677
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

A holistic approach to diversity recruiting in state police agencies

ORCID Icon &
Pages 450-467 | Received 23 Jun 2022, Accepted 10 Jan 2023, Published online: 20 Feb 2023

References

  • Archbold, C. A., and D. M. Schulz. 2012. “Research on Women in Policing: A Look at the Past, Present and Future.” Sociology Compass 6 (9): 694–706. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2012.00501.x.
  • Britz, M. T. 1997. “The Police Subculture and Occupational Socialization: Exploring Individual and Demographic Characteristics.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 21 (2): 127–146. doi:10.1007/BF02887446.
  • Brown, S. 2021. “Evaluating the Framing of Safety, Equity, and Policing: Responses to the Murder of George Floyd, Black Lives Matter, and Calls to Defund the Police.”
  • Brown, J. 2022. “Lawsuit: No Pay for Commuting Wash. State Troopers is Unlawful.” The News Tribune. Retrieved from https://www.police1.com/patrol-cars/articles/lawsuit-no-pay-for-commuting-wash-state-troopers-is-unlawful-v3dzuelUNIguR1go/?utm_source=Police1&utm_campaign=907ad38c30-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2022_09_16_04_37&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_5584e6920b-907ad38c30-83418680
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics [BJS]. (2021). Enforcement Drugs and Crime Facts. Department of Justice. Retrieved October 8, 2021, from https://bjs.ojp.gov/drugs-and-crime-facts/enforcement.
  • Burns, R. G. 2014. “State Law Enforcement.” The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice 1–3. Retrieved July 15, 2021, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118517383.wbeccj051
  • Census.gov. (2022). Retrieved June 8, 2022, from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/KY
  • Chappell, A. T., and L. Lanza-Kaduce. 2010. “Police Academy Socialization: Understanding the Lessons Learned in a Paramilitary-Bureaucratic Organization.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 39 (2): 187–214. doi:10.1177/0891241609342230.
  • Charkoudian, N., and M. J. Joyner. 2004. “Physiologic Considerations for Exercise Performance in Women.” Clinics in Chest Medicine 25 (2): 247–255. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2004.01.001.
  • Cocke, C., J. Dawes, and R. M. Orr. 2016. “The Use of 2 Conditioning Programs and the Fitness Characteristics of Police Academy Cadets.” Journal of Athletic Training 51 (11): 887–896. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.8.06.
  • Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA®). 2017. Law Enforcement Standards Manual. 6th ed. Gainesville, VA: CALEA. https://www.calea.org/node/11406
  • Community Oriented Policing Services [COPS]. 2009. Law enforcement recruitment toolkit. Washington, DC: COPS.
  • Cordner, G., and A. Cordner. 2011. “Stuck on a Plateau?” Police Quarterly 14 (3): 207–226. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611111413990.
  • Data USA. (2021). “Data USA: Police Officers.” Retrieved October 5, 2021, from https://datausa.io/profile/soc/police-officers#demographics
  • Diaz, V. M., and L. E. Nuño. 2021. “Women and Policing: An Assessment of Factors Related to the Likelihood of Pursuing a Career as a Police Officer.” Police Quarterly 24 (4): 465–485. doi:10.1177/10986111211009048.
  • DISA Global Solutions [DISA]. (2021). “Map of Marijuana Legality by State.” Retrieved June 9, 2022, from https://disa.com/map-of-marijuana-legality-by-state
  • Donohue, R. H., Jr. 2020. “Shades of Blue: A Review of the Hiring, Recruitment, and Selection of Female and Minority Police Officers.” The Social Science Journal 58 (4): 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2019.05.011.
  • Fridell, L., R. Lunney, D. Diamond, B. Kubu, M. Scott, and C. Laing. 2001. “Racially Biased Policing: A Principled Response.” Washington. DC: Police Executive Research Forum. ISBN 1-878734-73-3.
  • Gibbs, J. C. 2019. “Diversifying the Police Applicant Pool: Motivations of Women and Minority Candidates Seeking Police Employment.” Criminal Justice Studies 32 (3): 207–221. doi:10.1080/1478601X.2019.1579717.
  • Griffin, J. D., and I. Y. Sun. 2018. “Do Work-Family Conflict and Resiliency Mediate Police Stress and Burnout: A Study of State Police Officers.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 43 (2): 354–370. doi:10.1007/s12103-017-9401-y.
  • Hirschi, T. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Huey, L., and R. Ricciardelli. 2015. “‘This Isn’t What I Signed Up for’ When Police Officer Role Expectations Conflict with the Realities of General Duty Police Work in Remote Communities.” International Journal of Police Science & Management 17 (3): 194–203. doi:10.1177/1461355715603590.
  • International Association of Chiefs of Police [IACP]. (2007). A symbol of fairness and neutrality. www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/ASymbolofFairnessandNeutrality.pdf
  • International Association of Chiefs of Police [IACP]. (2020). The State of Recruitment: A Crisis for Law Enforcement. https://www.theiacp.org/sites/default/files/239416_IACP_RecruitmentBR_HR_0.pdf
  • Koper, C. S., E. R. Maguire, G. E. Moore, and D. E. Huffer. 2001. Hiring and Retention Issues in Police Agencies: Readings on the Determinants of Police Strength, Hiring and Retention of Officers, and the Federal COPS Program. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
  • Krueger, R. A. 2014. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Thousand Oaks California: Sage publications.
  • Langham, B. n.d. “Millennials and Improving Recruitment in Law Enforcement.” Police Chief. https://www.policechiefmagazine.org/millennials-and-improving-recruitment/
  • Langton, L. 2010. Women in Law Enforcement, 1987-2008. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • Lasley, J. R., J. Larson, C. Kelso, and G. C. Brown. 2011. “Assessing the Long-Term Effects of Officer Race on Police Attitudes Towards the Community: A Case for Representative Bureaucracy Theory.” Police Practice & Research 12 (6): 474–491. doi:10.1080/15614263.2011.589567.
  • Maguire, E. R. 2003. Organizational Structure in American Police Agencies: Context, Complexity, and Control. Albany, New York, United States: SUNY Press.
  • Manolatos, T. 2006, “S.D. Cops Flee City’s Fiscal Mess, Seek Jobs at Other Departments,” San Diego Union-Tribune, July 5, 2006. As of July 5, 2006: http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20060705-9999-1n5gary.html
  • McDevitt, J., A. Farrell, and R. Wolf. 2008. Promoting Cooperative Strategies to Reduce Racial Profiling. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
  • McMullen, S. M., and J. Gibbs. 2019. “Tattoos in Policing: A Survey of State Police Policies.” Policing: An International Journal 42 (3): 408–420. doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-05-2018-0067.
  • Mid-south State Police (MSP). (2021). Mid-south State Police Headquarters.
  • Mutongwizo, T., C. Holley, C. D. Shearing, and N. P. Simpson. 2021. “Resilience Policing: An Emerging Response to Shifting Harm Landscapes and Reshaping Community Policing.” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 15 (1): 606–621. doi:10.1093/police/paz033.
  • Nowacki, J., J. A. Schafer, and J. Hibdon. 2021a. “Workforce Diversity in Police Hiring: The Influence of Organizational Characteristics.” Justice Evaluation Journal 4 (1): 48–67. doi:10.1080/24751979.2020.1759379.
  • Nowacki, J., J. Schafer, and J. Hibdon. 2021b. “Gender Diversification in Police Agencies: Is It a Zero-Sum Game?” Policing: An International Journal 44 (6): 1077–1092. doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2021-0033.
  • Orrick, W. D., and P. S. Director 2008. “Recruitment, Retention, and Turnover of Law Enforcement Personnel.”
  • Peak, K., and W. Sousa. 2022. Policing in America. Upper Saddle River: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
  • Perez, D. W., and J. A. Moore. 2012. Police Ethics. Canada: Cengage Learning Canada Inc.
  • PEW. (2021). “Percentage of Women in State Policing Has Stalled Since 2000.” Retrieved June 10, 2022, from https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2021/10/20/percentage-of-women-in-state-policing-has-stalled-since-2000
  • Reaves, B. A. 2012. “Hiring and Retention of State and Local Law Enforcement Officers, 2008–Statistical Tables.” Bureau of Justice Statistics (BOJ).
  • Reaves, B. A. 2015. “Local Police Departments, 2013: Personnel, Policies, and Practices.” NCJ 248677: 1–21.
  • Riccucci, N. M., G. G. Van Ryzin, and C. F. Lavena. 2014. “Representative Bureaucracy in Policing: Does It Increase Perceived Legitimacy?.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 24 (3): 537–551.
  • Rigaux, C., and J. B. Cunningham. 2021. “Enhancing Recruitment and Retention of Visible Minority Police Officers in Canadian Policing Agencies.” Policing and Society 31 (4): 454–482. doi:10.1080/10439463.2020.1750611.
  • Rowe, M., and J. I. Ross. 2015. “Comparing the Recruitment of Ethnic and Racial Minorities in Police Departments in England and Wales with the USA.” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 9 (1): 26–35. doi:10.1093/police/pau060.
  • Skoy, E. 2021. “Black Lives Matter Protests, Fatal Police Interactions, and Crime.” Contemporary Economic Policy 39 (2): 280–291. doi:10.1111/coep.12508.
  • Todak, N. 2017. “The Decision to Become a Police Officer in a Legitimacy Crisis.” Women & criminal justice 27 (4): 250–270. doi:10.1080/08974454.2016.1256804.
  • Tyler, T. R. 2004. “Enhancing Police Legitimacy.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 593 (1): 84–99. doi:10.1177/0002716203262627.
  • Tyler, T. R. 2021. “Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and Compliance.” In Why People Obey the Law (pp. 3–7). Princeton university press.
  • Tyler, T., and C. Fischer 2014, March). “Legitimacy and Procedural Justice: A New Element of Police Leadership.” Police Executive Research Forum.
  • USA facts.org. (2020). “Police Departments in the US: Explained.” Retrieve June 9, 2022, from https://usafacts.org/articles/police-departments-explained/
  • Villeda, M., R. McCamey, E. Essien, and C. Amadi. 2019. “Use of Social Networking Sites for Recruiting and Selecting in the Hiring Process.” International Business Research 12 (3): 66–78. doi:10.5539/ibr.v12n3p66.
  • Weber, M. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Vol. 1. Oakland, California: Univ of California Press.
  • Whetstone, T. S., J. C. Reed Jr, and P. C. Turner. 2006. “Recruiting: A Comparative Study of the Recruiting Practices of State Police Agencies.” International Journal of Police Science & Management 8 (1): 52–66. doi:10.1350/ijps.2006.8.1.52.
  • White, M. D., and G. Escobar. 2008. “Making Good Cops in the Twenty-First Century: Emerging Issues for the Effective Recruitment, Selection and Training of Police in the United States and Abroad.” International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 22 (1–2): 119–134. doi:10.1080/13600860801925045.
  • Williams, F. A., Jr, and G. E. Higgins. 2022. “Physical Fitness Standards: An Assessment of Potential Disparate Impact for Female State Police Applicants.” International Journal of Police Science & Management 24 (3): 250–260.
  • Wilmore, J. H. 1979. “The Application of Science to Sport: Physiological Profiles of Male and Female Athletes.” Canadian journal of applied sport sciences Journal canadien des sciences appliquees au sport 4 (2): 103–115.
  • Wilson, J. M., E. Dalton, C. Scheer, and C. A. Grammich. 2010. Police Recruitment and Retention for the New Millennium, 10. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
  • Wilson, J. M., and C. A. Grammich 2009, July. Police Recruitment and Retention in the Contemporary Urban Environment. In Conference Proceedings. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
  • Wilson, J. M., and C. A. Grammich. 2022. “Staffing Composition in Large, US Police Departments: Benchmarking Workforce Diversity.” Policing: An International Journal 45 (5): 707–726. ahead-of-print. doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2021-0175.
  • Wright, J. 2009. “Adding to Police Ranks Rankles.” Memphis Commercial Appeal 1.
  • Zippia. (2022). “Zippia the Career Expert.” Retrieved June 8, 2022, from https://www.zippia.com/state-trooper-jobs/demographics/

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.