Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy for Early Breast Cancer: The Story So Far

REFERENCES

• American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2007–2008. Atlanta: American Cancer Society.
   Google Scholar
• Mansell, J.; Monypenny, I.J.; Skene, A.I.; Abram, P.; Carpenter, R.; Gattuso, J.M.; et al. Patterns and predictors of early recurrence in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009, 117(1), 91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamerato, L.; Havstad, S.; Gandhi, S.; Jones, D.; Chlebowski, R. Breast cancer recurrence and related mortality in US pts with early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(16S), 62s. Abstract #738.
   Google Scholar
• Doughty, J.C.; Mansell, J.; Monypenny, I.; Skene, A.; Abram, P.; Carpenter, R.; et al. Distant recurrence and subsequent mortality in breast cancer patients treated at 5 UK centres. 39th St. Gallen Symposium, St. Gallen, Switzerland, May 7–9, 2009. Abstract #0188.
   Google Scholar
• Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005, 365(9472), 1687–1717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, A.; Cuzick, J., Baum, M.; Buzdar, A.; Dowsett, M.; Forbes, J.F.; et al. ATAC Trialists’ Group. Results of the ATAC (arimidex, tamoxifen, alone or in combination) trial after completion of 5 years’ adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 2005, 365(9453), 60–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thürlimann, B.; Keshaviah, A.; Coates, A.S.; Mouridsen, H.; Mauriac, L.; Forbes, J.F.; et al. Breast International Group (BIG) 1–98 collaborative group. A comparison of letrozole and tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005, 353(26), 2747–2757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates, A.S.; Keshaviah, A.; Thürlimann, B.; Mouridsen, H.; Mauriac, L.; Forbes, J.F.; et al. Five years of letrozole compared with tamoxifen as initial adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer: update of study BIG 1–98. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25(5), 4864–4892.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, S.E.; Sevnaeve, C.; Hasenburg, A.; Rea, D.; Vannetzel, J.M.; Paridaens, R.; et al. Results of the first planned analysis of the TEAM (tamoxifen exemestane adjuvant multinational) prospective randomized phase III trial in hormone sensitive postmenopausal early breast cancer. Cancer Res 2009, 69(Suppl), 67s. Abstract #15.
   Google Scholar
• Coombes, R.C.; Hall, E.; Gibson, L.J.; Paridaens, R.; Jassem, J.; Delozier, T.; et al. Intergroup exemestane study. A randomized trial of exemestane after two to three years of tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2004, 350(11), 1081–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombes, R.C.; Kilburn, L.S., Snowdon, C.F.; Paridaens, R.; Coleman, R.E.; Jones, S.E.; et al. Intergroup exemestane study. Survival and safety of exemestane versus tamoxifen after 2–3 years’ tamoxifen treatment (intergroup exemestane study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 369(9561), 559–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, M.; Jonat, W.; Hilfrich, J.; Eidtmann, H.; Gademann, G.; Zuna, I.; et al. Improved overall survival in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer after anastrozole initiated after treatment with tamoxifen compared with continued tamoxifen: the ARNO 95 Study. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25, 2664–2670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakesz, R.; Jonat, W.; Gnant, M.; Mittlboeck, M.; Greil, R.; Tausch, C.; et al. ABCSG and the GABG. Switching of postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer to anastrozole after 2 years’ adjuvant tamoxifen: combined results of ABCSG trial 8 and ARNO 95 trial. Lancet 2005, 366(9484),455–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boccardo, F.; Rubagotti, A.; Puntoni, M.; Guglielmini, P.; Amoroso, D.; Fini, A.; et al. Switching to anastrozole versus continued tamoxifen treatment of early breast cancer: preliminary results of the Italian tamoxifen anastrozole trial. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(22), 5138–5147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss, P.E.; Ingle, J.N.; Martino, S.; Robert, N.J.; Muss, H.B.; Piccart, M.J.; et al. Randomized trial of letrozole following tamoxifen as extended adjuvant therapy in receptor-positive breast cancer: updated findings from NCIC CTG MA.17. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005, 97(17), 1262–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakesz, R.; Samonigg, H.; Greil, R.; Gnant, M.; Schmid, M.; Kwasny, W.; et al. Extended adjuvant treatment with anastrozole: results from the Austrian breast and colorectal cancer study group trial 6a (ABCSG-6a). J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(16S), 10s. Abstract #527.
   Google Scholar
• Mamounas, E.P.; Jeong, J.H.; Wickerham, D.L.; Smith, R.E., Ganz, P.A.; Land, S.R.; et al. Benefit from exemestane as extended adjuvant therapy after 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen: intention-to-treat analysis of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-33 trial. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(12), 1965–1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomized trials. Lancet 1998, 351, 1451–1467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saphner, T.; Tormey, D.C.; Gray, R. Annual hazard rates of recurrence for breast cancer after primary therapy. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14(10), 2738–2746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Nolvadex” Adjuvant Trial Organisation. Controlled trial of tamoxifen as a single adjuvant agent in the management of early breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1988, 57(6), 608–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutqvist, L.E.; Cedermark, B.; Glas, U.; Johansson, H.; Nordenskjöld, B.; Skoog, L.; et al. The Stockholm trial on adjuvant tamoxifen in early breast cancer. Correlation between estrogen receptor level and treatment effect. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1987, 10(3), 255–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, B.; Dignam, J.; Bryant, J.; Wolmark, N. Five versus more than five years of tamoxifen for lymph node-negative breast cancer: updated findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-14 randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001, 93(9), 684–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, R.G.; Rea, D.W.; Handley, K.; Marshall, A.; Pritchard, M.G.; Perry, P.; et al. aTTom Collaborators. aTTom (adjuvant tamoxifen – to offer more?): randomized trial of 10 versus 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen among 6,934 women with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) or ER untested breast cancer-Preliminary results. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(15S), 10s. Abstract #513.
   Google Scholar
• Peto, R.; Davies, C. ATLAS (adjuvant tamoxifen, longer against shorter): international randomized trial of 10 versus 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen among 11,500 women preliminary results. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007, 106(Suppl. 1), S1–302. Late breaking abstract #48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salgado, B.A.; Zivian, M.T. Aromatase inhibitors: side effects reported by 622 women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006, 100(Suppl. 1), S168. Abstract #3131.
   Google Scholar
• Crew, K.D.; Greenlee, H.; Capodice, J.; Raptis, G.; Brafman, L.; Fuentes, D.; et al. Prevalence of joint symptoms in postmenopausal women taking aromatase inhibitors for early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25, 3877–3883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briot, K.; Bastit, L.; Rotarsky, M.; Spaeth, D.; Tubiana, M.; et al. Effects of switching aromatase inhibitors on arthralgia: the ATOLL study. Cancer Res 2009, 69(Suppl. 2), 147s–148s, Abstract #1142.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, B.; Costantino, J.P.; Wickerham, D.L.; Redmond, C.K.; Kavanah, M.; Cronin, W.M.; et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998, 90(18), 1371–1388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, J.F.; Cuzick, J.; Buzdar, A.; Howell, A.; Tobias, J.S.; Baum, M. Arimidex, tamoxifen, alone or in combination (ATAC) trialists’ group. Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 100-month analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol 2008, 9(1), 45–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouridsen, H.; Giobbie-Hurder, A.; Goldhirsch, A.; Thürlimann, B.; Paridaens, R.; Smith, I.; et al. BIG 1–98 Collaborative Group. Letrozole therapy alone or in sequence with tamoxifen in women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2009, 361(8), 766–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakesz, R.; Greil, R.; Gnant, M.; Schmid, M.; Kwasny, W.; Kubista, E.; et al. Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Extended adjuvant therapy with anastrozole among postmenopausal breast cancer patients: results from the randomized Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group trial 6a. Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99(24), 1845–1853.
   Google Scholar
• Thurlimann, B. BIG 1-98 collaborative & international breast cancer study groups. Letrozole versus tamoxifen as adjuvant endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with receptor-positive breast cancer. 39th St. Gallen Symposium; St. Gallen, Switzerland; May 7–9, 2009. Abstract #0161.
   Google Scholar
• Mauriac, L.; Keshaviah, A.; Debled, M.; Mouridsen, H.; Forbes, J.F.; Thürlimann, B.; et al. BIG 1–98 collaborative group; international breast cancer study group. Predictors of early relapse in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in the BIG 1–98 trial. Ann Oncol 2007, 18(5), 859–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastrozole [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; 9/05.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, J. Initial adjuvant therapy with anastrozole (A) reduces rates of early breast cancer recurrence and adverse events compared with tamoxifen (T)—data reported on behalf of the ATAC (“arimidex,” tamoxifen, alone or in combination) trialists’ group. Ann Oncol 2006, 17(Suppl. 9), ix94. Abstract #243PD.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, A.; Forbes, J.; Cuzick, J. Initial adjuvant therapy with anastrozole—early and late event data from the arimidex, tamoxifen, alone or in combination (ATAC) trial in the hormone-responsive population. 39th St. Gallen Symposium; St. Gallen, Switzerland; May 7–9, 2009. Abstract #0130.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, S.E. Exemestane as adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer: intergroup exemestane study/tamoxifen exemestane adjuvant multicenter trials. Clin Breast Cancer 2006, 6(Suppl 2),S41–S44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jakesz, R.; Gnant, M.; Greil, R.; Tausch, C.; Samonigg, H.; Kwansy, W.; et al. On behalf of ABCSG. Tamoxifen and anastrozole as a sequencing strategy in postmenopausal women with hormone-responsive early breast cancer: updated data from ABCSG trial 8. Cancer Res 2009, 69(Suppl.), 67s. Abstract #14.
   Google Scholar
• Goss, P.E.; Ingle, J.N.; Martino, S.; Robert, N.J.; Muss, H.B.; Piccart, M.J.; et al. A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2003, 349(19), 1793–17802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingle, J.; Tu, D.; Shepherd, L.; Palmer, M.; Pater, J.; Goss, P. NCIC CTG MA.17: intent to treat analysis (ITT) of randomized patients after a median follow-up of 54 months. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(18S), 15s. Abstract #549.
   Google Scholar
• Ingle, J.N.; Tu, D.; Pater, J.L.; Martino, S.; Robert, N.J.; Muss, H.B.; et al. Duration of letrozole treatment and outcomes in the placebo-controlled NCIC CTG MA.17 extended adjuvant therapy trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006, 99, 295–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muss, H.B.; Tu, D.; Ingle, J.N.; Martino, S.; Robert, N.J.; Pater, J.L.; et al. The benefits of letrozole in postmenopausal women with early stage breast cancer who have had five years of tamoxifen are independent of age. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006, 100(Suppl. 1), S23. Abstract #102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goss, P.E.; Ingle, J.N.; Martino, S.; Robert, N.J.; Muss, H.B.; Piccart, M.J.; et al. National Cancer Institute of Canada clinical trials group MA.17. Efficacy of letrozole extended adjuvant therapy according to estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status of the primary tumor. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25(15), 2006–2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss, P.E.; Ingle, J.N.; Pater, J.L.; Martino, S.; Robert, N.J.; Muss, H.B.; et al. Late extended adjuvant treatment with letrozole improves outcome in women with early-stage breast cancer who complete 5 years of tamoxifen. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(12), 1948–1955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, M.; Buzdar, A.U.; Cuzick, J.; Forbes, J.; Houghton, J.H.; Klijn, J.G.; et al. ATAC trialists’ group. Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomized trial. Lancet 2002, 359, 2131–2139. (Erratum in Lancet 2002, 360(9344), 1520.)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennecke, H.F.; Olivotto, I.A.; Speers, C.; Norris, B.; Chia, S.K.; Bryce, C.; et al. Late risk of relapse and mortality among postmenopausal women with estrogen responsive early breast cancer after 5 years of tamoxifen. Ann Oncol 2007, 18, 45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, R.J. Introduction to Statistics. Retrieved October 27, 2009, from http://www.saem.org/SAEMDNN/Portals/0/AnnualMeeting09/HandoutsSAEM2009/LewisIntroductionStatistics2009.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cuzick, J. Forest plots and the interpretation of subgroups. Lancet 2005, 365(9467), 1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonat, W.; Mundhenke, C. The FACE trial: letrozole or anastrozole as initial adjuvant therapy? Cancer Invest 2007, 25(1), 14–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar