Ethical Principles in the Analysis of Prostate Cancer Diagnostics

References

• Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of biomedical ethics. 8th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ebbesen M, Andersen S, Besenbacher F. Ethics in nanotechnology: starting from scratch? Sci Technol Soc. 2006;26(6):451–62. doi:10.1177/0270467606295003.
   Google Scholar
• Ebbesen M, Andersen S, Pedersen FS. A conceptual framework for the ethics of synthetic biology. Acad Quart. 2015;12:203–23. doi:10.5278/ojs.academicquarter.v0i12.2736.
   Google Scholar
• Merriel SWD, Funston G, Hamilton W. Prostate cancer in primary care. Adv Ther. 2018;35(9):1285–94. doi:10.1007/s12325-018-0766-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilt TJ, Ahmed HU. Prostate cancer screening and the management of clinically localized disease. BMJ. 2013;346:f325. doi:10.1136/bmj.f325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danish Urological Society. Clinical guidelines: prostate cancer, screening and early detection. 2019. (In Danish). [cited 2022 April 1]. Available from: https://ducg.dk/fileadmin/ingen_mappe_valgt/5_1_PSA_og_screening_ver._1.1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Danish Urological Society. Clinical guidelines: prostate cancer, diagnostics, version 2.1. 2020. (In Danish). [cited 2022 April 1]. Available from: https://www.dmcg.dk/siteassets/kliniske-retningslinjer–-skabeloner-og-vejledninger/kliniske-retningslinjer-opdelt-pa-dmcg/daproca/daproca_diagnostik-v2.1_jadmgodk021220.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Aly M, Dyrdak R, Nordström T, Jalal S, Weibull CE, Giske CG, Grönberg H. Rapid increase in multidrug-resistant enteric bacilli blood stream infection after prostate biopsy – a 10-year population-based cohort study. Prostate. 2015;75(9):947–56. doi:10.1002/pros.22979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Tammela TLJ, Zappa M, Nelen V, et al. Screening and prostate cancer mortality: results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of follow-up. Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2027–35. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60525-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikkinen KAO, Dahm P, Lytvyn L, Heen AF, Vernooij RWM, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018;362:k3581. doi:10.1136/bmj.k3581.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilic D, Neuberger MM, Djulbegovic M, Dahm P. Screening for prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;1:CD004720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grönberg H, Adolfsson J, Aly M, Nordström T, Wiklund P, Brandberg Y, et al. Prostate cancer screening in men aged 50–69 years (STHLM3): a prospective population-based diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(16):1667–76. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00361-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh J, Saunders EJ, Dadaev T, McGrowder E, Bancroft E, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles R. Prostate cancer risk in men of differing genetic ancestry and approaches to disease screening and management in these groups. Br J Cancer. 2022;126(10):1366–73. doi:10.1038/s41416-021-01669-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Culp MB, Ma J, Islami F, Fedewa SA. Prostate cancer incidence 5 years after US preventive services task force recommendations against screening. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113(1):64–71. doi:10.1093/jnci/djaa068.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods-Burnham L, Stiel L, Wilson C, Montgomery S, Durán AM, Ruckle HR, et al. Physician consultations, prostate cancer knowledge, and PSA screening of African American men in the era of shared decision-making. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12(4):751–9. doi:10.1177/1557988318763673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DB, Markt SC, Nguyen CT, Coleman OC. Prostate cancer screening and young black men: can early communication avoid later health disparities? J Cancer Educ. 2021;10:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsen RV, Larsen SB, Christensen J, Brasso K, Friis S, Tjønneland A, Dalton SO. PSA testing without clinical indication for prostate cancer in relation to socio-demographic and clinical characteristics in the Danish diet, cancer and health study. Acta Oncol. 2013;52(8):1609–14. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2013.831474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerhmann-Lerche CS, Larsen SB, Andersen I, Thygesen LC, Kaae Andersen K, Duun-Henriksen AK, et al. Educational level and first-time PSA testing in general practice. Scand J Urol. 2019;53(5):275–81. doi:10.1080/21681805.2019.1681503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui MM, Rais-Bahrami S, Turkbey B, George AK, Rothwax J, Shakir N, et al. Comparison of MR/ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy with ultrasound-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. JAMA. 2015;313(4):390–7. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoots IG, Roobol MJ, Nieboer D, Bangma CH, Steyerberg EW, Hunink MGM. Magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of significant prostate cancer detection compared to standard transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2015;68(3):438–50. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.11.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokorny MR, Thompson LC. Is magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy now the standard of care? Eur Urol. 2019;76(3):304–5. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2019.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehdaie B, Shariat SF. Magnetic resonance imaging-targeted prostate biopsy: back to the future. Eur Urol. 2013;63(1):141–2. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.06.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ström P, Kartasalo K, Olsson H, Solorzano L, Delahunt B, Berney DM, et al. Artificial intelligence for diagnosis and grading of prostate cancer in biopsies: a population-based, diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(2):222–32. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30738-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njølstad PR, Andreassen OA, Brunak S, Børglum AD, Dillner J, Esko T, et al. Roadmap for a precision-medicine initiative in the Nordic region. Nat Genet. 2019;51(6):924–30. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0391-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy MJ. Biomarkers for prostate cancer: prostate-specific antigen and beyond. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(3):326–39. doi:10.1515/cclm-2019-0693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eklund M, Nordström T, Aly M, Adolfsson J, Wiklund P, Brandberg Y, et al. The Stockholm-3 (STHLM3) model can improve prostate cancer diagnostics in men aged 50–69 yr compared with current prostate testing. Eur Urol Focus. 2018;4(5):707–10. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2016.10.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nordström T, Grönberg H, Adolfsson J, Egevad L, Aly M, Eklund M. Balancing overdiagnosis and early detection of prostate cancer using the Stockholm-3 model. Eur Urol Focus. 2018;4(3):385–7. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2016.11.016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grönberg H, Eklund M, Picker W, Aly M, Jäderling F, Adolfsson J, et al. Prostate cancer diagnostics using a combination of the Stockholm3 blood test and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Urol. 2018;74(6):722–8. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2018.06.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon SA, Tuncer S, Sanford T, Choyke PL, Türkbey B. Artificial intelligence at the intersection of pathology and radiology in prostate cancer. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2019;25(3):183–8. doi:10.5152/dir.2019.19125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploug T, Holm S. The right to refuse diagnostics and treatment planning by artificial intelligence. Med Health Care Philos. 2020;23(1):107–14. doi:10.1007/s11019-019-09912-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viste E, Vinje CA, Lid TG, Skeie S, Evjen-Olsen Ø, Nordström T, et al. Effects of replacing PSA with Stockholm3 for diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer in a healthcare system – the Stavanger experience. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2020;38(3):315–22. doi:10.1080/02813432.2020.1802139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebbesen M. Ethical assessment within medical science and biotechnology. (In Danish). Bibl Laeger. 2002;194:232–59.
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp TL. Methods and principles in biomedical ethics. J Med Ethics. 2003;29(5):269–74. doi:10.1136/jme.29.5.269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp TL. A defense of the common morality. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 2003;13(3):259–74. doi:10.1353/ken.2003.0019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp TL. Common morality, human rights, and multiculturalism in Japanese and American bioethics. J Practical Ethics. 2015;3(2):18–35.
   Google Scholar
• Danish Health Act. 2019. Part 1, Chapter 1. (In Danish). [cited 2022 April 1]. Available from: https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2019/903.
   Google Scholar
• Ebbesen M. Cross cultural principles for bioethics. In: Advanced biomedical engineering. Gargiulo GD, McEwan A (eds.). Croatia: IntechOpen; 2011. pp. 207–15.
   Google Scholar
• Ebbesen M, Pedersen BD. Empirical investigation of the ethical reasoning of physicians and molecular biologists – the importance of the four principles of biomedical ethics. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2007;2:23. doi:10.1186/1747-5341-2-23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bladt T, Vorup-Jensen T, Saedder E, Ebbesen M. Empirical investigation of ethical challenges related to the use of biological therapies. J Law Med Ethics. 2020;48(3):567–78. doi:10.1177/1073110520958883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar