A Mechanistic Review of Methotrexate and Celecoxib as a Potential Metronomic Chemotherapy for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

References

• Dhanuthai K, Rojanawatsirivej S, Thosaporn W, Kintarak S, Subarnbhesaj A, Darling M, et al. Oral cancer: a multicenter study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(1):e23–9–e29. doi:10.4317/medoral.21999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aruna DS, Prasad KVV, Shavi GR, Ariga J, Rajesh G, Krishna M. Retrospective study on risk habits among oral cancer patients in Karnataka cancer therapy and research institute, Hubli, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(6):1561–1566.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Cancer fact sheets - lip, oral cavity. International agency for research on cancer [Internet]. 2020. 895:0–5. Available from: http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/1-Lip-oral-cavity-fact-sheet.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka T, Tanaka M, Tanaka T. Oral carcinogenesis and oral cancer chemoprevention: a review. Patholog Res Int. 2011;2011:1–10. doi:10.4061/2011/431246.
   Google Scholar
• Krishna A, Singh RK, Singh S, Verma P, Pal US, Tiwari S. Demographic risk factors, affected anatomical sites and clinicopathological profile for oral squamous cell carcinoma in a north Indian population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(16):6755–6760. doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.16.6755.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tandon P, Dadhich A, Saluja H, Bawane S, Sachdeva S. The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma in different sites of oral cavity at our Rural Health Care Centre in Loni, Maharashtra - a retrospective 10-year study. Contemp Oncol (Pozn)). 2017;21(2):178–183. doi:10.5114/wo.2017.68628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guha N, Boffetta P, Wünsch Filho V, Eluf Neto J, Shangina O, Zaridze D, et al. Oral health and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and esophagus: results of two multicentric case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(10):1159–1173. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyota N, Tahara M, Mizusawa J, Kodaira T, Fujii H, Yamazaki T, Head and Neck Cancer Study Group of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG-HNCSG), et al. Weekly cisplatin plus radiation for postoperative head and neck cancer (JCOG1008): a multicenter, noninferiority, phase ii/iii randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(18):1980–1990. doi:10.1200/JCO.21.01293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao W, Guo C., Bin  Factors related to delay in diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67(5):1015–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2008.12.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varela-Centelles P, López-Cedrún JL, Fernández-Sanromán J, Seoane-Romero JM, Santos de Melo N, Álvarez-Nóvoa P, et al. Key points and time intervals for early diagnosis in symptomatic oral cancer: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;46(1):1–10. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2016.09.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelatto RA, Herrera MC, Fernández EN, Corball AG, López De Blanc SA. Diagnostic delay of oral squamous cell carcinoma in two diagnosis centers in Córdoba Argentina. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(7):405–408. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00547.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai PS, Vaidya AD, Prabhash K, Banavali SD. Oral metronomic scheduling of anticancer therapy-based treatment compared to existing standard of care in locally advanced oral squamous cell cancers: a matched-pair analysis. Indian J Cancer. 2013;50(2):135–141. doi:10.4103/0019-509X.117024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi P, Nair S, Chaturvedi P, Nair D, Agarwal JP, D'Cruz AK. Delay in seeking specialized care for oral cancers: experience from a tertiary cancer center. Indian J Cancer. 2014;51(2):95–97. doi:10.4103/0019-509X.137934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivaramakrishnan G, Sridharan K. Adverse drug reactions in the oral cavity. Drugs Ther Perspect. 2016;32(7):297–303. doi:10.1007/s40267-016-0302-9.
   Google Scholar
• Kut C, Mac Gabhann F, Popel AS. Where is VEGF in the body? A meta-analysis of VEGF distribution in cancer. Br J Cancer. 2007;97(7):978–985. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shivamallappa SM, Venkatraman NT, Shreedhar B, Mohanty L, Shenoy S. Role of angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma development and metastasis: an immunohistochemical study. Int J Oral Sci. 2011;3(4):216–224. doi:10.4248/IJOS11077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• André N, Tsai K, Carré M, Pasquier E. Metronomic chemotherapy: direct targeting of cancer cells after all? Trends in Cancer. 2017;3(5):319–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2017.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh PM, Hingmire SS, Deshmukh CD. Selected current data on metronomic therapy (and its promise) from India. South Asian J Cancer. 2016;05(2):37–47. doi:10.4103/2278-330X.181623.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patil VM, Noronha V, Joshi A, Dhumal S, Mahimkar M, Bhattacharjee A, et al. Phase I/II study of palliative triple metronomic chemotherapy in platinum-refractory/early-failure oral cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(32):3032–3041. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.01076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simsek C, Esin E, Yalcin S. Metronomic chemotherapy: a systematic review of the literature and clinical experience. J Oncol. 2019;2019:5483791. (Novemberdoi:10.1155/2019/5483791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noronha V, Krishna M. v, Patil V, Joshi A, Banavali SD, Prabhash K. Metronomic therapy: chemotherapy revisited. Indian J Cancer. 2013;50(2):142–148. doi:10.4103/0019-509X.117027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• André N, Carré M, Pasquier E. Metronomics: Towards personalized chemotherapy? Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11(7):413–431. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil VM, Noronha V, Joshi A, Muddu VK, Dhumal S, Bhosale B, et al. A prospective randomized phase II study comparing metronomic chemotherapy with chemotherapy (single agent cisplatin), in patients with metastatic, relapsed or inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. Oral Oncol. 2015;51(3):279–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell [Internet]. 2011;144(5):646–674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
   Google Scholar
• Kareva I, Waxman DJ, Klement GL. Metronomic chemotherapy: an attractive alternative to maximum tolerated dose therapy that can activate anti-tumor immunity and minimize therapeutic resistance. Cancer Lett. 2015;358(2):100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil V, Noronha V, D’Cruz AK, Banavali SD., Prabhash  K. Metronomic chemotherapy in advanced oral cancers. J Cancer Res Ther. 2012;8(:SUPPL 2).
   Google Scholar
• Kerbel RS, Klement G, Pritchard KI, Kamen B. Continuous low-dose anti-angiogenic/metronomic chemotherapy: from the research laboratory into the oncology clinic. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(1):12–15. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdf093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiti R. Metronomic chemotherapy. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2014;5(3):186–192. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.136098.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pasquier E, Kavallaris M, André N. Metronomic chemotherapy: new rationale for new directions. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010;7(8):455–465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Dabrosin C, Yin X, Fuster MM, Arreola A, Rathmell WK, et al. Broad targeting of angiogenesis for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol. Internet. 2015;35:S224–S243. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.01.001.
   Google Scholar
• de Felice F, Musio D, Tombolini V. Head and neck cancer: metronomic chemotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2015;15(1):1–5. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1705-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koumarianou A, Christodoulou MI, Patapis P, Papadopoulos I, Liakata E, Giagini A, et al. The effect of metronomic versus standard chemotherapy on the regulatory to effector T-cell equilibrium in cancer patients. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2014;3(1):3–10. doi:10.1186/2162-3619-3-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scharovsky OG, Mainetti LE, Rozados VR. Metronomic chemotherapy: changing the paradigm that more is better. Curr Oncol. 2009;16(2):7–15. doi:10.3747/co.v16i2.420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafin MB, Bottega A, da Rosa TF, Machado CS, Foletto VS, Coelho SS, et al. Drug Repositioning in Oncology. Am J Ther. 2021;28(1):e111–7–e117. doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000000906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imaduddin M, Sultania M, Vigneshwaran B, Muduly DK, Kar M. Metronomic therapy using methotrexate and celecoxib: a boon for oral cancer patients during COVID-19 pandemic. Oral Oncol. 2021;114:105069. 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dueñas-González A, García-López P, Herrera LA, Medina-Franco JL, González-Fierro A, Candelaria M. The prince and the pauper. A tale of anticancer targeted agents. Mol Cancer. 2008;7(1):82–33. Vol. p. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-7-82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muttagi SS, Chaturvedi P, Gaikwad R, Singh B, Pawar P. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in chronic areca nut chewing Indian women: case series and review of literature. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2012;33(1):32–35. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.96966.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patil V, Noronha V, Dhumal SB, Joshi A, Menon N, Bhattacharjee A, et al. Low-cost oral metronomic chemotherapy versus intravenous cisplatin in patients with recurrent, metastatic, inoperable head and neck carcinoma: an open-label, parallel-group, non-inferiority, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(9):e1213–e1222. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30275-8.
   Google Scholar
• Ramanan VA, Kalaichelvi K, Lakshminarasimhan S. Metronomic oral cyclophosphamide (MOC) therapy in the recurrent and advanced ovarian cancer patients: a retrospective study. IP Int J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2017;3(2):45–48. doi:10.18231/2455-6793.2017.0013.
   Google Scholar
• Mateen A, Adil AR, Maken RN, Khan SA, Arif M. Metronomic chemotherapy in recurrent head and neck cancer. JCO. 2015 May 20;33(15_suppl):e17007–e17007. doi:10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e17007.
   Google Scholar
• Vaupel P, Thews O, Hoeckel M. Treatment resistance of solid tumors: role of hypoxia and anemia. MO. 2001;18(4):243–260. doi:10.1385/MO:18:4:243.
   Google Scholar
• Price MLP, Jorgensen WL. Analysis of binding affinities for celecoxib analogues with COX-1 and COX-2 from combined docking and Monte Carlo simulations and insight into the COX-2/COX-1 selectivity. J Am Chem Soc. 2000;122(39):9455–9466. doi:10.1021/ja001018c.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JW, Morrison JF, Duggleby RG. Methotrexate, a high-affinity pseudosubstrate of dihydrofolate reductase. Biochemistry. 1979;18(12):2567–2573. doi:10.1021/bi00579a021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosas C, Sinning M, Ferreira A, Fuenzalida M, Lemus D. Celecoxib decreases growth and angiogenesis and promotes apoptosis in a tumor cell line resistant to chemotherapy. Biol Res. 2014;47(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/0717-6287-47-27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gately S, Li WW. Multiple roles of COX-2 in tumor angiogenesis: a target for antiangiogenic therapy. Semin Oncol. 2004;31(2 Suppl 7):2–11. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2004.03.040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Wu X, Xu XC. Induction of apoptosis by cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor NS398 through a cytochrome C-Dependent pathway in esophageal cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 2001;93(2):218–223. doi:10.1002/ijc.1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyedmajidi M, Shafaee S, Siadati S, Khorasani M, Bijani A, Ghasemi N. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther. 2014;10(4):1024–1029. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.138205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue J, Yang S, Seng S. Mechanisms of cancer induction by tobacco-specific NNK and NNN. Cancers (Basel). 2014;6(2):1138–1156. doi:10.3390/cancers6021138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawhney M, Rohatgi N, Kaur J, Shishodia S, Sethi G, Gupta SD, et al. Expression of NF-κB parallels COX-2 expression in oral precancer and cancer: association with smokeless tobacco. Int J Cancer. 2007;120(12):2545–2556. doi:10.1002/ijc.22657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mărgăritescu C, Pirici D, Stîngă A, Simionescu C, Raica M, Mogoantă L, et al. VEGF expression and angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and morphometric study. Clin Exp Med. 2010;10(4):209–214. doi:10.1007/s10238-010-0095-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan G, Boyle JO, Yang EK, Zhang F, Sacks PG, Shah JP, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Res. 1999;59(5):991–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannone G, Bufo P, Caiaffa MF, Serpico R, Lanza A, lo Muzio L, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2004;17(3):273–282. doi:10.1177/039463200401700307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu L, Byrnes K, Han C, Wang Y, Wu T. MiR-21 targets 15-PGDH and promotes cholangiocarcinoma growth. Mol Cancer Res. 2014;12(6):890–900. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-13-0419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mott JL. MicroRNAs involved in tumor suppressor and oncogene pathways: implications for hepatobiliary neoplasia. Hepatology. 2009;50(2):630–637. doi:10.1002/hep.23010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Holt D, Kundu N, Reader J, Goloubeva O, Take Y, et al. A prostaglandin E (PGE) receptor EP4 antagonist protects natural killer cells from PGE2-mediated immunosuppression and inhibits breast cancer metastasis. Oncoimmunology. 2013;2(1):e22647. doi:10.4161/onci.22647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein T, Benders J, Roth F, Baudler M, Siegle I, Kömhoff M. Expression of prostacyclin-synthase in human breast cancer: negative prognostic factor and protection against cell death in vitro. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:864136. doi:10.1155/2015/864136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SW, Kim HS, Hah JW, Jeong WJ, Kim KH, Sung MW. Celecoxib inhibits cell proliferation through the activation of ERK and p38 MAPK in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Anticancer Drugs. 2010;21(9):823–830. doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e32833dada8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winfield LL, Payton-Stewart F. Celecoxib and Bcl-2: emerging possibilities for anticancer drug design. Future Med Chem. 2012;4(3):361–383. doi:10.4155/fmc.11.177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller AC, Handrick R, Elsaesser SJ, Rudner J, Henke G, Ganswindt U, et al. Importance of Bak for celecoxib-induced apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008;76(9):1082–1096. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.08.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Küper C, Bartels H, Beck FX, Neuhofer W. Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein bad inhibits tonicity-induced apoptosis in renal medullary cells. Kidney Int. 2011;80(9):938–945. doi:10.1038/ki.2011.199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun WH, Chen GS, Ou XL, Yang Y, Luo C, Zhang Y, et al. Inhibition of COX-2 and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ synergistically inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2009;275(2):247–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huennekens FM. The methotrexate story: a paradigm for development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Adv Enzyme Regul. 1994;34:397–419. (C):doi:10.1016/0065-2571(94)90025-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthews DA, Alden RA, Bolin JT, Freer ST, Hamlin R, Xuong N, et al. Dihydrofolate reductase: X-ray structure of the binary complex with methotrexate. Science. 1977;197(4302):452–455. (1979). doi:10.1126/science.17920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroes ESG, van Faassen EE, Yo M, Martasek P, Boer P, Govers R, et al. Folic acid reverts dysfunction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circ Res. 2000;86(11):1129–1134. doi:10.1161/01.res.86.11.1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalupsky K, Cai H. Endothelial dihydrofolate reductase: critical for nitric oxide bioavailability and role in angiotensin II uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(25):9056–9061. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409594102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spurlock CF, Aune ZT, Tossberg JT, Collins PL, Aune JP, Huston JW, et al. Increased sensitivity to apoptosis induced by methotrexate is mediated by JNK. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(9):2606–2616. doi:10.1002/art.30457.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spurlock CF, Tossberg JT, Fuchs HA, Olsen NJ, Aune TM. Methotrexate increases expression of cell cycle checkpoint genes via JNK activation. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(6):1780–1789. doi:10.1002/art.34342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cronstein BN, Aune TM. Methotrexate and its mechanisms of action in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(3):145–154. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41584-020-0373-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landreneau JP, Shurin MR, Agassandian M. v, Keskinov AA, Ma Y, Shurin G. V. Immunological mechanisms of low and ultra-low dose cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Microenviron. 2015;8(2):57–64. doi:10.1007/s12307-013-0141-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yadav AK, Srikrishna S, Gupta SC. Cancer drug development using drosophila as an in vivo tool: from bedside to bench and back. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2016;37(9):789–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneno R, Shurin G. v, Tourkova IL, Shurin MR. Chemomodulation of human dendritic cell function by antineoplastic agents in low noncytotoxic concentrations. J Transl Med. 2009;7(1):58. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-7-58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar