Potential Molecular Targets in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Using siRNA Technology

References

• Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Takada S, Yamashita Y, Ishikawa S, Fujiwara S, Watanabe H, Kurashina K, Hatanaka H, et al. Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature. 2007;448:561–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:5–29. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakrar RM, Sage EK, Janes SM. Combined cell-gene therapy for lung cancer: rationale, challenges and prospects. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2016;16:853–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2016.1188074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Qu J, Xu Z. Clinical features and mutation status of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, EML4-ALK and ROS1 between surgical resection samples and non surgical resection samples in lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7:875–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan WL, Jain A, Takano A, Newell EW, Iyer NG, Lim WT, Tan EH, Zhai W, Hillmer AM, Tam WL, et al. Novel therapeutic targets on the horizon for lung cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:e347–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30123-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirieac LR, Dacic S. Targeted Therapies in Lung Cancer. Surg Pathol Clin. 2010;3:71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.path.2010.04.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Razi Soofiyani S, Baradaran B, Lotfipour F, Kazemi T, Mohammadnejad L. Gene therapy, early promises, subsequent problems, and recent breakthroughs. Adv Pharm Bull. 2013;3:249–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakamura T. Development of a Drug Delivery System for Cancer Immunotherapy. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2016;136:1477–84. https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.16-00187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansoori B, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Baradaran B. RNA interference and its role in cancer therapy. Adv Pharm Bull. 2014;4:313–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stahel R, Peters S, Baas P, Brambilla E, Cappuzzo F, De Ruysscher D, Eberhardt WE, Felip E, Fennell D, Marchetti A, et al. Strategies for improving outcomes in NSCLC: a look to the future. Lung Cancer. 2013;82:375–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.08.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pikor LA, Ramnarine VR, Lam S, Lam WL. Genetic alterations defining NSCLC subtypes and their therapeutic implications. Lung Cancer. 2013;82:179–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.07.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, Huang D, Lu N, Luo L. Role of the LKB1/AMPK pathway in tumor invasion and metastasis of cancer cells (Review). Oncol Rep. 2015;34:2821–6. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao YH, Cui Y, Qiu XN, Zhang LZ, Zhang W, Li H, Yu JM. Attenuated LKB1-SIK1 signaling promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and radioresistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Chin J Cancer. 2016;35:50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40880-016-0113-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto S, Iwakawa R, Takahashi K, Kohno T, Nakanishi Y, Matsuno Y, Suzuki K, Nakamoto M, Shimizu E, Minna J. Prevalence and specificity of LKB1 genetic alterations in lung cancers. Oncogene. 2007;26:5911. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baas AF, Smit L, Clevers H. LKB1 tumor suppressor protein: PARtaker in cell polarity. Trends Cell Biol. 2004;14:312–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2004.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam JK, Chow MY, Zhang Y, Leung SW. siRNA Versus miRNA as Therapeutics for Gene Silencing. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2015;4:e252. https://doi.org/10.1038/mtna.2015.23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothschild SI. Targeted Therapies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer-Beyond EGFR and ALK. Cancers (Basel). 2015;7:930–49. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers7020816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji H, Ramsey MR, Hayes DN, Fan C, McNamara K, Kozlowski P, Torrice C, Wu MC, Shimamura T, Perera SA, et al. LKB1 modulates lung cancer differentiation and metastasis. Nature. 2007;448:807–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley SA, Boudeau J, Reid JL, Mustard KJ, Udd L, Makela TP, Alessi DR, Hardie DG. Complexes between the LKB1 tumor suppressor, STRAD alpha/beta and MO25 alpha/beta are upstream kinases in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. J Biol. 2003;2:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-4924-2-28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shackelford DB, Abt E, Gerken L, Vasquez DS, Seki A, Leblanc M, Wei L, Fishbein MC, Czernin J, Mischel PS, et al. LKB1 inactivation dictates therapeutic response of non-small cell lung cancer to the metabolism drug phenformin. Cancer Cell. 2013;23:143–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2012.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon SM, Chandel NS, Hay N. AMPK regulates NADPH homeostasis to promote tumour cell survival during energy stress. Nature. 2012;485:661–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen J, Fu J, Zhang W, Guo M. Genetic and epigenetic changes in lung carcinoma and their clinical implications. Mod Pathol. 2011;24:932–43. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2011.46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tammemagi MC, McLaughlin JR, Bull SB. Meta-analyses of p53 tumor suppressor gene alterations and clinicopathological features in resected lung cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8:625–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun S, Schiller JH, Gazdar AF. Lung cancer in never smokers–a different disease. