment of Treatment Quality by Location.” The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 41 (5): 449–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkington, K. S., A. Spaulding, S. Gardner, D. Knight, S. Belenko, J. E. Becan, A. A. Robertson, and R. Diclemente. 2020. “A system-level Intervention to Encourage Collaboration between Juvenile Justice and Public Health Agencies to Promote HIV/STI Testing.” AIDS Education and Prevention 32 (4): 337–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallu, J. S., F. N-Brière, and M. Janosz. 2014. “Latent Classes of Substance Use in Adolescent Cannabis Users: Predictors and Subsequent substance-related Harm.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 5: 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell, A. D., D. M. Anchors, S. J. Danish, and C. W. Howard. 1992. “Risk Factors for Drug Use in Rural Adolescents.” Journal of Drug Education 22 (4): 313–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell, A. D., T. N. Sullivan, L. E. Esposito, A. L. Meyer, and R. F. Valois. 2005. “A Latent Growth Curve Analysis of the Structure of Aggression, Drug Use, and Delinquent Behaviors and Their Interrelations over Time in Urban and Rural Adolescents.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 15 (2): 179–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Office of Rural Health Policy. 2021. “Federal Office of Rural Health Policy (FORHP) Data Files.” 2021 from Federal Office of Rural Health Policy (FORHP), Accessed on September 14. Rockville, MD: Health Resources & Services Administration (hrsa.gov).
   Google Scholar
• Fehr, K. K., B. C. Leraas, and M. M. Littles. 2020. “Behavioral Health Needs, Barriers, and Parent Preferences in Rural Pediatric Primary Care.” Journal of Pediatric Psychology 45 (8): 910–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fino, E., R. Jaspal, B. Lopes, L. Wignall, and C. Bloxsom. 2021. “The Sexual Risk Behaviors Scale (SRBS): Development & Validation in a University Student Sample in the UK.” Evaluation & the Health Professions 44 (2): 152–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamm, L., S. Stone, and S. Pittman. 2010. “Mental Health and Mental disorders—A Rural Challenge: A Literature Review.” Rural Healthy People 1 (1): 97–114.
   Google Scholar
• Hardin, H. K., V. L. McCarthy, B. J. Speck, and T. N. Crawford. 2018. “Diminished Trust of Healthcare Providers, Risky Lifestyle Behaviors, and Low Use of Health Services: A Descriptive Study of Rural Adolescents.” The Journal of School Nursing 34 (6): 458–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga, D., and D. S. Elliott. 1986. “Reassessing the Reliability and Validity of self-report Delinquency Measures.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 2 (4): 293–327.
   Google Scholar
• Huizinga, D., and C. Jakob-Chien. 1998. “The Contemporaneous co-occurrence of Serious and Violent Juvenile Offending and Other Problem Behaviors.” In Serious & Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, edited by R. Loeber and D. P. Farrington, 47–67, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, .
   Google Scholar
• Jemmott, J. B., L. S. Jemmott, G. T. Fong, and K. McCaffree. 1999. “Reducing HIV-risk Associated with Sexual Behavior among African American Adolescents: Testing the Generality of Intervention Effects.” American Journal of Community Psychology Special Issues: Adolescent Risk Behavior 27: 161–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, W. G., & J. M. Reingle. 2012. “On the number and shape of developmental/life-course violence, aggression, and delinquency trajectories: A state-of-the-art review.” Journal of Criminal Justice 40 (6): 472–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, E. J., T. Mendenhall, C. Futoransky, and K. Clark. 2021. “Family Medicine Physicians’ Perspectives regarding Rural Behavioral Health Care: Informing Ideas for Increasing Access to High-Quality Services.” The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 48 (4): 554–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaestle, C. E., C. T. Halpern, W. C. Miller, and C. A. Ford. 2005. “Young Age at First Sexual Intercourse and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescents and Young Adults.” American Journal of Epidemiology 161 (8): 774–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, D. K., S. Belenko, T. Wiley, A. A. Robertson, N. Arrigona, M. Dennis, and C. Leukefeld. 2015. “Juvenile Justice—Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS): A Cluster Randomized Trial Targeting system-wide Improvement in Substance Use Services.” Implementation Science 11 (1): 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Krupa, J. M., R. Dembo, J. Schmeidler, J. Wolff, and J. Wareham. 2021. “An Examination of Risk Profiles among Justice-Involved Girls: Do Race and Place Matter?” Deviant Behavior 1–20. online first.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, D., J. A. Gale, and D. Hartley. 2008. “Substance Abuse by Youth and Young Adults in Rural America.” The Journal of Rural Health 24 (3): 221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanza, S. T., and B. L. Rhoades. 