Multiscale Modeling of Drying as a Powerful Extension of the Macroscopic Approach: Application to Solid Wood and Biomass Processing

REFERENCES

• Whitaker , S. Simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum transfer in porous media: A theory of drying . Advances in Heat Transfer 1977 , 13 , 119 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker , S. Coupled transport in multiphase systems: A theory of drying . Advances in Heat Transfer 1998 , 31 , 1 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Perré , P. ; Turner , I.W. ; Rémond , R. Comprehensive drying models based on volume-averaging: Background, application and perspective . In Modern Drying Technology, Vol. 1 ; Tsotsas , E. , Mujumdar , A. , Eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag : Weinheim , Germany 2007 ; 1 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Harting , J. ; Venturoli , M. ; Coveney , P.V. Large-scale grid-enabled lattice Boltzmann simulations of complex fluid flow in porous media and under shear . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London – A 2004 , 362 , 1703 – 1722 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perré , P. ; Karimi , A. Fluid migration in two species of beech (Fagus silvatica and Fagus orientalis): A percolation model able to account for macroscopic measurements and anatomical observations . Maderas: Ciencia y Tecnologia 2002 , 4 , 50 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Salin , J.G. Modelling of the behaviour of free water in sapwood during drying: Part I. A new percolation approach . Wood Material Science and Engineering 2006 , 1 , 4 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Metzger , T. ; Tsotsas , E. ; Prat , M. Pore-network models: A powerful tool to study drying at the pore level and understanding the influence of structure on drying kinetics . In Modern Drying Technology, Vol. 1 ; Tsotsas , E. , Mujumdar , A. , Eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag : Weinheim , Germany 2007 ; 57 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Bardenhagen , S.G. ; Brackbill , J.U. ; Sulsky , D. The material-point method for granular materials. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanical Engineering 2000, 187, 529–541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nairn , J.A. Material point method simulations of transverse fracture in wood with realistic morphologies . Holzforschung 2007 , 61 , 375 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perré , P. To turn science into application in wood drying: Past, present and challenges for the future, keynote address ; 9th IUFRO Wood Drying Conference ; Nanjing , China , August 21–26 , 2005 ; 23 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Slattery , J.C. Flow of viscoelastic fluids through porous media . AIChE Journal 1967 , 13 , 1066 – 1071 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Palencia , E. Non-Homogeneous Media and Vibration Theory ; Lecture Notes in Physics, 127 ; Springer Verlag , Berlin , Germany 1980 .
   Google Scholar
• Suquet , P.M. Element of homogenization for ineslastic solid mechanics . In Homogenization Techniques for Composite Media ; Lecture Notes in Physics ; Sanchez-Palencia , E. , Zaoui , A. , Eds.; Springer-Verlag , Berlin , Germany 1985 ; 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Hornung , U. Homogenization and Porous Media ; Springer-Verlag : New York , 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Perré , P. Multiscale aspects of heat and mass transfer during drying . Transport in Porous Media 2007 , 66 , 59 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perré , P. ; Rémond , R. A dual-scale computational model of kiln wood drying including single board and stack level simulation . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 , 1069 – 1074 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perré , P. ; Degiovanni , A. Simulations par volumes finis des transferts couplés en milieu poreux anisotropes: Séchage du bois à basse et à haute temperature . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1990 , 33 , 2463 – 2478 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perré , P. ; Turner , I.W. A 3D version of TransPore: A comprehensive heat and mass transfer computational model for simulating the drying of porous media . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1999 , 42 , 4501 – 4521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farruggia , F. Détermination du comportement élastique d'un ensemble de fibres de bois à partir de son organisation cellulaire et d'essais mécaniques sous microscope; Ph.D. thesis, ENGREF, Nancy, France 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Perré , P. MeshPore: A software able to apply image-based meshing techniques to anisotropic and heterogeneous porous media . Drying Technology 2005 , 23 , 1993 – 2006 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perré , P. Wood as a multi-scale porous medium: Observation, experiment, and modelling . Proceedings of the First International conference of the European Society for Wood Mechanics ; EPFL , Lausanne , Switzerland , April 19–21 , 2002 ; 365 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• Perré , P. ; Turner , I. Determination of the material property variations across the growth ring of softwood for use in a heterogeneous drying model. Part II: Use of homogenisation to predict bound water diffusivity and thermal conductivity . Holzforschung 2001 , 55 , 417 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perré , P. ; Badel , E. Properties of oak wood predicted from X-ray inspection: Representation, homogenisation and localisation. Part II: Computation of macroscopic properties and microscopic stress fields . Annals of Forest Science 2003 , 60 , 247 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perré , P. ; Turner , I.W. A mesoscopic drying model applied to the growth rings of softwood: Mesh generation and simulation results . Maderas: Ciencia y Tecnología 2008 , 10 , 251 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida , G. ; Leclerc , S. , Perré , P. NMR imaging of fluid pathways during drainage of softwood in a pressure membrane chamber . Journal of Multiphase Flow 2008 , 34 , 312 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perré , P. Evidence of dual scale porous mechanisms during fluid migration in hardwood species: Part II: A dual scale computational model able to describe the experimental results . Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2004 , 12 , 783 – 791 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Showalter , R.E. Distributed microstructured models of porous media . International Series of Numerical Mathematics 1993 , 114 , 155 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Meel , D.A. Adiabatic convection batch drying with recirculation of air . Chemical Engineering Science 1958 , 9 , 36 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salin , J.G. Global modelling of kiln drying, taking local variations in the timber stack into consideration . 7th International IUFRO Wood Drying Conference ; Tsukuba , Japan , July 9–13 , 2001 ; 34 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Pang , S. Airflow reversals for kiln drying of softwood lumber: Application of a kiln-wide drying model and a stress model . Proceedings of the 14th International Drying Symposium ; São Paulo , Brazil , August 22–25 , 2004 ; Vol. B , 1369 – 1376 .
   Google Scholar
• Perré , P. ; Rémond , R. ; Aléon , D. Energy saving in industrial wood drying addressed by a multi-scale computational model: Board, stack and kiln . Drying Technology 2007 , 25 , 75 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keey , R.B. Introduction to Industrial Drying Operations ; Pergamon Press : Oxford , 1978 .
   Google Scholar
• This article is an extended and improved content of the keynote lectures presented at the joint conference AFSIA/EFCE (WP drying) organized for the jubilee of Michel Roques (Biarritz, France, May 2007) and at the 16th International Drying Symposium (Hyderabad, India, November 2008).
   Google Scholar