An analysis of protective and risk factors associated with no formal contact with the criminal justice system in a nationally representative sample of males and females

References

• Barnes, J. C., and K. M. Beaver. 2010. “An Empirical Examination of adolescence-limited Offending: A Direct Test of Moffitt’s Maturity Gap Thesis.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38 (6): 1176–1185. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.09.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, J. C., K. M. Beaver, and A. R. Piquero. 2011. “A Test of Moffitt’s Hypotheses of Delinquency Abstention.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 38 (7): 690–709. doi:10.1177/0093854811405282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaver, K. M., B. B. Boutwell, and J. C. Barnes. 2014. “Social Support or Biosocial Support? A Genetically Informative Analysis of Social Support and Its Relation to self-control.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 41 (4): 453–470. doi:10.1177/0093854813504918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaver, K. M., M. DeLisi, D. P. Mears, and E. Stewart. 2009. “Low self-control and Contact with the Criminal Justice System in a Nationally Representative Sample of Males.” Justice Quarterly 26 (4): 695–715. doi:10.1080/07418820802593352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaver, K. M., J. A. Schwartz, J. L. Nedelec, E. J. Connolly, B. B. Boutwell, and J. C. Barnes. 2013. “Intelligence Is Associated with Criminal Justice Processing: Arrest through Incarceration.” Intelligence 41 (5): 277–288. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellair, P. E., V. J. Roscigno, and T. L. McNulty. 2003. “Linking Local Labor Market Opportunity to Violent Adolescent Delinquency.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40 (1): 6–33. doi:10.1177/0022427802239252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, M. T., and C. F. Mulford. 2020. “Reappraising and Redirecting Research on the Victim–Offender Overlap.” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 21 (1): 16–30. doi:10.1177/1524838017735925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutwell, B. B., and K. M. Beaver. 2008. “A Biosocial Explanation of Delinquency Abstention.” Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 18 (1): 59–74. doi:10.1002/cbm.678.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brezina, T., and A. R. Piquero. 2007. “Moral Beliefs, Isolation from Peers, and Abstention from Delinquency.” Deviant Behavior 28 (5): 433–465. doi:10.1080/01639620701233324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britt, C. L., M. Rocque, and G. M. Zimmerman. 2018. “The Analysis of Bounded Count Data in Criminology.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 34 (2): 591–607. doi:10.1007/s10940-017-9346-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosnoe, R., and G. H. Elder. 2004. “Family Dynamics, Supportive Relationships, and Educational Resilience during Adolescence.” Journal of Family Issues 25 (5): 571–602. doi:10.1177/0192513X03258307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, F. T. 1994. “Social Support as an Organizing Concept for Criminology: Presidential Address to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.” Justice Quarterly 11 (4): 527–559. doi:10.1080/07418829400092421.
   Google Scholar
• El Sayed, S. A., A. R. Piquero, and M. TenEyck. 2017. “Differentiating between Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy and Silverthorn and Frick’s Delayed-Onset Models of Female Offending.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 44 (4): 631–650. doi:10.1177/0093854816674759.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, L., K. Beaver, and J. Wright. 2009. Handbook of Crime Correlates. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, T. D., F. T. Cullen, R. G. Dunaway, and V. S. Burton. 1995. “Religion and Crime Reexamined: The Impact of Religion, Secular Controls, and Social Ecology on Adult Criminality.” Criminology 33 (2): 195–224. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01176.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P. 2000. “Explaining and Preventing Crime: The Globalization of knowledge—the American Society of Criminology 1999 Presidential Address.” Criminology 38 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00881.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P., M. M. Ttofi, and A. R. Piquero. 2016. “Risk, Promotive, and Protective Factors in Youth Offending: Results from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.” Journal of Criminal Justice 45: 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontaine, N., R. Carbonneau, F. Vitaro, E. D. Barker, and R. E. Tremblay. 2009. “Research Review: A Critical Review of Studies on the Developmental Trajectories of Antisocial Behavior in Females.” The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50 (4): 363–385. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01949.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, M. R., and T. Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, K. M., F. Florey, J. Tabor, P. S. Bearman, J. Jones, and R. J. Udry 2003. “The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: Research Design.” [www document]. http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/design
   Google Scholar
