Heat and Mass Transfer During Fry-Drying of Sewage Sludge

REFERENCES

• Vermeersch , G. ; Raoult-Wack , A.L. ; Trystram , G. Understanding the frying process: Product quality . OCL, Oléagineux Corps Gras Lipides 1998 , 5 ( 1 ), 28 – 29 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Vitrac , O. Experimental Characterization and Modeling of the Frying Operation ; Ph.D. Thesis. Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Industries Agricoles et Alimenatires : Paris , France , 2000 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Arlabosse , P. Study on Thermal Drying Processes of Municipal and Industrial Sewage Sludges ; Report no. 99-0217/1A ; Ecole des Mines d'Albi Carmaux & Association RE.CO.R.D. : Albi , France , 2001 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Grüter , H. ; Matter , M. ; Oehlmann , K.H. ; Hicks , M.D. Drying of sewage sludge . An important step in waste disposal. Water Science and Technology 1990 , 22 ( 12 ), 57 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaxelaire , J. ; Bongiovanni , J.M. ; Mousques , P. ; Puiggali , J.R. Thermal drying of residual sludge . Water Research 2000 , 34 ( 17 ), 4318 – 4323 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ressent , S. State of the Art in Thermal Drying of Municipal and Industrial Sewage Sludge ; Agence de l'eau Seine-Normandie : Paris , France , 1998 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , G. ; Yue , P.L. ; Mujumdar , A.S. Sludge dewatering and drying . Drying Technology 2002 , 20 ( 4–5 ), 883 – 916 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudra , T. Sticky region in drying—Definitions and identification . Drying Technology 2003 , 21 ( 8 ), 1457 – 1469 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , P. Developments in the thermal drying of sewage sludge . Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 1995 , 9 ( 3 ), 306 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Pires da Silva , D. Study of Sewage Sludge Drying Using Immersion Frying ; Ph.D. Thesis . Universidade Estadual de Campinas : Campinas , SP , Brazil , 2003 (in Portuguese) .
   Google Scholar
• Peregrina , C. ; Arlabosse , P. ; Lecomte , D. Fry-drying of sewage sludge: An alternative for the disposal of recycled food oils . The 9th International Congress on Engineering and Food—ICEF09 ; 7-11 March ; Montpellier , France , 2004 ; 154 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Peregrina , C. ; Arlabosse , P. ; Lecomte , D. Thermal efficiency in sewage sludge fry drying . In Proceedings of the 14th International Drying Symposium—IDS ; São Paulo , Brazil , 2004 ; 972 – 978 .
   Google Scholar
• Boatella-Riera , J. ; Codony , R. ; Rafecas , M. ; Guardioal , F. Recycled Cooking Oils: Assessments of Risk for Public Health ; European Parliament : Luxembourg , 2000 .
   Google Scholar
• Mauvieux , P. ; Madeline , Y. ; Gabarda-Oliva , D. ; Fondin , P. ; Cholin , B. ; Picard , J.M. Greasy Wastewater Treatment: Which Are the Solutions and Their Costs? ; Pollutec 2001 Paris , France , 2001 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Mittelman , A. ; Mizrahi , S. ; Berk , Z. Heat and mass transfer in frying . In Engineering and Food ; McKenna , B.M. , Ed.; Elsevier Applied Science Publishers 1984 ; 109 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Gamble , M.H. ; Rice , P. ; Selman , J.D. Relationships between oil uptake and moisture loss during frying potato slices from c.v. Record U.K. tubers . International Journal of Food Science and Technology 1987 , 22 , 233 – 241 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farkas , B.E. ; Singh , R.P. ; Rumsey , T.R. Modeling heat and mass transfer in immersion frying. I, Model development . Journal of Food Engineering 1996 , 29 ( 2 ), 211 – 226 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farkas , B.E. ; Singh , R.P. ; Rumsey , T.R. Modeling heat and mass transfer in immersion frying . II, Model solution and verification. Journal of Food Engineering 1996 , 29 ( 2 ), 227 – 248 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , R.P. Heat and mass transfer in foods during deep-fat frying . Food Technology 1995 , 49 ( 4 ), 134 – 137 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira , R. ; Castell-Perez , M. ; Barrufet , M. Deep-Fat Frying: Fundamentals and Applications. Food Engineering ; Aspen Publications : Gaithersburg , MD , 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Ni , H. ; Datta , K. Moisture, oil and energy transport during deep-fat frying of food materials . Trans IChemE 1999 , 77 ( C ), 194 – 204 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Saguy , S. ; Pinthus , E.J. Oil uptake during deep-fat frying: Factors and mechanism . Food Technology 1995 , 49 ( 4 ), 142 – 145 , 152 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saguy , S. ; Ufheil , G. ; Livings , S. Oil uptake in deep-fat frying: Review . OCL, Oléagineux Corps Gras Lipides 1998 , 5 ( 1 ), 30 – 35 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• McGill , E.A. The chemistry of frying . Baker's Digest 1980 , 54 ( 3 ), 38 – 42 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Graille , J. Chemical reactions induced by the frying . OCL, Oléagineux Corps Gras Lipides 1998 , 5 ( 1 ), 36 – 40 (in French) . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Dobarganes , C. Formation and analysis of high molecular weight compounds in frying fats and oils . OCL, Oléagineux Corps Gras Lipides 1998 , 5 ( 1 ), 41 – 47 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Blumenthal , M. A new look at the chemistry and physics of deep-fat frying . Food Technology 1991 , 45 ( 2 ), 68 – 71 , 94 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez , S. Agitated Conductive Drying Process of Municipal Sewage Sludge: Effect of the Type of Sludge and the Operating Conditions upon the Drying Kinetics and the Characteristics of the Dried Sludge and the Exhaust Vapors ; Ph.D. Thesis , Université de Perpignan : Perpignan , France , 2004 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Arlabosse , P. ; Chavez , S. Characterization of some sewage sludge properties essential for the design and management of thermal processes . Environmental Technology 2005 , Submitted . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Huyard , A. ; Ducray , F. ; Patria , L. Sewage Sludge: Respect of French Regulation and Impact of the Future European Directive Project ; CNISF:AGHTM symposium Pollutec, 28 November 2002 Lyon France .
   Google Scholar
• Sud-Recupération . Treatment and Disposal of Recycled Cooking Oils ; available at www.sudr-recuperation.fr/traitement.html, accessed 15 August 2005 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , K.S. ; Singh , R.P. ; Farkas , B.E. Viscosity and heat transfer coefficients for canola, corn, plam and soybean oil . Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 1994 , 18 6 ), 461 – 472 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng , Y. ; Moreira , R. ; Sun , X. Total frying-use time effects on soybean-oil deterioration and on tortilla chip quality . International Journal of Food Science and Technology 1996 , ( 31 3 ), 287 – 294 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawar , W.W. Lipids . In Food Chemistry, , 3rd Ed ; Marcel Dekker, Inc. : New York , 1996 ; 254 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumann , B. ; Escher , F. Mass and heat transfer during deep-fat frying of potato slices—1. Rate of drying and oil uptake . Lebensmittel Wissenschaft und Technologie 1995 , 4 ( 28 ), 395 – 403 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Moreira , R. ; Palau , J. ; Sun , X. Simultaneous heat and mass transfer during the deep fat frying of tortilla chips . Journal of Food Processing Engineering 1995 , 18 ( 3 ), 307 – 320 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Vitrac , O. ; Dufour , D. ; Trystram , G. ; Raoult-Wack , A.-L. Characterization of heat and mass transfer during deep-fat frying and its effect on cassava chip quality . Journal of Food Engineering 2002 , 53 ( 2 ), 161 – 176 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , I.C. ; Fyhr , B.C. ; Laurent , S. ; Roques , M.A. ; Groenewold , C.E. ; Tsotsas , E. ; Sereno , A.A. ; Bonazzi , C.B. ; Bimbenet , J.J. ; Kind , M. Methods for processing experimental drying kinetics data . Drying Technology 2001 , 19 ( 1 ), 15 – 34 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitrac , O. ; Bohuon , P. Internal coupled heat and mass transfer during deep-frying of materials with high water contents: Application to apple chips fried at atmospheric pressure . The 9th International Congress on Engineering and Food-ICEF09 ; Montpellier , France , 2004 ; 177 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Degremont . Water Technical Handbook ; Tec & Doc-Lavoisier : Paris , France , 1989 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Aguilera , J. ; Gloria , H. Determination of oil in fried potato products by differential scanning calorimetry . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1997 , 45 , 781 – 785 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canselier , J.P. ; Poux , M. Processes of Emulsification—Mechanisms of Emulsion Formation ; Techniques de l'ingénieur. Ref:J2150–52 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , D.C. Dynamics of emulsification . In Mixing in the Process Industries, , 2nd Ed ; Butterworth-Heinemann : Oxford , UK , 1992 ; 294 – 314 .
   Google Scholar
• Carey , V.P. Transport effects and dynamic behavior of interfaces . In Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena ; Series in Chemical and Engineering, Taylor & Francis : Bristol , PA , 1992 ; 85 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Melton , S.L. ; Jafar , S. ; Sykes , D. ; Trigiano , M.K. Review of stability measurement for frying oils and fried food flavor . Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1994 , 71 ( 12 ), 1301 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paddy , J.F. ; Russell , D.R. The measurement of the surface tension of pure liquids and solutions . Journal of Colloid Science 1960 , 15 , 503 – 511 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Farkas , B.E. ; Hubbard , L.J. Analysis of convective heat transfer during immersion frying . Drying Technology 2000 , 18 ( 6 ), 1269 – 1285 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , R.M. ; Oliveira , F.A.R. ; Delaney , O. ; Gekas , V. Analysis of the heat transfer coefficient during potato frying . Journal of Food Engineering 1999 , 39 ( 3 ), 293 – 299 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , R. ; Oliveira , A. ; Delaney , O. Dependency of the heat transfer coefficient on surface boiling during frying of potato slices . In Proceedings of the 11th International Drying Symposium (IDS'98) ; Halkidiki , Greece , 1998 ; 1194 – 1199 .
   Google Scholar
• Hubbard , L.J. ; Farkas , B.E. Determination of the convective heat transfer coefficient during immersion frying . In Proceedings of the 11th International Drying Symposium (IDS'98) ; Halkidiki , Greece , 1998 ; 781 – 788 .
   Google Scholar
• Sahin , S. ; Sastry , S.K. ; Bayindirli , L. The determination of convective heat transfer coefficient during frying . Journal of Food Engineering 1999 , 39 ( 3 ), 307 – 311 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitrac , O. ; Trystram , G. ; Raoult-Wack , A.-L. Continuous measurement of convective heat flux during deep-frying: validation and application to inverse modeling . Journal of Food Engineering 2003 , 60 ( 2 ), 111 – 124 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannu , K.S. ; Chinnan , M.S. Relating food frying to daily oil abuse. Part I. Determination of surface heat transfer coefficients with metal balls . In Transport Phenomena in Food Processing ; CRC Press : Boca Raton , FL , 2003 ; 399 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker , S. Fundamental Principles of Heat Transfer ; Pergamon Press : New York , 1977 .
   Google Scholar
• Tong , L.S. ; Tang , Y.S. Boiling Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Flow, , 2nd Ed. ; Series in Chemical and Mechanical Engineering, Taylor and Francis : London , 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Farid , M. The moving boundary problems from melting and freezing to drying and frying of food . Chemical Engineering and Processing 2002 , 41 ( 1 ), 1 – 10 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Farid , M. A unified approach to the heat and mass transfer in melting, solidification, frying and different drying processes . Chemical Engineering Science 2001 , 56 ( 18 ), 5419 – 5427 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Stefan , J. Ice development theory: Formation of ice in the Polar seas . Annalen der Physik und Chemie 1891 , 42 , 269 – 286 (in German) . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Yortsos , Y.C. ; Stubos , A.K. Phase change in porous media . Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 2001 , 6 ( 3 ), 208 – 216 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Topin , F. Boiling in a Porous Material . Seminar on liquid-solid change phase and its applications . Cargèse , France , 2003 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Lallemand , M. Phase Change in Confined Environments . Seminar on liquid-solid change phase and its applications . Cargèse , France , 2003 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. ; Moreira , R. Modelling of a batch deep-fat frying process for tortilla chips . Trans IChemE 1997 , 75 ( Part C ), 181 – 190 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Moreira , R. ; Sun , X. ; Chen , Y. Factors affecting oil uptake in tortilla chips in deep-fat frying . Journal of Food Engineering 1997 , 31 , 485 – 498 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ufheil , G. ; Escher , F. Dynamics of oil uptake during deep-fat frying of potato slices. Lebensmittel Wissenschaft und Technologie 1996, 29, 640–644. [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M.C. ; Farid , M. A single correlation for the prediction of dehydration time in drying and frying of samples having different geometry and size . Journal of Food Engineering 2004 , 63 ( 3 ), 265 – 271 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Diaz , A. ; Totte , A. ; Giroux , F. ; Reynes , M. ; Raoult-Wack , A.L. Deep-fat frying of plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.). I. Characterization of control parameters . Lebensmittel Wissenschaft und Technologie 1996 , 29 , 489 – 497 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Tsouris , C. ; Porcelli , J.V. Process intensification—Has its time finally come? CEPmagazine 2003 , October Issue , pp. 50 – 55 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Arlabosse , P. Penetration model for contact drying of agitated sewage sludge . Chemical Engineering Transactions 2005 , 7 ( 2 ) 701 – 706 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Brereton , C. ; Lim , C. Spouted bed drying of sludge from metals finishing industries wastewater treatment plants . Drying Technology 1993 , 11 ( 2 ), 389 – 399 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peregrina , C. ; Arlabosse , P. ; Lecomte , D. ; Rudolph , V. Fry-drying: An intermediate sustainable operation for the co-disposal of sewage sludge and waste food oil . 7th World Congress of Chemical Engineering ; Glasgow , Scotland , 10-15 July , 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Carrère-Gée , C. Indirect Drying of Thin-Film Alumina Sludge by Boiling—Application on Drum Drying ; Ph.D. Thesis . Université Paul Sabatier : Toulouse , France , 1999 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Peregrina , C. ; Rudolph , V. ; Lecomte , D. ; Arlabosse , P. A new application of immersion frying for the thermal drying of sewage sludge: An economic assessment . Journal of Environmental Management 2006 , Submitted . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Werther , J. ; Ogada , T. Sewage sludge combustion . Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 1999 , 25 ( 1 ), 55 – 116 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niessen , W.R. Biological wastewater sludge: sludge properties . In Combustion and Incineration Processes: Applications in Environmental Engineering, , 2nd Ed ; Marcel Dekker, Inc. : Cambridge , MA , 1995 ; 168 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Peregrina , C. ; Lecomte , D. ; Arlabosse , P. ; Rudolph , V. Life cycle assessment (LCA) applied to the design of an innovative drying process for sewage sludge . Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2005 in press . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Pires da Silva , D. ; Peregrina , C. ; Arlabosse , P. ; Lecomte , D. ; Pereira , O. ; Rudolph , V. Fry-drying of sewage sludge: Preliminary results . 6th Conference on Process Integration, Modeling and Optimization for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction—PRES'03 ; Hamilton , Ontario , Canada , 2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Ressent , S. Testing the Efficiency of Thermal Dryers of Municipal and Industrial Sewage Sludges ; Report on 99INDU04 ; Agence de l'eau Seine-Normandie : Paris , France , 1999 , 268 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Bresters , A.R. ; Coulomb , I. ; Deak , B. ; Matter , B. ; Saabye , A. ; Spinosa , L. ; Utvik , A. Sludge Treatment and Disposal: Management Approaches and Experiences ; European Environmental Agency & International Solid Waste Association : Copenhagen , 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Christiannsen , K.M. Waste Annual Topic Update 1998 . European Environment Agency : Copenhagen , 1999 .
   Google Scholar
• Munck-Kampmann , B. Waste Annual Topic Update 2000 ; European Environment Agency : Copenhagen , 2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Porteous , A. Energy from waste incineration—A state of the art emissions review with an emphasis on public acceptability . Applied Energy 2001 , 70 ( 2 ), 157 – 167 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Léonard , A. Study of Convective Drying of Wastewater Sludge—Texture Follow-Up by X-Ray Microtomography ; Ph.D. Thesis . Université de Liège : Liège , Belgium , 2002 (in French) .
   Google Scholar
• Freitas , L. ; Freire , J. Heat transfer in spouted beds . Drying Technology 1993 , 11 ( 2 ), 303 – 317 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couturier , C. ; Berger , S. ; Hérault , I. ; Meiffren , I. Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Sewage Sludge: State of the Art ; Agence de l'eau Adour-Garonne & Solagro : Toulouse , France , 2001 (in French) .
   Google Scholar