Ice Sublimation in Vial Lyophilization

REFERENCES

• Pikal , M.J. ; Shah , S. ; Senior , S. ; Lang , J.E. Physical chemistry of freeze-drying: Measurement of sublimation rates for frozen aqueous solutions by a microbalance technique . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1983 , 72 ( 6 ), 635 – 650 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pikal , M.J. ; Roy , M.L. ; Shah , S. Mass and heat transfer in vial freeze-drying of pharmaceuticals: Role of the vial . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1984 , 73 ( 9 ), 1224 – 1237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pikal , M.J. Use of laboratory data in freeze drying process design: Heat and mass transfer coefficients and the computer simulation of freeze drying . Journal of Parenteral Science & Technology 1985 , 39 ( 3 ), 115 – 139 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rene , F. ; Wolff , E. ; Rodolphe , F. Vacuum freeze-drying of a liquid in a vial: Determination of heat and mass-transfer coefficients and optimisation of operating pressure . Chemical Engineering and Processing 1993 , 32 , 245 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ybema , H. ; Kolkman-Roodbeen , L. ; Te Booy , M.P.W. ; Vromans , H. Vial lyophilization: Calculations on rate limitation during primary drying . Pharmaceutical Research 1995 , 12 ( 9 ), 1260 – 1263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoen , M.P. ; Braxton , B.K. ; Gatlin , L.A. ; Jefferis , R.P. , III. A simulation model for the primary drying phase of the freeze-drying cycle . International Journal of Pharmaceutics 1995 , 114 ( 2 ), 159 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Mascarenhas , W.J. ; Akay , H.U. ; Pikal , M.J. A computational model for finite element analysis of the freeze-drying process . Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics & Engineering 1997 , 148 ( 1–2 ), 105 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan , P. ; Liapis , A.I. Modeling of the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze drying of pharmaceutical products in vials—Numerical results obtained from the solution of a dynamic and spatially multi-dimensional lyophilization model for different operational policies . Biotechnology & Bioengineering 1998 , 60 ( 6 ), 712 – 728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai , S. ; Su , H. ; Taylor , R. ; Slater , K.H.N. Pure ice sublimation within vials in a laboratory lyophiliser; comparison of theory with experiment . Chemical Engineering Science 2005 , 60 , 1167 – 1176 .
   Google Scholar
• Hottot , A. ; Peczalski , R. ; Vessot , S. ; Andrieu , J. Freeze-drying of pharmaceutical proteins in vials: Modeling of freezing and sublimations steps. Drying Technology 2006, 24, 561–570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brülls , M. ; Rasmusson , A. Heat transfer in vial lyophilization . International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2003 , 246 , 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Gan , K.H. ; Bruttini , R. ; Crosser , O.K. ; Liapis , A. Heating policies during the primary and secondary drying stages of the lyophilization process in vials: Effects of the arrangements of vials in clusters of square and hexagonal arrays on trays . Drying Technology 2004 , 22 , 1539 – 1575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan , K.H. ; Bruttini , R. ; Crosser , O.K. ; Liapis , A. Freeze-drying of pharmaceuticals in vials on trays: Effects of drying chamber wall temperature and tray side on lyophilization performance . International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer 2005 , 48 , 1675 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirel , Y. ; Saxena , S.C. Heat transfer through a low-pressure gas enclosure as a thermal insulator: Design considerations . International Journal of Energy Research 1996 , 20 , 327 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Dushmann , S. ; Lafferty , J.M. Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique ; Lafferty , J.M. , Ed.; John Wiley & Sons : 1962 ; 28 – 30 , 45–51 .
   Google Scholar
• Bird , R.B. ; Stewart , W.E. ; Lightfoot , E.N. Transport Phenomena ; John Wiley & Sons : 1960 .
   Google Scholar
• Mörstedt , S.-E. ; Hellsten , G. Data och diagram, Energi-och kemitekniska tabeller, Esselte Studium AB , 1986 .
   Google Scholar