Putative Biomarkers of Response to Treatment in Breast Cancer Patients: A Pilot Assay

References

• Instituto Nacional Del Cancer – Argentina. Analysis of the cancer situation in Argentina based on the Globocan database. Argentina: Instituto Nacional Del Cancer; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth MJ. Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity's roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science 2011;331:1565–1570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croci DO, Zacarias Fluck MF, Rico MJ, Matar P, Rabinovich GA, Scharovsky OG. Dynamic cross-talk between tumor and immune cells in orchestrating the immunosuppressive network at the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007;56:1687–1700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckel MC, Wolfson A, Slachta CA, Schwarting R, Salgame P, Katsetos CD, et al. Human breast tumor cells express IL-10 and IL-12p40 transcripts and proteins, but do not produce IL-12p70. Cell Immunol 2011;266:143–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Sun T, Xue L, Han X, Lu N, Shi Y, et al. Functional polymorphisms in FAS and FASL contribute to increased apoptosis of tumor infiltration lymphocytes and risk of breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2007;28:1067–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coussens LM, Pollard JW. Leukocytes in mammary development and cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011;3(3):a003285. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razmkhah M, Jaberipour M, Erfani N, Habibagahi M, Talei AR, Ghaderi A. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) isolated from breast cancer tissue express IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta1 and upregulate expression of regulatory molecules on T cells: do they protect breast cancer cells from the immune response? Cell Immunol 2011;266:116–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalotto-Moreno T, Croci DO, Cerliani JP, Martinez-Allo VC, Dergan-Dylon S, Mendez-Huergo SP, et al. Targeting galectin-1 overcomes breast cancer-associated immunosuppression and prevents metastatic disease. Cancer Res 2013;73:1107–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusmartsev S, Gabrilovich DI. Immature myeloid cells and cancer-associated immune suppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2002;51:293–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solinas G, Schiarea S, Liguori M, Fabbri M, Pesce S, Zammataro L, et al. Tumor-conditioned macrophages secrete migration-stimulating factor: a new marker for M2-polarization, influencing tumor cell motility. J Immunol 2010;185:642–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamarron BF, Chen W. Dual roles of immune cells and their factors in cancer development and progression. Int J Biol Sci 2011;7:651–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn GP, Ikeda H, Bruce AT, Koebel C, Uppaluri R, Bui J, et al. Interferon-gamma and cancer immunoediting. Immunol Res 2005;32:231–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen HK, Donskov F, Nordsmark M, Marcussen N, Von Der Maase H. Increased intratumoral FOXP3-positive regulatory immune cells during interleukin-2 treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:1052–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson RO, Sherwood AM, Rieder MJ, Guenthoer J, Williamson DW, Carlson CS, et al. High-throughput sequencing of T-cell receptors reveals a homogeneous repertoire of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in ovarian cancer. J Pathol 2013;231:433–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo AN, Lee HJ, Kim EJ, et al. Tumour-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes as an independent predictive factor for pathological complete response to primary systemic therapy in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2013;109:2705–2713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud SM, Paish EC, Powe DG, Macmillan RD, Grainge MJ, Lee AH, et al. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes predict clinical outcome in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:1949–1955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issa-Nummer Y, Loibl S, Von Minckwitz G, Denkert C. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: a new predictor for responses to therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014;3:e27926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang B, Liu Y, Jiang SJ, Liu Y. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells in cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015;5:15179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youn JI, Gabrilovich DI. The biology of myeloid-derived suppressor cells: the blessing and the curse of morphological and functional heterogeneity. Eur J Immunol 2010;40:2969–2975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almand B, Clark JI, Nikitina E, Van Beynen J, English NR, Knight SC, et al. Increased production of immature myeloid cells in cancer patients: a mechanism of immunosuppression in cancer. J Immunol 2001;166:678–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz J, Wesolowski R, Papenfuss T, Brooks TR, Carson WE, 3rd. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013;140:13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerkvig R, Tysnes BB, Aboody KS, Najbauer J, Terzis AJ. Opinion: the origin of the cancer stem cell: current controversies and new insights. Nat Rev Cancer 2005;5:899–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabletz T, Jung A, Spaderna S, Hlubek F, Kirchner T. Opinion: migrating cancer stem cells – an integrated concept of malignant tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2005;5:744–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones RJ. Controversies in cancer stem cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009;87:1077–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londono-Joshi AI, Oliver PG, Li Y, Lee CH, Forero-Torres A, Lobuglio AF, et al. Basal-like breast cancer stem cells are sensitive to anti-DR5 mediated cytotoxicity. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012;133:437–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurdsson V, Hilmarsdottir B, Sigmundsdottir H, Fridriksdottir AJ, Ringner M, Villadsen R, et al. Endothelial-induced EMT in breast epithelial cells with stem cell properties. PLoS One 2011;6:e23833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni X, Zhao Y, Ma J, Xia T, Liu X, Ding Q, et al. Hypoxia-induced factor-1 alpha upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor C to promote lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in breast cancer patients. J Biomed Res 2013;27:478–485.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scharovsky OG, Binda MM, Rozados VR, Bhagat S, Cher ML, Bonfil RD. Angiogenic and anti-angiogenic balance regulates concomitant anti-tumoral resistance. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004;21:177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures, 2015. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Rutter CE, Yao X, Mancini BR, Aminawung JA, Chagpar AB, Saglam O, et al. Influence of a 21-gene recurrence score assay on chemotherapy delivery in breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2015;30(16):59–62. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2015.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly CM, Krishnamurthy S, Bianchini G, Litton JK, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Utility of oncotype DX risk estimates in clinically intermediate risk hormone receptor-positive, HER2-normal, grade II, lymph node-negative breast cancers. Cancer 2010;116:5161–5167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Martinez E, Gil GL, Benito AC, Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E, Conesa MA, Garcia Garcia T, et al. Tumor-infiltrating immune cell profiles and their change after neoadjuvant chemotherapy predict response and prognosis of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2014;16:488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Wu P, Qiu F, Huang J. Prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Oncol 2015;33(18):497–506. doi:10.1007/s12094-015-1391-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma C, Zhang Q, Ye J, Wang F, Zhang Y, Wevers E, et al. Tumor-infiltrating gammadelta T lymphocytes predict clinical outcome in human breast cancer. J Immunol 2012;189:5029–5036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Xu J, Zhang T, Xue D. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer predict the response to chemotherapy and survival outcome: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2016;35(7):44288–44298. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.9988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Ma C, Zhang Q, Ye J, Wang F, Zhang Y, et al. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have opposing roles in breast cancer progression and outcome. Oncotarget 2015;6:17462–17478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi Y, Nishikawa H. Roles of regulatory T cells in cancer immunity. Int Immunol 2016;37(28):401–409. doi:10.1093/intimm/dxw025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal A, Chan L, Devries S, Chin K, Scott GK, Benz CC, et al. FOXP3-positive regulatory T lymphocytes and epithelial FOXP3 expression in synchronous normal, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013;139:381–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao J, Ko EC, Eisenstein S, Sikora AG, Fu S, Chen SH. Targeting immune suppressing myeloid-derived suppressor cells in oncology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011;77:12–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sanctis F, Solito S, Ugel S, Molon B, Bronte V, Marigo I. MDSCs in cancer: conceiving new prognostic and therapeutic targets. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015;40(1865):35–48. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabitass RF, Annels NE, Stocken DD, Pandha HA, Middleton GW. Elevated myeloid-derived suppressor cells in pancreatic, esophageal and gastric cancer are an independent prognostic factor and are associated with significant elevation of the Th2 cytokine interleukin-13. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011;60:1419–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen GL, Gaudernack G, Brunsvig PF, Cvancarova M, Kyte JA. Immunological factors influencing clinical outcome in lung cancer patients after telomerase peptide vaccination. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015;42(64):1609–1621. doi:10.1007/s00262-015-1766-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo AN, Lee HJ, Kim EJ, Jang MH, Kim YJ, Kim JH, et al. Expression of breast cancer stem cell markers as predictors of prognosis and response to trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2016;114:1109–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Jing Y, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Ma P, Peng H, et al. Stroma-associated master regulators of molecular subtypes predict patient prognosis in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2015;5:16066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SY, Lee HE, Li H, Shipitsin M, Gelman R, Polyak K. Heterogeneity for stem cell-related markers according to tumor subtype and histologic stage in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16:876–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali HR, Dawson SJ, Blows FM, Provenzano E, Pharoah PD, Caldas C. Cancer stem cell markers in breast cancer: pathological, clinical and prognostic significance. Breast Cancer Res 2011;13:R118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JL, Wang MJ, Chen JY. Acetylation and activation of STAT3 mediated by nuclear translocation of CD44. J Cell Biol 2009;185:949–957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho Y, Lee HW, Kang HG, Kim HY, Kim SJ, Chun KH. Cleaved CD44 intracellular domain supports activation of stemness factors and promotes tumorigenesis of breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015;6:8709–8721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rau KM, Huang CC, Chiu TJ, Chen YY, Lu CC, Liu CT, et al. Neovascularization evaluated by CD105 correlates well with prognostic factors in breast cancers. Exp Ther Med 2012;4:231–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safwat MD, Habib F, Elayat A, Oweiss N, Reffat S, Algaidi S. Morphometric and immunohistochemical study of angiogenic marker expressions in invasive ductal carcinoma of human breast. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2009;68:144–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed RA, Green A, El-Shikh S, Paish EC, Ellis IO, Martin SG. Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial cell growth factors A, C and D in breast cancer and their relationship with angio- and lymph-angiogenesis. Br J Cancer 2007;96:1092–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar