References
- Bea, K., and M. Burton. 1992. Assault Weapons: Military-Style Semi-Automatic Firearms Facts and Issues. Congressional Research Service.
- Braga, A. 2017. “Long-Term Trends in the Sources of Boston Crime Guns.” Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 3 (5): 76–95. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2017.3.5.04.
- Braga, A. A., and D. M. Hureau. 2015. “Strong Gun Laws are Not Enough: The Need for Improved Enforcement of Secondhand Gun Transfer Laws in Massachusetts.” Preventive Medicine 79:37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.05.018.
- Braga, A., G. Wintemute, G. Pierce, P. Cook, and G. Ridgeway. 2012. “Interpreting the Empirical Evidence on Illegal Gun Market Dynamics.” Journal of Urban Health 89 (5): 779–793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9681-y.
- Brandl, S. G., and M. S. Stroshine. 2011. “The Relationship Between Gun and Gun Buyer Characteristics and Firearm Time-To-Crime.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 22 (3): 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403410373510.
- Buggs, S. A. L., X. Zhang, A. Aubel, A. Bruns, and N. Kravitz-Wirtz. 2022. “Heterogeneous Effects of Spatially Proximate Firearm Homicide Exposure on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Among U.S. Youth.” Preventive Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107224.
- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. 2018. Minimum Required Operating Standards Audit for National Integrated Ballistic Information Network Sites. Author. https://www.atf.gov/file/133581/download.
- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. 2021a. “NIBIN Sites.” https://www.atf.gov/firearms/nibin-sites.
- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. 2021b. “NIBIN National Correlation and Training Center.” https://www.atf.gov/firearms/nibin-sites
- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. 2022. “Facilitating Private Sales: A Federal Firearms License Guide.” https://www.atf.gov/firearms/docs/guide/facilitating-private-sales-federal-firearms-licensee-guide/download.
- Bureau of Justice Assistance. 2022. “NIBIN Entry/Correlation and Crime Gun Tracing.” https://crimegunintelcenters.org/nibin-entry-correlation-and-crime-gun-tracing/.
- Commerce in Firearms and Ammunition, Records § 478.129 Record Retention. 2022. https://regulations.atf.gov/478-129/2016-12100#478-129.
- Cook, P. J., and A. A. Braga. 2001. “Comprehensive Firearms Tracing: Strategic and Investigative Uses of New Data on Firearms Markets.” Arizona Law Review 43 (2): 277–310.
- Cook, P. J., A. A. Braga, and M. H. Moore. 2011. “Gun Control.” In Crime and Public Policy, edited by J. Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, 257–292, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Detroit Police Department. 2020. “2017 – 2020 Fatal and Nonfatal Shooting Victimizations.” Unpublished raw data.
- Firearms Act 372 of 1927, M.C.L. § 28.425f. 2022. http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(s13xela41ylgwqyvpdz2z4kc))/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-28-425f.
- Hureau, D. M., and A. A. Braga. 2018. “The Trade in Tools: The Market for Illicit Guns in High-Risk Networks.” Criminology 56 (3): 510–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12187.
- Hutson, A. D., and Y. Han. 2022. “The Sign Test, Paired Data, and Asymmetric Dependence: A Cautionary Tale.” American Statistician. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2022.2110938.
- King, W. R., B. A. Campbell, M. C. Matusiak, and C. M. Katz. 2017. “Forensic Evidence and Criminal Investigations: The Impact of Ballistics Information on the Investigation of Violent Crime in Nine Cities.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 62 (4): 874–880.
- Kleck, G., and S.-Y. K. Wang. 2009. “The Myth of Big-Time Gun Trafficking and the Overinterpretation of Gun Tracing Data.” UCLA Law Review 56 (5): 1233–1294.
- Koper, C. 2014. “Crime Gun Risk Factors: Buyer, Seller, Firearm, and Transaction Characteristics Associated with Gun Trafficking and Criminal Gun Use.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 30 (2): 285–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-013-9204-3.
- National Policing Institute. 2022. “What is a Crime Gun Intelligence Center (CGIC)?” https://crimegunintelcenters.org/.
- Office of the Inspector General. 2005. “The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives’ National Integrated Ballistic Information Network Program.” https://oig.justice.gov/reports/ATF/a0530/app2.htm.
- Pierce, G. L., A. A. Braga, R. R. Hyatt Jr., and C. S. Koper. 2004. “Characteristics and Dynamics of Illegal Firearms Markets: Implications for a Supply-Side Enforcement Strategy.” Justice Quarterly 21 (2): 391–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095851.
- Police Foundation. 2017. Five Things You Need to Know About Crime Gun Intelligence Centers. U.S. Department of Justice. https://crimegunintelcenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/5-THINGS-CGIC.pdf.
- Smith, M. E., T. L. Sharpe, J. Richardson, R. Pahwa, D. Smith, and J. DeVylder. 2020. “The Impact of Exposure to Gun Violence Fatality on Mental Health Outcomes in Four Urban U.S. Settings.” Social Science & Medicine 246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112587.
- Ultra Electronics Forensic Technology. 2023. “Identify Matches (MATCHPOINT).” https://www.ultra-forensictechnology.com/en/products-and-services/firearm-and-tool-mark-identification-ibis/identify-matches-matchpoint/.
- U.S. Department of Justice. 2011. ATF Firearms Tracing Guide: Tracing Firearms to Reduce Violent Crime. U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.atf.gov/file/58631/download.
- U.S. Department of Justice. 2020. Crime Gun Intelligence: An Evidence-based Approach to Solving Violent Crime. U.S. Department of Justice. https://crimegunintelcenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/CGI-Best-Practices-Handbook-2020.pdf.
- U.S. Department of Justice. 2022. “National Tracing Center Trace Request (ATF Form 3312.1).” https://www.atf.gov/firearms/docs/form/national-tracing-center-trace-request-atf-form-33121.
- U.S. Department of Justice. 2023. National Firearms Commerce and Trafficking Assessment: Crime Guns - Volume Two. U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.atf.gov/firearms/national-firearms-commerce-and-trafficking-assessment-nfcta-crime-guns-volume-two.
- Wellford, C., J. Pepper, and C. Petrie. 2005. Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review. Washington, D.C.: National Science Academies Press.
- Zimring, F. E. 1975. “Firearms and Federal Law: The Gun Control Act of 1968.” The Journal of Legal Studies 4 (1): 133–198.