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7:778–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst RS, Heymach JV, Lippman SM. Lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1367–80. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0802714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Boussard TM, Hainaut P. A specific spectrum of p53 mutations in lung cancer from smokers: review of mutations compiled in the IARC p53 database. Environ Health Perspect. 1998;106:385–91. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burotto M, Thomas A, Subramaniam D, Giaccone G, Rajan A. Biomarkers in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: current concepts and future directions. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9:1609–17. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0000000000000302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung MC, Lin PL, Wang YC, He TY, Lee MC, Yeh SD, Chen CY, Lee H. Mutant p53 confers chemoresistance in non-small cell lung cancer by upregulating Nrf2. Oncotarget. 2015;6:41692–705. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotblat B, Melino G, Knight RA. NRF2 and p53: Januses in cancer? Oncotarget. 2012;3:1272–83. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraonio R, Vergara P, Di Marzo D, Pierantoni MG, Napolitano M, Russo T, Cimino F. p53 suppresses the Nrf2-dependent transcription of antioxidant response genes. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:39776–84. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M605707200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You A, Nam CW, Wakabayashi N, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW, Kwak MK. Transcription factor Nrf2 maintains the basal expression of Mdm2: An implication of the regulation of p53 signaling by Nrf2. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011;507:356–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XJ, Sun Z, Villeneuve NF, Zhang S, Zhao F, Li Y, Chen W, Yi X, Zheng W, Wondrak GT, et al. Nrf2 enhances resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, the dark side of Nrf2. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29:1235–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgn095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basseres DS, Ebbs A, Levantini E, Baldwin AS. Requirement of the NF-kappaB subunit p65/RelA for K-Ras-induced lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2010;70:3537–46. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogi A, Kuwano H. TP53 mutations in nonsmall cell lung cancer. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011:583929. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/583929.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu J, Zhang C, Feng Z. Tumor suppressor p53 and its gain-of-function mutants in cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2014;46:170–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmt144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He L, He X, Lim LP, de Stanchina E, Xuan Z, Liang Y, Xue W, Zender L, Magnus J, Ridzon D, et al. A microRNA component of the p53 tumour suppressor network. Nature. 2007;447:1130–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue W, Dahlman JE, Tammela T, Khan OF, Sood S, Dave A, Cai W, Chirino LM, Yang GR, Bronson R, et al. Small RNA combination therapy for lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:E3553–61. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412686111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell M, Berardi P, Gong W, Riabowol K. Grow-ING, Age-ING and Die-ING: ING proteins link cancer, senescence and apoptosis. Exp Cell Res. 2006;312:951–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.01.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiseki M, Nagashima M, Pedeux RM, Kitahama-Shiseki M, Miura K, Okamura S, Onogi H, Higashimoto Y, Appella E, Yokota J, et al. p29ING4 and p28ING5 bind to p53 and p300, and enhance p53 activity. Cancer Res. 2003;63:2373–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cengiz B, Gunduz E, Gunduz M, Beder LB, Tamamura R, Bagci C, Yamanaka N, Shimizu K, Nagatsuka H. Tumor-specific mutation and downregulation of ING5 detected in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:2088–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Kikuchi K, Takano Y. ING Genes Work as Tumor Suppressor Genes in the Carcinogenesis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Oncol. 2011;2011:963614. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/963614.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang F, Baumer N, Rode M, Ji P, Zhang T, Berdel WE, Muller-Tidow C. The inhibitor of growth protein 5 (ING5) depends on INCA1 as a co-factor for its antiproliferative effects. PLoS One. 2011;6:e21505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyon Y, Cayrou C, Ullah M, Landry AJ, Cote V, Selleck W, Lane WS, Tan S, Yang XJ, Cote J. ING tumor suppressor proteins are critical regulators of chromatin acetylation required for genome expression and perpetuation. Mol Cell. 2006;21:51–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2005.12.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao S, Yang XF, Shen DF, Gao Y, Shi S, Wu JC, Liu HX, Sun HZ, Su RJ, Zheng HC. The down-regulated ING5 expression in lung cancer: a potential target of gene therapy. Oncotarget. 2016;7:54596–615. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.10519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Sasaki T, Tan X, Carretero J, Shimamura T, Li D, Xu C, Wang Y, Adelmant GO, Capelletti M, et al. Inhibition of ALK, PI3K/MEK, and HSP90 in murine lung adenocarcinoma induced by EML4-ALK fusion oncogene. Cancer Res. 2010;70:9827–36. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw AT, Engelman JA. ALK in lung cancer: past, present, and future. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1105–11. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.44.5353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivunen JP, Mermel C, Zejnullahu K, Murphy C, Lifshits E, Holmes AJ, Choi HG, Kim J, Chiang D, Thomas R, et al. EML4-ALK fusion gene and efficacy of an ALK kinase inhibitor in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:4275–83. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons BL, Marchant-Miros KE, Delongchamp RR, Verkler TL, Patterson TA, McKinzie PB, Kim LT. ACB-PCR quantification of K-RAS codon 12 GAT and GTT mutant fraction in colon tumor and non-tumor tissue. Cancer Invest. 2010;28:364–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/07357901003630975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarle R, Voena C, Ambrogio C, Piva R, Inghirami G. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase in the pathogenesis of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:11–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi T, Sonobe M, Kobayashi M, Yoshizawa A, Menju T, Nakayama E, Mino N, Iwakiri S, Sato K, Miyahara R, et al. Clinicopathologic features of non-small-cell lung cancer with EML4-ALK fusion gene. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17:889–97. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0808-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzec M, Kasprzycka M, Liu X, El-Salem M, Halasa K, Raghunath PN, Bucki R, Wlodarski P, Wasik MA. Oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM/ALK induces activation of the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR signaling pathway. Oncogene. 2007;26:5606–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou SI, Shirai K. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Signaling in Lung Cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;893:179–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24223-1_9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hrustanovic G, Bivona TG. RAS-MAPK signaling influences the efficacy of ALK-targeting agents in lung cancer. Mol Cell Oncol. 2016;3:e1091061. https://doi.org/10.1080/23723556.2015.1091061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw AT, Yeap BY, Solomon BJ, Riely GJ, Gainor J, Engelman JA, Shapiro GI, Costa DB, Ou SH, Butaney M, et al. Effect of crizotinib on overall survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring ALK gene rearrangement: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:1004–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70232-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian G, Zhao X, Nie J, Dai L, Hu W, Zhang J, Chen X, Han J, Ma X, Wu D, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with non-small-cell lung cancer harboring ALK rearrangements in Chinese patients. Future Oncol. 2016;12:1243–9. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon.15.361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridge CA, McErlean AM, Ginsberg MS. Epidemiology of lung cancer. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2013;30:93–8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1342949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrustanovic G, Olivas V, Pazarentzos E, Tulpule A, Asthana S, Blakely CM, Okimoto RA, Lin L, Neel DS, Sabnis A, et al. RAS-MAPK dependence underlies a rational polytherapy strategy in EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer. Nat Med. 2015;21:1038–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janne PA, Shaw AT, Camidge DR, Giaccone G, Shreeve SM, Tang Y, Goldberg Z, Martini JF, Xu H, James LP, et al. Combined Pan-HER and ALK/ROS1/MET Inhibition with Dacomitinib and Crizotinib in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Results of a Phase I Study. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11:737–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2016.01.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viktorsson K, De Petris L, Lewensohn R. The role of p53 in treatment responses of lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;331:868–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong DW, Leung EL, So KK, Tam IY, Sihoe AD, Cheng LC, Ho KK, Au JS, Chung LP, Pik Wong M. The EML4-ALK fusion gene is involved in various histologic types of lung cancers from nonsmokers with wild-type EGFR and KRAS. Cancer. 2009;115:1723–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soda M, Takada S, Takeuchi K, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Ueno T, Haruta H, Hamada T, Yamashita Y, Ishikawa Y, et al. A mouse model for EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:19893–7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805381105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson L. Lung cancer: Resolving resistance to ALK-targeted therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016;13:64. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, He J, Yang J. Tumor cell p38 MAPK: A trigger of cancer bone osteolysis. Cancer Cell Microenviron. 2015;2:2.
   Google Scholar
• Yong HY, Koh MS, Moon A. The p38 MAPK inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;18:1893–905. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543780903321490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg AK, Basu S, Hu J, Yie TA, Tchou-Wong KM, Rom WN, Lee TC. Selective p38 activation in human non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002;26:558–64. https://doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.26.5.4689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao YM, Su B, Yang XJ, Shi JY, Tang L, Zhang J, Li JY, Chen J. [Small molecule inhibitor SB203580 enhances the antitumor effect of gefitinib in PC-9 and A549 lung cancer cell lines]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2013;35:103–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ding W, Jiang Y, Jiang Y, Zhu T, Xu Y, Jiang W, Zhu W, Tang Z, Ge Z, Ma T, et al. Role of SB203580 in the regulation of human esophageal cancer cells under the effection of Diosgenin. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:2476–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenassi M, Plemenitas A. The role of p38 MAP kinase in cancer cell apoptosis. Radiology and Oncology. 2006;40:51.