2013. “Latent Class Analysis: An Alternative Perspective on Subgroup Analysis in Prevention and Treatment.” Prevention Science 14 (2): 157–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg, L. D., I. Maddow-Zimet, and A. Marcell. 2019. “Prevalence of Sexual Initiation before Age 13 Years among Male Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States.” JAMA Pediatrics 173 (6): 553–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeber, R., M. Stouthamer-Loeber, and H. Raskin White. 1999. “Developmental Aspects of Delinquency and Internalizing Problems and Their Association with Persistent Juvenile Substance Use between Ages 7 and 18.” Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 28 (3): 322–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubke, G., and B. O. Muthén. 2007. “Performance of Factor Mixture Models as a Function of Model Size, Covariate Effects, and class-specific Parameters.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 14 (1): 26–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, K. R., C. G. Leukefeld, M. L. Dennis, C. K. Scott, R. Funk, and J. T. Cooperative. 2019. “Geographic Differences in Substance Use Screening for justice-involved Youth.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 102: 40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance-Katz, E. F. 2019. “The National Survey on Drug Use and Health: 2017.”Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Accessed May 7 https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/nsduh-ppt-09-2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McCuish, E. C. 2017. “Substance Use Profiles among Juvenile Offenders: A Lifestyles Theoretical Perspective.” Journal of Drug Issues 47 (3): 448–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehl, P. E., and L. J. Yonce. 1996. “Taxometric Analysis: II. Detecting Taxonicity Using Covariance of Two Quantitative Indicators in Successive Intervals of a Third Indicator (MAXCOV Procedure).” Psychological Reports 78 (3_suppl): 1091–1227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milhausen, R. R., R. Crosby, W. L. Yarber, R. J. DiClemente, G. M. Wingood, and K. Ding. 2003. “Rural and Nonrural African American High School Students and STD/HIV sexual-risk Behaviors.” American Journal of Health Behavior 27 (4): 373–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modecki, K. L. 2016. “Do Risks Matter? Variable and person-centered Approaches to Adolescents’ Problem Behavior.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 42: 8–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnat, S. M., and K. K. Rigg. 2018. The Opioid Crisis in Rural and small-town America. National Issue Brief #135. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, R. E., Harrison, E. A., Knox, G. W., Tromanhauser, E., Marquis, D. K., & Watts, L. L. (1995). Health risk behavioral survey from 39 juvenile correctional facilities in the United States. Journal of adolescent health, 17(6), 334–34 10.1016/1054-139X(95)00098-D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mun, E. Y., M. Windle, and L. M. Schainker. 2008. “A model-based Cluster Analysis Approach to Adolescent Problem Behaviors and Young Adult Outcomes.” Development and Psychopathology 20 (1): 291–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., and B. O. Muthén. 1998-2017. Mplus User’s Guide. Eighth ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nagin, D. S. 2004. “Response to “Methodological Sensitivities to Latent Class Analysis of long-term Criminal Trajectories”.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20 (1): 27–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University. 2000. No Place to Hide: Substance Abuse in mid-size Cities and Rural America. New York: Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, C. M., K. Jolivette, P. E. Leone, and S. R. Mathur. 2010. “Meeting the Needs of at-risk and Adjudicated Youth with Behavioral Challenges: The Promise of Juvenile Justice.” Behavioral Disorders 36 (1): 70–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyland, K., T. Asparouhov, and B. Muthen. 2007. “Deciding on the Number of Classes in Latent Class Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling.” Structural Equation Modeling 14: 535–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oser, C. B., C. G. Leukefeld, M. Staton Tindall, T. F. Garrity, R. G. Carlson, R. Falck, and B. M. Booth. 2011. “Rural Drug Users: Factors Associated with Substance Abuse Treatment Utilization.” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 55 (4): 567–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oser, C. B., and K. L. Harp. 2015. “Treatment Outcomes for Prescription Drug Misusers: The Negative Effect of Geographic Discordance.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 48 (1): 77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechorro, P., R. Lima, M. R. Simões, and M. DeLisi. 2019. “Validity and Reliability of the Self-Report Delinquency among a Sample of at-risk Youths.” The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 30 (1): 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin, C., and L. Graham. 2001. “The Association between Substance Use, Unplanned Sexual Intercourse and Other Sexual Behaviors among Adolescent Students.” Addiction 96 (4): 607–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pringle, J. L., Emptage, N. P., & Hubbard, R. L. (2006). Unmet needs for comprehensive services in outpatient addiction treatment. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 30(3), 183–189. 10.1016/j.jsat.2005.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullen, E., and C. Oser. 2014. “Barriers to Substance Abuse Treatment in Rural and Urban Communities: Counselor Perspectives.” Substance Use & Misuse 49 (7): 891–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert, C. A., E. P. Mulvey, and C. Glasheen. 2011. “Influence of Mental Health and Substance Use Problems and Criminogenic Risk on Outcomes in Serious Juvenile Offenders.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 50 (9): 925–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte, M. T., and Y. I. Hser. 2013. “Substance Use and Associated Health Conditions Throughout the Lifespan.” Public Health Reviews 35 (2): 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., K. H. Sheehan, R. D. Shytle, J. Janavs, Y. Bannon, J. E. Rogers, K. M. Milo, S. L. Stock, and B. Wilkinson. 2010. “Reliability and Validity of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID).” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 71 (3): 313–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheidow, A. J., M. R. McCart, J. E. Chapman, and T. K. Drazdowski. 2020. “Capacity of Juvenile Probation Officers in low-resourced, Rural Settings to Deliver an evidence-based Substance Use Intervention to Adolescents.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 34 (1): 76–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sickmund, M., and C. Puzzanchera 2014. Juvenile offenders and victims: 2014 national report. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice; Retrieved from https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/nr2014/downloads/NR2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Siebenbruner, J., M. J. Zimmer‐Gembeck, and B. Egeland. 2007. “Sexual Partners and Contraceptive Use: A 16‐year Prospective Study Predicting Abstinence and Risk Behavior.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 17 (1): 179–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. R., J. Chein, and L. Steinberg. 2013. “Impact of socio-emotional Context, Brain Development, and Pubertal Maturation on Adolescent risk-taking.” Hormones and Behavior 64 (2): 323–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smokowski, P. R., S. Guo, R. Rose, C. B. Evans, K. L. Cotter, and M. Bacallao. 2014. “Multilevel Risk Factors and Developmental Assets for Internalizing Symptoms and self-esteem in Disadvantaged Adolescents: Modeling Longitudinal Trajectories from the Rural Adaptation Project.” Development and Psychopathology 26 (4pt2): 1495–1513.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spoth, R., C. Goldberg, T. Neppl, L. Trudeau, and S. Ramisetty-Mikler. 2001. “Rural–urban Differences in the Distribution of parent-reported Risk Factors for Substance Use among Young Adolescents.” Journal of Substance Abuse 13 (4): 609–623.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staras, S. A., A. L. Tobler, M. M. Maldonado-Molina, and R. L. Cook. 2011. “Riskier Sexual Partners Contribute to the Increased Rate of Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Youth with Substance Use Disorders.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 38 (5): 413–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staton, M., M. F. Dickson, M. Tillson, C. Leukefeld, J. M. Webster, H. K. Knudsen, and C. B. Oser. 2020. “A Preliminary Examination of Substance Use Risk among Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Girls Involved in the Juvenile Justice System.” Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 29 (1): 46–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stueve, A., and L. N. O’Donnell. 2005. “Early Alcohol Initiation and Subsequent Sexual and Alcohol Risk Behaviors among Urban Youths.” American Journal of Public Health 95 (5): 887–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, J., A. J. Supple, and S. I. C. Kuo. 2018. “The Role of Individual and Contextual Factors in Differentiating Substance Use Profiles among Adolescents.” Substance Use & Misuse 53 (5): 734–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, SAMHA. 2020. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, HHS Publication No. PEP20-07-01-001, NSDUH Series H-55. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, C. J., K. K. Childs, and D. O’Connell. 2010. “Adolescent Risk Behavior Subgroups: An Empirical Assessment.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39 (5): 541–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung, H. E., A. M. Mahoney, and J. Mellow. 2011. “Substance Abuse Treatment Gap among Adult Parolees: Prevalence, Correlates, and Barriers.” Criminal Justice Review 36 (1): 40–57.
   Google Scholar
• Swaim, R. C., J. Chen, J. L. Deffenbacher, and M. D. Newcomb. 2001. “Negative Affect and Alcohol Use among non-Hispanic White and Mexican American Adolescents.” Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 11: 55–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeten, G. 2012. “Scaling Criminal Offending.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 28 (3): 533–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. J., S. M. Merritt, and C. C. Austin. 2013. “Negative Affect, Delinquency, and Alcohol Use among Rural and Urban African-American Adolescents: A Brief Report.” Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 22 (1): 69–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tein, J. Y., S. Coxe, & H. Cham. 2013. “Statistical power to detect the correct number of classes in latent profile analysis.” Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal 20 (4): 640–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teplin, L. A., K. M. Abram, G. M. McClelland, M. K. Dulcan, and A. A. Mericle. 2002. “Psychiatric Disorders in Youth in Juvenile Detention.” Archives of General Psychiatry 59 (12): 1133–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, E. L., H. Mahony, C. Noble, W. Wang, R. Ziemba, M. Malmi, S. B. Maness, E. R. Ealsh-Buhi, and E. M. Daley. 2018. “Rural and Urban Differences in Sexual Behaviors among Adolescents in Florida.” Journal of Community Health 43 (2): 268–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberry, T. P., and M. D. Krohn. 2000. “The self-report Method for Measuring Delinquency and Crime.” In Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice: Criminal Justice, edited by, D. Dufee, R. D. Crutchfield, S. Mastrofski, L. Mazerolle, and D. McDowall. NCJ Publication No. 182411. Vol. 4 33–38. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Tolou-Shams, M., A. Harrison, M. E. Hirschtritt, E. Dauria, and J. Barr-Walker. 2019. “Substance Use and HIV among justice-involved Youth: Intersecting Risks.” Current HIV/AIDS Reports 16 (1): 37–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. 2019. American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. Washington DC: Retrieved from Explore Census Data.
   Google Scholar
• Vermunt, J. K., and J. Magidson. 2002. ““Latent Class Cluster Analysis.” In Applied Latent Class Analysis, edited by J. A. Hagenaars and A. L. McCutcheon, 89–106, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, D. A. 2016. “Confidence Intervals for Kendall’s Tau with Small Samples.” Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods 15 (1): 868–883.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, G. A., L. S. McReynolds, C. S. Schwalbe, J. M. Keating, and S. A. Jones. 2010. “Psychiatric Disorder, Comorbidity, and Suicidal Behavior in Juvenile Justice Youth.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 37 (12): 1361–1376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, L. E., and R. A. Weisheit. 2004. “Patterns of Rural and Urban Crime: A county-level Comparison.” Criminal Justice Review 29 (1): 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• White, L. M., M. C. Aalsma, M. P. Salyers, A. R. Hershberger, V. R. Anderson, K. Schwartz, J. L. Dir, and J. H. McGrew. 2019. “Behavioral Health Service Utilization among Detained Adolescents: A meta-analysis of Prevalence and Potential Moderators.” Journal of Adolescent Health 64 (6): 700–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willoughby, T., M. Good, P. J. Adachi, C. Hamza, and R. Tavernier. 2014. “Examining the Link between Adolescent Brain Development and Risk Taking from a social–developmental Perspective.” Brain and Cognition 89: 70–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelman, T. N., J. W. Frank, I. A. Binswanger, and D. A. Pinals. 2017. “Health Conditions and Racial Differences among justice-involved Adolescents, 2009 to 2014.” Academic Pediatrics 17 (7): 723–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhen-Duan, J., and M. J. Taylor. 2014. “The Use of an Ecodevelopmental Approach to Examining Substance Use among Rural and Urban Latino/a Youth: Peer, Parental, and School Influences.” Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 13 (2): 104–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar