Where Am I? How Can I Get There? Impact of Navigability and Narrative Transportation on Spatial Presence

REFERENCES

• Arnold , P. and Farrell , M. J. 2003 . Embodiment and spatial behavior in virtual environments: Comments on Durlach et al. (2000) . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 12 : 658 – 662 .
   Google Scholar
• Banos , R. M. , Botella , C. , Garcia-Palacios , A. , Villa , H. , Perpina , C. and Alcaniz , M. 2000 . Presence and reality judgment in virtual environments: A unitary construct? . CyberPsychology & Behavior , 3 : 327 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , D. A. , Davis , E. T. , Hodges , L. F. and Badre , A. N. 1999 . Maintaining spatial orientation during travel in an immersive virtual environment . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 8 : 618 – 631 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , D. A. , Johnson , D. B. and Hodges , L. F. Testbed evaluation of virtual environment interaction techniques . Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology . New York, NY : ACM. .
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , D. A. , Koller , D. and Hodges , L. F. Travel in immersive virtual environments: An evaluation of viewpoint motion control techniques . Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS 1997) . Washington, DC : IEEE. .
   Google Scholar
• Canter , D. V. The place of architectural psychology: A consideration of some findings . Proceedings of the Architectural Psychology Conference . pp. 3 – 5 . London : RIBA Publications and Kingston Polytechnic. .
   Google Scholar
• Carassa , A. , Morganti , F. and Tirassa , M. Movement, action, and situation: Presence in virtual environments . Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Workshop on Presence . Valencia, , Spain : Editorial Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. .
   Google Scholar
• Carassa , A. , Morganti , F. and Tirassa , M. A situated cognition perspective on presence . XXVII Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . Edited by: Bara , B. , Barsalou , L. W. and Bucciarelli , M. pp. 384 – 389 . Alpha, NJ : Sheridan. .
   Google Scholar
• Carroll , J. M. 1997 . Human–computer interaction: Psychology as a science of design . Annual Review of Psychology , 48 : 61 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaiken , S. 1987 . “ The heuristic model of persuasion. ” . In Social influence: The Ontario symposium Edited by: Zanna , M. P. , Olson , J. M. and Herman , C. P. 3 – 39 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , J. L. and Stanney , K. M. 1999 . A theoretical model of wayfinding in virtual environments: Proposed strategies for navigational aiding . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 8 : 671 – 685 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chittaro , L. and Burigat , S. 3d location-pointing as a navigation aid in virtual environments . Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces . pp. 267 – 274 . New York, NY : ACM. .
   Google Scholar
• Cubukcu , E. and Nasar , J. L. 2005 . Relation of physical form to spatial knowledge in large scale virtual environments . Environment and Behavior , 37 : 397 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darken , R. P. and Peterson , B. 2001 . “ Spatial orientation, wayfinding, and representation. ” . In Handbook of virtual environment technology Edited by: Stanney , K. 493 – 518 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Downs , R. M. and Stea , D. , eds. 1973 . Image and environment Chicago, IL : Aldine. .
   Google Scholar
• Dutke , S. and Rinck , M. 2006 . Predictability of locomotion: Effects on updating of spatial situation models during narrative comprehension . Memory & Cognition , 34 : 1193 – 1205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , J. D. M. and Hand , C. MaPS: Movement and planning support for navigation in an immersive VRML browser . Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Virtual Reality Modeling Language . New York, NY : ACM. .
   Google Scholar
• Escalas , J. E. 2004 . Imaging yourself in the product: Mental simulation, narrative transportation, and persuasion . Journal of Advertising , 33 : 37 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalas , J. E. 2007 . Self-referencing and persuasion: Narrative transportation versus analytical elaboration . Journal of Consumer Research , 33 : 421 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flach , J. M. and Holden , J. G. 1998 . The reality of experience: Gibson's way . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 7 ( 1 ) : 90 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galyean , T. A. Guided navigation of virtual environments . Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on interactive 3D graphics . New York, NY : ACM. .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , J. J. 1977 . “ The theory of affordances. ” . In Perceiving, acting, and knowing: Toward an ecological psychology Edited by: Shaw , R. and Bransford , J. 67 – 82 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Green , M. C. 2004 . Transportation into narrative worlds: The role of prior knowledge and perceived realism . Discourse Processes , 38 : 247 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , M. C. and Brock , T. C. 2002 . “ In the mind's eye: Transportation-imagery model of narrative persuasion. ” . In Narrative impact: Social and cognitive foundations Edited by: Green , M. C. , Strange , J. J. and Brock , T. C. 315 – 341 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Green , M. C. , Brock , T. C. and Kaufman , G. F. 2004 . Understanding media enjoyment: The role of transportation into narrative worlds . Communication Theory , 14 : 311 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory , R. L. 1980 . Perceptions as hypotheses . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences , 290 ( 1038 ) : 181 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeter , C. 1992 . Being there: The subjective experience of presence . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 1 : 262 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Hegarty , M. , Richardson , A. E. , Montello , D. R. , Lovelace , K. and Subbiah , I. 2002 . Development of a self-report measure of environmental spatial ability . Intelligence , 30 : 425 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herndon , K. , van Dam , A. and Gleicher , M. 1994 . The challenges of 3D interaction: A CHI1994 Workshop . ACM SIGCHI Bulletin , 26 ( 4 ) : 36 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• IJsselsteijn , W. A. Elements of a multi-level theory of presence: Phenomenology, mental processing and neural correlates . Paper presented at the 5th Annual International Workshop on Presence . Porto, Portugal. Retrieved from http://www.ispr.info
   Google Scholar
• IJsselsteijn , W. A. , de Ridder , H. , Freeman , J. and Avons , S. E. 2000 . “ Presence: Concept, determinants and measurement. ” . In Proceedings of SPIE Edited by: Rogowitz , B. E. and Pappas , T. N. 520 – 529 . San Jose, CA : Human Vision and Electronic Imaging V. .
   Google Scholar
• Jul , S. 2004 . From brains to branch points: Cognitive constraints in navigational design Ann Arbor : University of Michigan. . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Jul , S. and Furnas , G. W. 1997 . Navigation in electronic worlds: A CHI 1997 workshop . SIGCHI Bulletin , 29 ( 4 ) : 44 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Lecuyer , A. , Burkhardt , J.-M. , Henaff , J. M. and Donikian , S. Camera motions improve the sensation of walking in virtual environments . Proceedings of the IEEE conference on Virtual Reality . Washington, DC : IEEE. .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , K. M. 2004a . Presence, explicated . Communication Theory , 14 ( 1 ) : 27 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , K. M. 2004b . Why presence occurs: Evolutionary psychology, media equation, and presence . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 13 : 494 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. , Kim , G. J. , Rizzo , A. and Park , H. Formation of spatial presence: By form or content? . Paper presented at the 7th Annual International Workshop on Presence . Valencia, Spain. Retrieved from http://www.ispr.info
   Google Scholar
• Lombard , M. and Ditton , T. 1997 . At the heart of it all: The concept of presence . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 3 ( 2 ) Retrieved from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/lombard.html
   Google Scholar
• Lombard , M. and Jones , M. T. Defining presence . Paper presented at the 9th Annual International Workshop on Presence . Retrieved from http://www.ispr.info
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , K. 1960 . The image of the city Cambridge, MA : MIT Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Mallot , H. A. , Gillner , S. G. , van Veen , H. A. H. C. and Bulthoff , H. H. 1998 . “ Behavioral experiments in spatial cognition using virtual reality. ” . In Spatial cognition: An interdisciplinary approach to representing and processing spatial knowledge Edited by: Freksa , C. , Habel , C. and Wender , K. F. 447 – 467 . Berlin, , Germany : Springer-Verlag. .
   Google Scholar
• Meehan , M. , Insko , B. , Whitton , M. and Brooks , F. P. 2002 . Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments . ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) , 21 : 645 – 652 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minsky , M. 1980 . Telepresence . Omni , 2 : 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Nass , C. and Mason , L. 1990 . “ On the study of technology and task: A variable-based approach. ” . In Organizations and communication technology Edited by: Fulk , J. and Steinfeld , C. 46 – 67 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Norman , D. A. 1999 . Affordances, conventions and design . interactions , 6 ( 3 ) : 38 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Norman , D. and Bobrow , D. 1975 . On data-limited and resource-limited processing . Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 7 : 44 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pick , H. 2001 . The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences (MITECS) Retrieved from http://cognet.mit.edu/library/erefs/mitecs/pick.html
   Google Scholar
• Previc , F. H. 1998 . The neuropsychology of 3-D space . Psychological Bulletin , 124 : 123 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prothero , J. D. 1998 . The role of rest frames in vection, presence and motion sickness Seattle : University of Washington. . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Prothero , J. D. , Parker , D. E. , Furness , T. A. III and Wells , M. J. Towards a robust, quantitative measure for presence . Proceedings of the Conference on Experimental Analysis and Measurement of Situation Awareness . Daytona Beach, FL : Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Riecke , B. E. and Schulte-Pelkum , J. 2006 . Using the perceptually oriented approach to optimize spatial presence & ego-motion simulation Tübingen, , Germany : Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics. . (Technical Rep. No. 153)
   Google Scholar
• Rinck , M. 2001 . “ Spatial situation models. ” . In The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking Edited by: Shah , P. and Miyake , A. 334 – 382 . New York, NY : Cambridge University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Rinck , M. , Hähnel , A. , Bower , G. H. and Glowalla , U. 1997 . The metrics of spatial situation models . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 23 : 622 – 637 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sas , C. and O'Hare , G. M. P. 2003 . Presence equation: An investigation into cognitive factors underlying presence . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 12 : 523 – 537 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebok , A. , Nystad , E. and Helgar , S. 2004 . Navigation in desktop virtual environments: An evaluation and recommendations for supporting usability . Virtual Reality , 8 ( 1 ) : 26 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan , T. B. 1992 . Musings on telepresence and virtual presence . Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments , 1 ( 1 ) : 120 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Slater , M. 2004 . How colorful was your day? Why questionnaires cannot assess presence in virtual environments . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 13 : 484 – 493 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S. P. and Marsh , T. 2004 . Evaluating design guidelines for reducing user disorientation in a desktop virtual environment . Virtual Reality , 8 ( 1 ) : 55 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Steuer , J. 1992 . Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence . Journal of Communication , 42 ( 4 ) : 73 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streeter , L. A. and Vitello , D. 1986 . A profile of drivers' map-reading abilities . Human Factors , 28 : 223 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar , S. 2004 . Theorizing interactivity's effects . The Information Society , 20 : 385 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar , S. S. 2008 . “ The MAIN model: A heuristic approach to understanding technology effects on credibility. ” . In The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur foundation series on digital media and learning Edited by: Metzger , M. J. and Flanagan , A. J. 73 – 100 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Sundar , S. S. , Oeldorf-Hirsch , A. and Garga , A. A cognitive-heuristics approach to understanding presence in virtual environments . PRESENCE 2008: Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Workshop on Presence . Edited by: Spagnolli , A. and Gamberini , L. pp. 219 – 228 . Padova, , Italy : CLEUP Cooperativa Libraria Universitaria Padova. . Retrieved from http://www.temple.edu/ispr/prev_conferences/proceedings/2008/sundar.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tan , D. S. , Robertson , G. G. and Czerwinski , M. Exploring 3D navigation: combining speed-coupled flying with orbiting . Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . New York, NY : ACM. .
   Google Scholar
• Thorndyke , P. W. 1980 . Performance models for spatial and locational cognition Santa Monica, CA : RAND. . (Report No. R–2676ONR)
   Google Scholar
• Tromp , J. G. and Dieberger , A. 1995 . MUDs as text-based spatial user interfaces and research tools . Journal of Intelligent Systems , 5 : 179 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Tversky , B. Cognitive maps, cognitive collages, and spatial mental models . Proceedings of European Conference, COSIT 1993: Spatial Information Theory – A Theoretical Basis for GIS . Berlin, , Germany : Springer-Verlag. .
   Google Scholar
• Vorderer , P. , Wirth , W. , Gouveia , F. R. , Biocca , F. , Saari , T. , Jäncke , F. and Hartmann , T. 2004 . MEC spatial presence questionnaire (MEC–SPQ): Short documentation and instructions for application Report to the European Community, Project Presence: MEC. . (No. IST-2001-37661)
   Google Scholar
• Vorderer , P. , Wirth , W. , Saari , T. , Gouveia , F. R. , Biocca , F. , Jäncke , F. and Jäncke , P. 2003 . Constructing presence: Towards a two-level model of the formation of spatial presence Hannover, München, Helsinki, Porto, Zurich : MEC: Society & Technology (IST) Program, Project Presence. . (No. IST-2001–37661). Unpublished report to the European Community
   Google Scholar
• Watson , M. E. , Pickering , M. J. and Branigan , H. P. An empirical investigation into spatial reference frame taxonomy using dialogue . Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Wickens , C. D. 2008 . Multiple resources and mental workload . Human Factors , 50 : 449 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth , W. , Hartmann , T. , Böcking , S. , Vorderer , P. , Klimmt , C. , Schramm , H. and Jäncke , P. 2007 . A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences . Media Psychology , 9 : 493 – 525 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witmer , B. G. and Singer , M. J. 1998 . Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 7 : 225 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahorik , P. and Jenison , R. L. 1998 . Presence as being-in-the-world . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 7 ( 1 ) : 78 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwaan , R. A. , Radvansky , G. A. , Hilliard , A. E. and Curiel , J. M. 1998 . Constructing multidimensional situation models during reading . Scientific Studies of Reading , 2 : 199 – 220 .
   Google Scholar