   Google Scholar
• Shin I, Kim S, Song H, Kim HR, Moon A. H-Ras-specific activation of Rac-MKK3/6-p38 pathway: its critical role in invasion and migration of breast epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:14675–83. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M411625200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SH, Seong MA, Lee HY. p38 MAPK-induced MDM2 degradation confers paclitaxel resistance through p53-mediated regulation of EGFR in human lung cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2016;7:8184–99. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Barco Barrantes I, Nebreda AR. Roles of p38 MAPKs in invasion and metastasis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2012;40:79–84. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20110676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemoto T, Kubota S, Ishida H, Murata N, Hashimoto D. Ornithine decarboxylase, mitogen-activated protein kinase and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expressions in human colon tumors. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:3065–9. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v11.i20.3065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner EF, Nebreda AR. Signal integration by JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in cancer development. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9:537–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston CR, Davis RJ. The JNK signal transduction pathway. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2002;12:14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-437X(01)00258-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogoyevitch MA, Ngoei KR, Zhao TT, Yeap YY, Ng DC. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling: recent advances and challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1804:463–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhillon AS, Hagan S, Rath O, Kolch W. MAP kinase signalling pathways in cancer. Oncogene. 2007;26:3279–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oleinik NV, Krupenko NI, Krupenko SA. Cooperation between JNK1 and JNK2 in activation of p53 apoptotic pathway. Oncogene. 2007;26:7222–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor CA, Zheng Q, Liu Z, Thompson JE. Role of p38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathways and tumor suppressor p53 on induction of apoptosis in response to Ad-eIF5A1 in A549 lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer. 2013;12:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-12-35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy NJ, Davis RJ. Role of JNK in tumor development. Cell Cycle. 2003;2:199–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasilevskaya I, O'Dwyer PJ. Role of Jun and Jun kinase in resistance of cancer cells to therapy. Drug Resist Updat. 2003;6:147–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1368-7646(03)00043-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao L, Lang W. A dominant role for the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in oncogenic ras-induced morphologic transformation of human lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2000;60:400–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi H, Ogata H, Nishigaki R, Broide DH, Karin M. Tobacco smoke promotes lung tumorigenesis by triggering IKKbeta- and JNK1-dependent inflammation. Cancer Cell. 2010;17:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cellurale C, Sabio G, Kennedy NJ, Das M, Barlow M, Sandy P, Jacks T, Davis RJ. Requirement of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase for Ras-initiated tumor formation. Mol Cell Biol. 2011;31:1565–76. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01122-10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bubici C, Papa S. JNK signalling in cancer: in need of new, smarter therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171:24–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel SP, Kurzrock R. PD-L1 Expression as a Predictive Biomarker in Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther. 2015;14:847–56. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12:252–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunshine J, Taube JM. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2015;23:32–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2015.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azuma K, Ota K, Kawahara A, Hattori S, Iwama E, Harada T, Matsumoto K, Takayama K, Takamori S, Kage M, et al. Association of PD-L1 overexpression with activating EGFR mutations in surgically resected nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:1935–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X, Zhou J, Giobbie-Hurder A, Wargo J, Hodi FS. The activation of MAPK in melanoma cells resistant to BRAF inhibition promotes PD-L1 expression that is reversible by MEK and PI3K inhibition. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:598–609. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ota K, Azuma K, Kawahara A, Hattori S, Iwama E, Tanizaki J, Harada T, Matsumoto K, Takayama K, Takamori S, et al. Induction of PD-L1 Expression by the EML4-ALK Oncoprotein and Downstream Signaling Pathways in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:4014–21. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-0016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxnard GR, Binder A, Janne PA. New targetable oncogenes in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1097–104. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.42.9829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Incecco A, Andreozzi M, Ludovini V, Rossi E, Capodanno A, Landi L, Tibaldi C, Minuti G, Salvini J, Coppi E, et al. PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in molecularly selected non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2015;112:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergethon K, Shaw AT, Ou SH, Katayama R, Lovly CM, McDonald NT, Massion PP, Siwak-Tapp C, Gonzalez A, Fang R, et al. ROS1 rearrangements define a unique molecular class of lung cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:863–70. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.35.6345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, Possemato A, Yu J, Haack H, Nardone J, Lee K, Reeves C, Li Y, et al. Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell. 2007;131:1190–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doebele RC, Camidge DR. Targeting ALK, ROS1, and BRAF kinases. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7:S375–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e31826df05e.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers TM, Russell PA, Wright G, Wainer Z, Pang JM, Henricksen LA, Singh S, Stanislaw S, Grille J, Roberts E, et al. Comparison of methods in the detection of ALK and ROS1 rearrangements in lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10:611–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0000000000000465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bubendorf L, Buttner R, Al-Dayel F, Dietel M, Elmberger G, Kerr K, Lopez-Rios F, Marchetti A, Oz B, Pauwels P, et al. Testing for ROS1 in non-small cell lung cancer: a review with recommendations. Virchows Arch. 2016;469:489–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-016-2000-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg E, Godecke A, Walter B, Bladt F, Birchmeier C. Transient and locally restricted expression of the ros1 protooncogene during mouse development. EMBO J. 1991;10:3693–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin LP, Soo RA, Soong R, Ou SH. Targeting ROS1 with anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors: a promising therapeutic strategy for a newly defined molecular subset of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7:1625–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e31826baf83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazieres J, Zalcman G, Crino L, Biondani P, Barlesi F, Filleron T, Dingemans AM, Lena H, Monnet I, Rothschild SI, et al. Crizotinib therapy for advanced lung adenocarcinoma and a ROS1 rearrangement: results from the EUROS1 cohort. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:992–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.58.3302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planchard D, Kim TM, Mazieres J, Quoix E, Riely G, Barlesi F, Souquet PJ, Smit EF, Groen HJ, Kelly RJ, et al. Dabrafenib in patients with BRAF(V600E)-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a single-arm, multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:642–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)00077-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Torres JM, Viteri S, Molina MA, Rosell R. BRAF mutant non-small cell lung cancer and treatment with BRAF inhibitors. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2013;2:244–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bollag G, Hirth P, Tsai J, Zhang J, Ibrahim PN, Cho H, Spevak W, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Habets G, et al. Clinical efficacy of a RAF inhibitor needs broad target blockade in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Nature. 2010;467:596–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardarella S, Ogino A, Nishino M, Butaney M, Shen J, Lydon C, Yeap BY, Sholl LM, Johnson BE, Janne PA. Clinical, pathologic, and biologic features associated with BRAF mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:4532–40. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tissot C, Couraud S, Tanguy R, Bringuier PP, Girard N, Souquet PJ. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with lung cancer harboring BRAF mutations. Lung Cancer. 2016;91:23–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratilas CA, Hanrahan AJ, Halilovic E, Persaud Y, Soh J, Chitale D, Shigematsu H, Yamamoto H, Sawai A, Janakiraman M, et al. Genetic predictors of MEK dependence in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 2008;68:9375–83. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Thiagarajan PS, Ma PC. MET signaling: novel targeted inhibition and its clinical development in lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7:459–67. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182417e44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gozdzik-Spychalska J, Szyszka-Barth K, Spychalski L, Ramlau K, Wojtowicz J, Batura-Gabryel H, Ramlau R. C-MET inhibitors in the treatment of lung cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2014;15:670–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-014-0313-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korpanty GJ, Graham DM, Vincent MD, Leighl NB. Biomarkers That Currently Affect Clinical Practice in Lung Cancer: EGFR, ALK, MET, ROS-1, and KRAS. Front Oncol. 2014;4:204. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2014.00204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bounacer A, Wicker R, Schlumberger M, Sarasin A, Suarez HG. Oncogenic rearrangements of the ret proto-oncogene in thyroid tumors induced after exposure to ionizing radiation. Biochimie. 1997;79:619–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9084(97)82012-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibanez CF. Structure and physiology of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013;5. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a009134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaclavikova E, Kavalcova L, Skaba R, Dvorakova S, Macokova P, Rouskova B, Bendlova B. Hirschsprung's disease and medullary thyroid carcinoma: 15-year experience with molecular genetic screening of the RET proto-oncogene. Pediatr Surg Int. 2012;28:123–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-011-2993-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edery P, Lyonnet S, Mulligan LM, Pelet A, Dow E, Abel L, Holder S, Nihoul-Fekete C, Ponder BA, Munnich A. Mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in Hirschsprung's disease. Nature. 1994;367:378–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/367378a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipson D, Capelletti M, Yelensky R, Otto G, Parker A, Jarosz M, Curran JA, Balasubramanian S, Bloom T, Brennan KW, et al. Identification of new ALK and RET gene fusions from colorectal and lung cancer biopsies. Nat Med. 2012;18:382–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R, Hu H, Pan Y, Li Y, Ye T, Li C, Luo X, Wang L, Li H, Zhang Y, et al. RET fusions define a unique molecular and clinicopathologic subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4352–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.44.1477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao BH, Briesewitz R, Villalona-Calero MA. RET fusion genes in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4439–41. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.8240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi K, Soda M, Togashi Y, Suzuki R, Sakata S, Hatano S, Asaka R, Hamanaka W, Ninomiya H, Uehara H, et al. RET, ROS1 and ALK fusions in lung cancer. Nat Med. 2012;18:378–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drilon A, Wang L, Hasanovic A, Suehara Y, Lipson D, Stephens P, Ross J, Miller V, Ginsberg M, Zakowski MF, et al. Response to Cabozantinib in patients with RET fusion-positive lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer Discov. 2013;3:630–5. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawano O, Sasaki H, Endo K, Suzuki E, Haneda H, Yukiue H, Kobayashi Y, Yano M, Fujii Y. PIK3CA mutation status in Japanese lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer. 2006;54:209–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawano O, Sasaki H, Okuda K, Yukiue H, Yokoyama T, Yano M, Fujii Y. PIK3CA gene amplification in Japanese non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2007;58:159–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.06.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaft JE, Arcila ME, Paik PK, Lau C, Riely GJ, Pietanza MC, Zakowski MF, Rusch V, Sima CS, Ladanyi M, et al. Coexistence of PIK3CA and other oncogene mutations in lung adenocarcinoma-rationale for comprehensive mutation profiling. Mol Cancer Ther. 2012;11:485–91. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessy BT, Smith DL, Ram PT, Lu Y, Mills GB. Exploiting the PI3K/AKT pathway for cancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005;4:988–1004. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katso R, Okkenhaug K, Ahmadi K, White S, Timms J, Waterfield MD. Cellular function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases: implications for development, homeostasis, and cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2001;17:615–75. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang JM, He QY, Guo RX, Chang XJ. Phosphorylated Akt overexpression and loss of PTEN expression in non-small cell lung cancer confers poor prognosis. Lung Cancer. 2006;51:181–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu FY, Wu YL. Novel agents and strategies for overcoming EGFR TKIs resistance. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2014;3:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/2162-3619-3-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ekman S, Wynes MW, Hirsch FR. The mTOR pathway in lung cancer and implications for therapy and biomarker analysis. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7:947–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e31825581bd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willemsen AE, Grutters JC, Gerritsen WR, van Erp NP, van Herpen CM, Tol J. mTOR inhibitor-induced interstitial lung disease in cancer patients: Comprehensive review and a practical management algorithm. Int J Cancer. 2016;138:2312–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad I, Iwata T, Leung HY. Mechanisms of FGFR-mediated carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1823:850–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beenken A, Mohammadi M. The FGF family: biology, pathophysiology and therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009;8:235–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding TC, Long L, Palencia S, Zhang H, Sadra A, Hestir K, Patil N, Levin A, Hsu AW, Charych D, et al. Blockade of nonhormonal fibroblast growth factors by FP-1039 inhibits growth of multiple types of cancer. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5:178ra39. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3005414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy T, Darby S, Mathers ME, Gnanapragasam VJ. Evidence for distinct alterations in the FGF axis in prostate cancer progression to an aggressive clinical phenotype. J Pathol. 2010;220:452–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desnoyers LR, Pai R, Ferrando RE, Hotzel K, Le T, Ross J, Carano R, D'Souza A, Qing J, Mohtashemi I, et al. Targeting FGF19 inhibits tumor growth in colon cancer xenograft and FGF19 transgenic hepatocellular carcinoma models. Oncogene. 2008;27:85–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo AN, Jin Y, Lee HJ, Sun PL, Kim H, Jheon S, Kim K, Lee CT, Chung JH. FGFR1 amplification is associated with poor prognosis and smoking in non-small-cell lung cancer. Virchows Arch. 2014;465:547–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-014-1634-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marek L, Ware KE, Fritzsche A, Hercule P, Helton WR, Smith JE, McDermott LA, Coldren CD, Nemenoff RA, Merrick DT, et al. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor-mediated autocrine signaling in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2009;75:196–207. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.108.049544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai Y, Kim JY, Watters JM, Fang B, Kinose F, Song L, Koomen JM, Teer JK, Fisher K, Chen YA, et al. Adaptive responses to dasatinib-treated lung squamous cell cancer cells harboring DDR2 mutations. Cancer Res. 2014;74:7217–28. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-0505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerman PS, Sos ML, Ramos AH, Xu C, Dutt A, Zhou W, Brace LE, Woods BA, Lin W, Zhang J, et al. Mutations in the DDR2 kinase gene identify a novel therapeutic target in squamous cell lung cancer. Cancer Discov. 2011;1:78–89. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8274.CD-11-0005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwai LK, Payne LS, Luczynski MT, Chang F, Xu H, Clinton RW, Paul A, Esposito EA, Gridley S, Leitinger B, et al. Phosphoproteomics of collagen receptor networks reveals SHP-2 phosphorylation downstream of wild-type DDR2 and its lung cancer mutants. Biochem J. 2013;454:501–13. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20121750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day E, Waters B, Spiegel K, Alnadaf T, Manley PW, Buchdunger E, Walker C, Jarai G. Inhibition of collagen-induced discoidin domain receptor 1 and 2 activation by imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;599:44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.10.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valiathan RR, Marco M, Leitinger B, Kleer CG, Fridman R. Discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinases: new players in cancer progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2012;31:295–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-012-9346-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yashima H, Shimizu K, Araki T, Aomori T, Ohtaki Y, Nagashima T, Enokida Y, Atsumi J, Nakamura T, Takeyoshi I, et al. Assessment of DDR2, BRAF, EGFR and KRAS mutations as therapeutic targets in non-adenocarcinoma lung cancer patients. Mol Clin Oncol. 2014;2:714–8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2014.302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molina-Vila MA, Bertran-Alamillo J, Mayo C, Rosell R. Screening for EGFR mutations in lung cancer. Discov Med. 2009;8:181–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esmailzadeh S, Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Shanehbandi D, Baradaran B. siRNA-Mediated Silencing of HMGA2 Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Colorectal Carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2017;48:156–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-016-9871-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai SI, Lin YY, Macaes B, Meneshian A, Hung CF, Wu TC. Prospects of RNA interference therapy for cancer. Gene Ther. 2006;13:464–77. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3302694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shajari N, Mansoori B, Davudian S, Mohammadi A, Baradaran B. Overcoming the Challenges of siRNA Delivery: Nanoparticle Strategies. Curr Drug Deliv. 2017;14:36–46. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201813666160816105408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpala AJ, Doran TJ, Bean AG. Immune responses to dsRNA: implications for gene silencing technologies. Immunol Cell Biol. 2005;83:211–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01331.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng H, Wang X, Zhang Z, Tang C, Ye H, Jones L, Lou F, Zhang D, Jiang S, Sun H, et al. Identification of Genetic Mutations in Human Lung Cancer by Targeted Sequencing. Cancer Inform. 2015;14:83–93. https://doi.org/10.4137/CIN.S22941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper WA, Lam DC, O'Toole SA, Minna JD. Molecular biology of lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2013;5(Suppl 5):S479–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sunaga N, Shames DS, Girard L, Peyton M, Larsen JE, Imai H, Soh J, Sato M, Yanagitani N, Kaira K, et al. Knockdown of oncogenic KRAS in non-small cell lung cancers suppresses tumor growth and sensitizes tumor cells to targeted therapy. Mol Cancer Ther. 2011;10:336–46. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-0750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoo C, Rogers TM, Fellowes A, Bell A, Fox S. Molecular methods for somatic mutation testing in lung adenocarcinoma: EGFR and beyond. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2015;4:126–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarzguioui M, Peng Q, Wiiger MT, Vasovic V, Babaie E, Holen T, Nesland JM, Prydz H. Ex vivo and in vivo delivery of anti-tissue factor short interfering RNA inhibits mouse pulmonary metastasis of B16 melanoma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:4055–61. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu C, Gui Q, Chen W, Wu L, Sun W, Zhang N, Xu Q, Wang J, Fu X. Small interference RNA targeting tissue factor inhibits human lung adenocarcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2011;30:63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-30-63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Tang N, Liu X, Liang W, Xu W, Torchilin VP. siRNA-containing liposomes modified with polyarginine effectively silence the targeted gene. J Control Release. 2006;112:229–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.01.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar MS, Hancock DC, Molina-Arcas M, Steckel M, East P, Diefenbacher M, Armenteros-Monterroso E, Lassailly F, Matthews N, Nye E, et al. The GATA2 transcriptional network is requisite for RAS oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer. Cell. 2012;149:642–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen DK, Jensen LB, Koocheki S, Bengtson L, Cun D, Nielsen HM, Foged C. Design of an inhalable dry powder formulation of DOTAP-modified PLGA nanoparticles loaded with siRNA. J Control Release. 2012;157:141–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim G, Choi HW, Lee S, Choi J, Yu YH, Park DE, Choi Y, Kim CW, Oh YK. Enhanced intrapulmonary delivery of anticancer siRNA for lung cancer therapy using cationic ethylphosphocholine-based nanolipoplexes. Mol Ther. 2013;21:816–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2013.10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora-Avila DE, Zapata-Benavides P, Franco-Molina MA, Saavedra-Alonso S, Trejo-Avila LM, Resendez-Perez D, Mendez-Vazquez JL, Isaias-Badillo J, Rodriguez-Padilla C. WT1 gene silencing by aerosol delivery of PEI-RNAi complexes inhibits B16-F10 lung metastases growth. Cancer Gene Ther. 2009;16:892–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/cgt.2009.35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang HL, Hong SH, Kim YK, Islam MA, Kim HJ, Choi YJ, Nah JW, Lee KH, Han KW, Chae C, et al. Aerosol delivery of spermine-based poly(amino ester)/Akt1 shRNA complexes for lung cancer gene therapy. Int J Pharm. 2011;420:256–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jere D, Kim JE, Arote R, Jiang HL, Kim YK, Choi YJ, Yun CH, Cho MH, Cho CS. Akt1 silencing efficiencies in lung cancer cells by sh/si/ssiRNA transfection using a reductable polyspermine carrier. Biomaterials. 2009;30:1635–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawata E, Ashihara E, Kimura S, Takenaka K, Sato K, Tanaka R, Yokota A, Kamitsuji Y, Takeuchi M, Kuroda J, et al. Administration of PLK-1 small interfering RNA with atelocollagen prevents the growth of liver metastases of lung cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008;7:2904–12. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao CQ, Xiong MH, Liu Y, Shen S, Du XJ, Yang XZ, Dou S, Zhang PZ, Wang J. Synthetic lethal therapy for KRAS mutant non-small-cell lung carcinoma with nanoparticle-mediated CDK4 siRNA delivery. Mol Ther. 2014;22:964–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2014.18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti DS, Brewer D, Grashik J, Avasarala S, da Rocha SR. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanocarriers and their aerosol formulations for siRNA delivery to the lung epithelium. Mol Pharm. 2014;11:1808–22. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp4006358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song G, Li Y, Zhang Z, Ren X, Li H, Zhang W, Wei R, Pan S, Shi L, Bi K, et al. c-myc but not Hif-1alpha-dependent downregulation of VEGF influences the proliferation and differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by ATRA. Oncol Rep. 2013;29:2378–84. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesh S, Iyer AK, Morrissey DV, Amiji MM. Hyaluronic acid based self-assembling nanosystems for CD44 target mediated siRNA delivery to solid tumors. Biomaterials. 2013;34:3489–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang HL, Xu CX, Kim YK, Arote R, Jere D, Lim HT, Cho MH, Cho CS. The suppression of lung tumorigenesis by aerosol-delivered folate-chitosan-graft-polyethylenimine/Akt1 shRNA complexes through the Akt signaling pathway. Biomaterials. 2009;30:5844–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danhier F, Messaoudi K, Lemaire L, Benoit JP, Lagarce F. Combined anti-Galectin-1 and anti-EGFR siRNA-loaded chitosan-lipid nanocapsules decrease temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma: in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm. 2015;481:154–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.01.051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huo J. Effects of chitosan nanoparticle-mediated BRAF siRNA interference on invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016;44:1232–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichmann H, Guttler A, Bache M, Taubert H, Rot S, Kessler J, Eckert AW, Kappler M, Vordermark D. Targeting of EGFR and HER2 with therapeutic antibodies and siRNA: a comparative study in glioblastoma cells. Strahlenther Onkol. 2015;191:180–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-014-0743-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Estes NR 2nd, Thottassery JV, Kern FG. siRNA mediated knockdown of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 or 3 inhibits FGF-induced anchorage-independent clonogenicity but does not affect MAPK activation. Oncol Rep. 2006;15:1407–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nourazarian AR, Najar AG, Farajnia S, Khosroushahi AY, Pashaei-Asl R, Omidi Y. Combined EGFR and c-Src antisense oligodeoxynucleotides encapsulated with PAMAM Denderimers inhibit HT-29 colon cancer cell proliferation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13:4751–6. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.9.4751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najar AG, Pashaei-Asl R, Omidi Y, Farajnia S, Nourazarian AR. EGFR antisense oligonucleotides encapsulated with nanoparticles decrease EGFR, MAPK1 and STAT5 expression in a human colon cancer cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14:495–8. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.1.495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karami H, Baradaran B, Esfahani A, Estiar MA, Naghavi-Behzad M, Sakhinia M, Sakhinia E. siRNA-mediated silencing of survivin inhibits proliferation and enhances etoposide chemosensitivity in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14:7719–24. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.12.7719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luwor RB, Baradaran B, Taylor LE, Iaria J, Nheu TV, Amiry N, Hovens CM, Wang B, Kaye AH, Zhu HJ. Targeting Stat3 and Smad7 to restore TGF-beta cytostatic regulation of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene. 2013;32:2433–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2012.260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montazami N, Kheir Andish M, Majidi J, Yousefi M, Yousefi B, Mohamadnejad L, Shanebandi D, Estiar MA, Khaze V, Mansoori B, et al. siRNA-mediated silencing of MDR1 reverses the resistance to oxaliplatin in SW480/OxR colon cancer cells. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2015;61:98–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musavi Shenas SM, Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Salehi S, Kaffash B, Talebi B, Babaloo Z, Shanehbandi D, Baradaran B. SiRNA-mediated silencing of Snail-1 induces apoptosis and alters micro RNA expression in human urinary bladder cancer cell line. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016;72:1–6.
   Google Scholar