• Haynie, D. L., E. Silver, and B. Teasdale. 2006. “Neighborhood Characteristics, Peer Networks, and Adolescent Violence.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 22 (2): 147–169. doi:10.1007/s10940-006-9006-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfield, P. J., and A. R. Piquero. 2010. “Normalization and Legitimation: Modeling Stigmatizing Attitudes toward ex-offenders.” Criminology 48 (1): 27–55. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00179.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschi, T. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of Berkeley Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, W. G., M. Rocque, B. H. Fox, A. R. Piquero, and D. P. Farrington. 2016. “Can They Recover? An Assessment of Adult Adjustment Problems among Males in the Abstainer, Recovery, Life-Course Persistent, and Adolescence-Limited Pathways Followed up to Age 56 in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.” Development and Psychopathology 28 (2): 537–549. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin, A. E., H. C. Kraemer, R. C. Kessler, D. J. Kupfer, and D. R. Offord. 1997. “Contributions of Risk-Factor Research to Developmental Psychopathology.” Clinical Psychology Review 17 (4): 375–406. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00012-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeber, R., and D. P. Farrington, eds. 1998. Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Loeber, R., and M. Stouthamer-Loeber. 1986. “Family Factors as Correlates and Predictors of Juvenile Conduct Problems and Delinquency.” In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by M. Tonry and N. Morris, 29–149. Vol. 7. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Massoglia, M., and W. A. Pridemore. 2015. “Incarceration and Health.” Annual Review of Sociology 41 (1): 291–310. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E. 1993. “Adolescence-limited and life-course Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy.” Psychological Review 100 (4): 674–701. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E. 2006. “A Review of Research on the Taxonomy of life-course Persistent versus adolescence-limited Antisocial Behavior.” In Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory, edited by F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright, and K. R. Blevins, 277–312. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E., A. Caspi, H. Harrington, and B. J. Milne. 2002. “Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited Antisocial Pathways: Follow-up at Age 26 Years.” Development and Psychopathology 14 (1): 179–207. doi:10.1017/S0954579402001104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, J., D. P. Farrington, and M. P. Eisner. 2009. “Drawing Conclusions about Causes from Systematic Reviews of Risk Factors: The Cambridge Quality Checklists.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 5 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1007/s11292-008-9066-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, R. D. 2012. “The Central Place of Race in Crime and justice—The American Society of Criminology 2011 Sutherland Address.” Criminology 50 (2): 303–328. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00271.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero, A. R., and T. Brezina. 2001. “Testing Moffitt’s Account of adolescence-limited Delinquency.” Criminology 39 (2): 353–370. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00926.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero, A. R., T. Brezina, and M. G. Turner. 2005. “Testing Moffitt’s Account of Delinquency Abstention.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 42 (1): 27–54. doi:10.1177/0022427804266559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, T. C., and F. T. Cullen. 2000. “The Empirical Status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime: A Meta-Analysis.” Criminology 38 (3): 931–964. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00911.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine, A., T. E. Moffitt, A. Caspi, R. Loeber, M. Stouthamer-Loeber, and D. Lynam. 2005. “Neurocognitive Impairments in Boys on the life-course Persistent Antisocial Path.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114 (1): 38–49. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rima, D., A. Yerbol, Y. Adlet, M. Sholpan, and K. M. Beaver. 2019. “Familial Concentration and Distribution of Adolescent Victimization: An Analysis of Factors that Promote and Protect Siblings from Victimization.” Victims and Offenders 14 (6): 727–744. doi:10.1080/15564886.2019.1628143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, D. C., K. C. Jacobson, and E. J. C. G. van den Oord. 1999. “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Vocabulary IQ: Parental Education Level as a Moderator.” Child Development 70 (5): 1151–1162. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., and J. H. Laub. 1993. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schreck, C. J., B. S. Fisher, and J. M. Miller. 2004. “The Social Context of Violent victimization:A Study of the Delinquent Peer Effect.” Justice Quarterly 21 (1): 23–47. doi:10.1080/07418820400095731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, D., J. Ulmer, and J. Kramer. 1998. “The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male.” Criminology 36 (4): 763–797. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberry, T. P., and M. D. Krohn. 2000. “The self-report Method for Measuring Delinquency and Crime.” In Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, 33–83. Washington, D.C: National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Tibbetts, S. G., and A. R. Piquero. 1999. “The Influence of Gender, Low Birth Weight, and Disadvantaged Environment in Predicting Early Onset of Offending: A Test of Moffitt’s Interactional Hypothesis.” Criminology 37 (4): 843–878. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00507.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonry, M. 2010. “The Social, Psychological, and Political Causes of Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System.” Crime and Justice 39 (1): 273–312. doi:10.1086/653045.
   Google Scholar
• Udry, J. R. 2003. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), Waves I and II, 1994–1996, Wave III, 2001–2002 [machine-readable Data File And documentation]. Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughn, M. G., Q. Fu, S. J. Wernet, M. DeLisi, K. M. Beaver, B. E. Perron, and M. O. Howard. 2011. “Characteristics of Abstainers from Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior in the United States.” Journal of Criminal Justice 39 (3): 212–217. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warr, M. 2002. Companions in Crime: The Social Aspects of Criminal Conduct. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar