206
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Gender, Bladder Cancer Healthcare and Burden of COVID-19

, & ORCID Icon
Pages 58-69 | Received 03 Apr 2021, Accepted 21 Oct 2022, Published online: 02 Nov 2022

References

  • Chen L, Li Q, Zheng D, Jiang H, Wei Y, Zou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of pregnant women with Covid-19 in Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):e100. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2009226.
  • Worldometers. COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
  • Xie M, Chen Q. Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus—An updated interim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:119–124. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.071.
  • Abdelrahman Z, Li M, Wang X. Comparative review of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza a respiratory viruses. Front Immunol. 2020;11:552909. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.552909.
  • Abbasi E, Mirzaei F, Tavilani H, Khodadadi I. Diabetes and COVID-19: mechanism of pneumonia, treatment strategy and vaccine. Metabol Open. 2021; 11:100122. doi:10.1016/j.metop.2021.100122.
  • Ti LK, Ang LS, Foong TW, Ng BSW. What we do when a COVID-19 patient needs an operation: operating room preparation and guidance. Can J Anaesth. 2020;67(6):756–758. doi:10.1007/s12630-020-01617-4.
  • Teoh JY-C, Ong WLK, Gonzalez-Padilla D, Castellani D, Dubin JM, Esperto F, UroSoMe Working Group, et al. A global survey on the impact of COVID-19 on urological services. Eur Urol. 2020;78(2):265–275. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2020.05.025.
  • Ellimoottil C, Skolarus T, Gettman M, Boxer R, Kutikov A, Lee BR, et al. Telemedicine in urology: state of the art. Urology. 2016;94:10–16. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2016.02.061.
  • Lucero-Prisno DE, III Elhadi YAM, Modber MAA, Musa MB, Mohammed SEE, Hassan KF, et al. Drug shortage crisis in Sudan in times of COVID-19. Public Health Pract (Oxf)). 2020;1:100060. doi:10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100060.
  • Heldwein FL, Loeb S, Wroclawski ML, Sridhar AN, Carneiro A, Lima FS, et al. A systematic review on guidelines and recommendations for urology standard of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Urol Focus. 2020;6(5):1070–1085. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.020.
  • Perrotta F, Matera MG, Cazzola M, Bianco A. Severe respiratory SARS-CoV2 infection: Does ACE2 receptor matter? Respir Med. 2020;168:105996. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105996.
  • Groß S, Jahn C, Cushman S, Bär C, Thum T. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2-dependent implications on the cardiovascular system: from basic science to clinical implications. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2020;144:47–53. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.031.
  • Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, Wan S, Huang P, Sun X, et al. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell Discov. 2020;6(1):1–4. doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0147-1.
  • Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Timens W, Hillebrands JL, Navis GJ, Gordijn SJ, et al. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS‐CoV‐2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19. ).J Pathol. 2020;251(3):228–248. doi:10.1002/path.5471.
  • Gupta R, Ghosh A, Singh AK, Misra A. Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(3):211–212. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.002.
  • Han Q, Lin Q, Jin S, You L. Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: a brief perspective from the front line. J Infect. 2020;80(4):373–377. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.010.
  • Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID‐19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):568–576. doi:10.1002/jmv.25748.
  • Shanmugam C, Mohammed AR, Ravuri S, Luthra V, Rajagopal N, Karre S. COVID-2019–A comprehensive pathology insight. Pathol Res Pract. 2020;216(10):153222. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2020.153222.
  • Teoh JY-C, Yip TC-F, Lui GC-Y, Wong VW-S, Chow VC-Y, Ho TH-Y, et al. Risks of AKI and major adverse clinical outcomes in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome or coronavirus disease 2019. JASN. 2021;32(4):961–971. doi:10.1681/ASN.2020071097.
  • Enikeev D, Taratkin M, Efetov S, Shlomina A, Boldyreva M, Galkina I, et al. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: are kidneys the target or just collateral damage? A comprehensive assessment of viral RNA and AKI rate in patients with COVID-19. Curr Opin Urol. 2021;31(4):363–368. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000901.
  • Chan VW-S, Chiu PK-F, Yee C-H, Yuan Y, Ng C-F, Teoh JY. C. A systematic review on COVID-19: urological manifestations, viral RNA detection and special considerations in urological conditions. World J Urol. 2021;39(9):3127–3138. doi:10.1007/s00345-020-03246-4.
  • Wang B, Huang Y. Which type of cancer patients are more susceptible to the SARS-COX-2: evidence from a meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2020;153:103032. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103032.
  • Xia Y, Jin R, Zhao J, Li W, Shen H. Risk of COVID-19 for patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(4):e180. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30150-9.
  • Desouky E. BCG versus COVID-19: impact on urology. World J Urol. 2021;39(3):823–827. doi:10.1007/s00345-020-03251-7.
  • Socarrás MR, Loeb S, Teoh JY-C, Ribal MJ, Bloemberg J, Catto J, et al. Telemedicine and smart working: recommendations of the European Association of Urology. European Urology. 2020;78(6):812–819.
  • Dobruch J, Daneshmand S, Fisch M, Lotan Y, Noon AP, Resnick MJ, et al. Gender and bladder cancer: a collaborative review of etiology, biology, and outcomes. Eur Urol. 2016;69(2):300–310. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.08.037.
  • Esperto F, Pang KH, Albisinni S, Papalia R, Scarpa RM. Bladder cancer at the time of COVID-19 outbreak. Int Braz J Urol. 2020;46(suppl.1):62–68. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2020.S107.
  • Woldu SL, Bagrodia A, Lotan Y. Guideline of guidelines: non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2017;119(3):371–380. doi:10.1111/bju.13760.
  • Au S, Keyes M, Black P, Villamil CF, Tavassoli P. Clinical and pathological characteristics of bladder cancer in post brachytherapy patients. Pathol Res Pract. 2020;216(3):152822. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2020.152822.
  • Farling KB. Bladder cancer: Risk factors, diagnosis, and management. Nurse Pract. 2017;42(3):26–33. doi:10.1097/01.NPR.0000512251.61454.5c.
  • Bellmunt J. Bladder cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2015;29(2):xiii–xiv. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2014.12.001.
  • Marzouka NA, Eriksson P, Rovira C, Liedberg F, Sjödahl G, Höglund M. A validation and extended description of the Lund taxonomy for urothelial carcinoma using the TCGA cohort. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):3737. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22126-x.
  • Babjuk M, Böhle A, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Compérat EM, et al. EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: update 2016. Eur Urol. 2017;71(3):447–461. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.05.041.
  • MalekZadeh K, Nikbakht M, Sadeghi IA, Singh SK, Sobti RC. Overexpression of IL-13 in patients with bladder cancer. Cancer Invest. 2010;28(2):201–207. doi:10.3109/07357900903181977.
  • Teoh JY, Huang J, Ko WY, Lok V, Choi P, Ng CF, et al. Global trends of bladder cancer incidence and mortality, and their associations with tobacco use and gross domestic product per capita. Eur Urol. 2020;78(6):893–906. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2020.09.006.
  • Samanic CM, Kogevinas M, Silverman DT, Tardon A, Serra C, Malats N, et al. Occupation and bladder cancer in a hospital-based case–control study in Spain. Occup Environ Med. 2008;65(5):347–53. doi:10.1136/oem.2007.035816.
  • Jung I, Messing E. Molecular mechanisms and pathways in bladder cancer development and progression. Cancer Control. 2000;7(4):325–34. doi:10.1177/107327480000700401.
  • Huang Z, Wang X, Ma L, Guo Z, Liu H, Du M, et al. Genetic variations in Hippo pathway genes influence bladder cancer risk in a Chinese population. Arch Toxicol. 2020;94(3):785–794. doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02663-z.
  • Ghasemi H, Mousavibahar SH, Hashemnia M, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Tavilani H. Transitional cell carcinoma matrix stiffness regulates the osteopontin and YAP expression in recurrent patients. Mol Biol Rep. 2021;48(5):4253–4262. doi:10.1007/s11033-021-06440-8.
  • Chen M, Cassidy A, Gu J, Delclos GL, Zhen F, Yang H, et al. Genetic variations in PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and bladder cancer risk. Carcinogenesis. 2009;30(12):2047–52. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp258.
  • Ghasemi H, Mousavibahar SH, Hashemnia M, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Mirzaei F, et al. Tissue stiffness contributes to YAP activation in bladder cancer patients undergoing transurethral resection. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020;1473(1):48–61. doi:10.1111/nyas.14358.
  • Pierzynski JA, Hildebrandt MA, Kamat AM, Lin J, Ye Y, Dinney CP, et al. Genetic variants in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as indicators of bladder cancer risk. J Urol. 2015;194(6):1771–6. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.07.032.
  • Marsit CJ, Karagas MR, Andrew A, Liu M, Danaee H, Schned AR, et al. Epigenetic inactivation of SFRP genes and TP53 alteration act jointly as markers of invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 2005;65(16):7081–5. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0267.
  • Tuna B, Yörükoğlu K, Tüzel E, Güray M, Mungan U, Kirkali Z. Expression of p53 and mdm2 and their significance in recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 2003;199(5):323–8. doi:10.1078/0344-0338-00424.
  • Badawi AF, Habib SL, Mohammed MA, Abadi AA, Michael MS. Influence of cigarette smoking on prostaglandin synthesis and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Invest. 2002;20(5-6):651–6. doi:10.1081/cnv-120002490.
  • Zhang Y. Understanding the gender disparity in bladder cancer risk: the impact of sex hormones and liver on bladder susceptibility to carcinogens. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2013;31(4):287–304. doi:10.1080/10590501.2013.844755.
  • Buckley DB, Klaassen CD. Tissue-and gender-specific mRNA expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in mice. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007;35(1):121–7. doi:10.1124/dmd.106.012070.
  • Daugherty SE, Lacey JV, Jr Pfeiffer RM, Park Y, Hoover RN, Silverman DT. Reproductive factors and menopausal hormone therapy and bladder cancer risk in the NIH‐AARP Diet and Health Study. Int J Cancer. 2013;133(2):462–72. doi:10.1002/ijc.28022.
  • McGrath M, Michaud DS, De Vivo I. De Vivo I. Hormonal and reproductive factors and the risk of bladder cancer in women. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163(3):236–44. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj028.
  • Boorjian SA, Heemers HV, Frank I, Farmer SA, Schmidt LJ, Sebo TJ, Tindall DJ. Expression and significance of androgen receptor coactivators in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009;16(1):123–37. doi:10.1677/ERC-08-0124.
  • Chen C-C, Huang C-P, Tsai Y-T, Hseih T-F, Shyr C-R. The genomic alterations of 5α-reductases and their inhibitor finasteride’s effect in bladder cancer. Anticancer Res. 2017;37(12):6893–6898.
  • Miyamoto H, Yang Z, Chen Y-T, Ishiguro H, Uemura H, Kubota Y, et al. Promotion of bladder cancer development and progression by androgen receptor signals. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(7):558–68. doi:10.1093/jnci/djk113.
  • Kim A, Kim MS, Ahn J-H, Choi WS, Park HK, Kim HG, et al. Clinical significance of 5-α reductase inhibitor and androgen deprivation therapy in bladder cancer incidence, recurrence, and survival: a meta-analysis and systemic review. Aging Male. 2020;23(5):971–978. doi:10.1080/13685538.2019.1646238.
  • Chen F, Langenstroer P, Zhang G, Iwamoto Y, See WA. Androgen dependent regulation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin induced interleukin-6 expression in human transitional carcinoma cell lines. J Urol. 2003;170(5):2009–13. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000092238.15685.10.
  • Shen SS, Smith CL, Hsieh JT, Yu J, Kim IY, Jian W, et al. Expression of estrogen receptors‐α and‐β in bladder cancer cell lines and human bladder tumor tissue. Cancer Interdiscipl Inter J Am Cancer Soc. 2006;106(12):2610–6. doi:10.1002/cncr.21945.
  • Teoh JY, Roupret M, Shariat SF, Herrmann T. Intravesical therapy for bladder cancer in the pandemic of Covid-19. World J Urol. 2021;39(4):1313–1314. doi:10.1007/s00345-020-03218-8.
  • Lieberman-Cribbin W, Galsky M, Casey M, Liu B, Oh W, Flores R, et al. Hospital centralization impacts high-risk lung and bladder cancer surgical patients. Cancer Invest. 2017;35(10):652–661. doi:10.1080/07357907.2017.1406495.
  • Barresi V, Ieni A, Magno C, Barresi G. High-grade urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder showing acquisition of microcystic histology in the penile metastasis: histogenetic considerations. Pathol Res Pract. 2009;205(8):568–71. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2008.12.005.
  • Vaughn DJ, Malkowicz SB. Recent advances in bladder cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Invest. 2001;19(1):77–85. doi:10.1081/cnv-100000078.
  • Malmström PU, Sylvester RJ, Crawford DE, Friedrich M, Krege S, Rintala E, et al. An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette-Guérin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2009;56(2):247–56. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.04.038.
  • Shelley MD, Kynaston H, Court J, Wilt TJ, Coles B, Burgon K, et al. A systematic review of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus transurethral resection vs transurethral resection alone in Ta and T1 bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2001;88(3):209–16. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02306.x.
  • Han RF, Pan JG. Can intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin reduce recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Urology. 2006;67(6):1216–23. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.12.014.
  • Shelley MD, Wilt TJ, Court J, Coles B, Kynaston H, Mason MD. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin is superior to mitomycin C in reducing tumour recurrence in high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. BJU Int. 2004;93(4):485–90. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2003.04655.x.
  • Böhle A, Jocham D, Bock PR. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for superficial bladder cancer: a formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on recurrence and toxicity. J Urol. 2003;169(1):90–5. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000039680.90768.b3.
  • Murali-Krishnan S, Pang KH, Greco F, Fiori C, Catto JW, Vavassori VL, EAU-ESRU (European Associations of Urology-European Society of Residents Urologist), et al. Bladder-sparing treatment in MIBC: where do we stand? Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2019;71(2):101–112. doi:10.23736/S0393-2249.19.03317-4.
  • Ribal MJ, Cornford P, Briganti A, Knoll T, Gravas S, Babjuk M, et al. European association of urology guidelines office rapid reaction group: an organisation-wide collaborative effort to adapt the european association of urology guidelines recommendations to the coronavirus disease 2019 Era. Eur Urol. 2020;78(1):21–28. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2020.04.056.
  • Wallis CJD, Novara G, Marandino L, Bex A, Kamat AM, Karnes RJ, et al. Risks from deferring treatment for genitourinary cancers: a collaborative review to aid triage and management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Urol. 2020;78(1):29–42. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2020.04.063.
  • Marco-Franco JE, Guadalajara-Olmeda N, González-de Julián S, Vivas-Consuelo D. COVID-19 healthcare planning: predicting mortality and the role of the herd immunity barrier in the general population. Sustainability. 2020;12(13):5228. doi:10.3390/su12135228.
  • Cumberbatch MGK, Jubber I, Black PC, Esperto F, Figueroa JD, Kamat AM, et al. Epidemiology of bladder cancer: a systematic review and contemporary update of risk factors in 2018. Eur Urol. 2018;74(6):784–795. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2018.09.001.
  • Krajewski W, Moschini M, Chorbińska J, Nowak Ł, Poletajew S, Tukiendorf A, European Association of Urology—Young Academic Urologists (EAU-YAU): Urothelial carcinoma working group, et al. Delaying BCG immunotherapy onset after transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is associated with adverse survival outcomes. World J Urol. 2021;39(7):2545–2552. doi:10.1007/s00345-020-03522-3.
  • Bhat A, Kwon D, Soodana-Prakash N, Mouzannar A, Punnen S, Gonzalgo ML, et al. Surveillance intensity in intermediate risk, nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: revisiting the optimal timing and frequency of cystoscopy. J Urol. 2021;206(1):22–28. 0000000000001689. doi:10.1097/JU.
  • Hanna TP, King WD, Thibodeau S, Jalink M, Paulin GA, Harvey-Jones E, et al. Mortality due to cancer treatment delay: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;371:m4087. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4087.
  • Oddens J, Brausi M, Sylvester R, Bono A, van de Beek C, van Andel G, et al. Final results of an EORTC-GU cancers group randomized study of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin in intermediate-and high-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder: one-third dose versus full dose and 1 year versus 3 years of maintenance. Eur Urol. 2013;63(3):462–72. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.10.039.
  • Redelman-Sidi G, Glickman MS, Bochner BH. The mechanism of action of BCG therapy for bladder cancer–a current perspective. Nat Rev Urol. 2014;11(3):153–62. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2014.15.
  • Rouprêt M, Neuzillet Y, Masson-Lecomte A, Colin P, Compérat E, Dubosq F, et al. CCAFU french national guidelines 2016-2018 on bladder cancer]. Progres en Urologie: journal de L'Association Francaise D'urologie et de la Societe Francaise D'urologie. 2016;27:S67–s91. [ doi:10.1016/S1166-7087(16)30704-7.
  • Pettenati C, Ingersoll MA. Mechanisms of BCG immunotherapy and its outlook for bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2018;15(10):615–625. doi:10.1038/s41585-018-0055-4.
  • Numakura S, Morikawa T, Ushiku T, Toyoshima T, Fukayama M. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the urinary bladder in a patient with bladder cancer previously treated with intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin therapy. Pathol Res Pract. 2014;210(2):123–6. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2013.11.005.
  • Ashton A, Murthy Kusuma VR, Crew J, Mostafid AH. BCG therapy in NMIBC: how much and for how long? Arch Esp Urol. 2018;71(4):342–348.
  • Tomisaki I, Kubo T, Minato A, Fujimoto N. Efficacy and tolerability of bacillus calmette-guérin therapy as the first-line therapy for upper urinary tract carcinoma in situ. Cancer Invest. 2018;36(2):152–157. doi:10.1080/07357907.2018.1430815.
  • Liu K, Zhao K, Wang L, Sun E. The prognostic values of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, lymphocytes and neutrophil/lymphocyte rates in bladder urothelial cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 2018;214(8):1074–1080. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2018.05.010.
  • Fuge O, Vasdev N, Allchorne P, Green JS. Immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Res Rep Urol. 2015;7:65–79.
  • Zhu J, Yuan Y, Wan X, Yin D, Li R, Chen W, et al. Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non-small cell lung cancer treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;12(12):Cd011300. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011300.pub2.
  • Brandau S, Riemensberger J, Jacobsen M, Kemp D, Zhao W, Zhao X, et al. NK cells are essential for effective BCG immunotherapy. Int J Cancer. 2001;92(5):697–702. doi:10.1002/1097-0215(20010601)92:5<697::AID-IJC1245>3.0.CO;2-Z.
  • Ghasemi H, Amini MA, Pegah A, Azizi E, Tayebinia H, Khanverdilou S, et al. Overexpression of reactive oxygen species modulator 1 is associated with advanced grades of bladder cancer. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(9):6497–6505. doi:10.1007/s11033-020-05702-1.
  • Hegarty PK, Sfakianos JP, Giannarini G, DiNardo AR, Kamat AM. COVID-19 and bacillus Calmette-Guérin: what is the link? Eur Urol Oncol. 2020;3(3):259–261. doi:10.1016/j.euo.2020.04.001.
  • Koti M, Morales A, Graham CH, Siemens DR. BCG vaccine and COVID-19: implications for infection prophylaxis and cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(2):e001119. doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-001119.
  • Hegarty PK, Kamat AM, Zafirakis H, Dinardo A. BCG vaccination may be protective against Covid-19. 2020.
  • Roshanravan N, Seif F, Ostadrahimi A, Pouraghaei M, Ghaffari S. Targeting cytokine storm to manage patients with COVID-19: a mini-review. Arch Med Res. 2020;51(7):608–612. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.06.012.
  • Netea MG, van der Meer JW, van Crevel R. BCG vaccination in health care providers and the protection against COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(2):e145545. doi:10.1172/JCI145545.
  • https://www.urotoday.com/library-resources/bladder-cancer/120412-beyond-bladder-cancer-bacillus-calmette-guerin-bcgvaccination-revisited-as-a-strategy-to-reduce-covid-19-hospitalization-in-the-elderly.html?pk_campaign=KamatSocialLibResource_120412
  • Tully KH, Cole AP, Krimphove MJ, Friedlander DF, Mossanen M, Herzog P, et al. Contemporary treatment patterns for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: has the use of radical cystectomy changed in the BCG shortage era? Urology. 2021;147:199–204. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2020.08.004.
  • https://www.auanet.org/about-us/bcg-shortage-info

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.