Single Droplet Drying Technique to Study Drying Kinetics Measurement and Particle Functionality: A Review

REFERENCES

• Eldem , T. ; Speiser , P. ; Hincal , A. Optimization of spray-dried and -congealed lipid micropellets and characterization of their surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy . Pharmaceutical Research 1991 , 8 , 47 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacchetti , C. ; Artusi , M. ; Santi , P. ; Colombo , P. Caffeine microparticles for nasal administration obtained by spray drying . International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2002 , 242 , 335 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolanowski , W. ; Ziolkowski , M. ; Weiβbrodt , J. ; Kunz , B. ; Laufenberg , G. Microencapsulation of fish oil by spray drying - impact on oxidative stability: Part 1 . European Food Research and Technology 2006 , 222 , 336 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , Y.-J. ; Shyu , S.-S. ; Su , F.-H. ; Yu , P.-C. Development of biodegradable co-poly(D, L-lactic/glycolic acid) microspheres for the controlled release of 5-FU by the spray drying method . Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2002 , 25 , 269 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ré , M.I. Microencapsulation by spray drying . Drying Technology 1998 , 16 ( 6 ), 1195 – 1236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X.-D. ; Atarashi , T. ; Furuta , T. ; Yoshii , H. ; Aishima , S. ; Ohkawara , M. ; Linko , P. Microencapsulation of emulsified hydrophobic flavors by spray drying . Drying Technology 2001 , 19 ( 7 ), 1361 – 1374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branchu , S. ; Forbes , R.T. ; York , P. ; Petrén , S. ; Nyqvist , H. ; Camber , O. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inhibits spray-drying-induced inactivation of β-galactosidase . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1999 , 88 ( 9 ), 905 – 911 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elversson , J. ; Millqvist-Fureby , A. Particle size and density in spray drying - effects of carbohydrate properties . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2005 , 94 ( 9 ), 2049 – 2060 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel , K.C. ; Chen , X.D. Production of spherical and uniform-sized particles using a laboratory ink-jet spray drier . Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 2007 , 2 ( 5 ), 415 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , W.D. ; Patel , K.C. ; Rogers , S. ; Chen , X.D. Monodisperse droplet generators as potential atomizers for spray drying technology . Drying Technology 2007 , 25 ( 12 ), 1907 – 1916 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , N. ; Chen , X.D. Towards a maximal cell survival in convective thermal drying processes . Food Research International 2011 , 44 , 1127 – 1149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijdam , J.J. ; Langrish , T.A.G. The effect of surface composition on the functional properties of milk powders . Journal of Food Engineering 2006 , 77 , 919 – 925 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , E.H.-J. ; Chen , X.D. ; Pearce , D. Surface composition of industrial spray-dried milk powders, 2: Effects of spray drying conditions on the surface composition . Journal of Food Engineering 2009 , 94 , 169 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , N. ; Woo , M.W. ; Moo , F.T. ; Chen , X.D. Microcrystallization of lactose during droplet drying and its effect on the property of the dried particle . Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2012 , 90 ( 1 ), 138 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das , D. ; Langrish , T.A.G. Combined crystallization and drying in a pilot-scale spray dryer . Drying Technology 2012 , 30 , 998 – 1007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiou , D. ; Langrish , T.A.G. ; Braham , R. Partial crystallization bahviour during spray drying: simulations and experiments . Drying Technology 2008 , 26 , 27 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , N. ; Zhou , Z. ; Jones , T.B. ; Tan , T.T.Y. ; Wu , W.D. ; Lin , S.X.Q. ; Chen , X.D. ; Chan , P.P.Y. Production of monodisperse epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) microparticles by spray drying for high antioxidant activity retention . International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2011 , 413 , 155 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranz , W.E. ; Marshall , W.R.J. Evaporation from drops, Part 1 . Chemical Engineering Progress 1952 , 48 ( 3 ), 141 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranz , W.E. ; Marshall , W.R.J. Evaporation from drops: Part 2 . Chemical Engineering Progress 1952 , 48 ( 4 ), 173 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlesworth , D.H. ; Marshall , W.R.J. Evaporation from drops containing dissolved solids . AIChE Journal 1960 , 6 ( 1 ), 9 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano , Y. ; Keey , R.B. The drying of a spherical particle containing colloidal material into a hollow sphere . Chemical Engineering Science 1982 , 37 ( 6 ), 881 – 889 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton , D.E. ; Mumford , C.J. The morphology of spray-dried particles: the effect of process variables upon the morphology of spray-dried particles . Transactions of IChemE – Part A 1999 , 77 ( Part A ), 442 – 460 .
   Google Scholar
• El-Sayed , T.M. ; Wallack , D.A. ; King , C.J. Changes in particle morphology during drying of drops of carbohydrate solutions and food liquids, 1: Effects of composition and drying conditions . Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 1990 , 29 , 2346 – 2354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunkel , J. ; King , C.J. Influence of the development of particle morphology upon rates of loss of volatile solutes during drying of drops . Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 1993 , 32 , 2357 – 2364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht , J.P. ; King , C.J. Spray drying: influence of developing drop morphology on drying rates and retention of volatile substances, 1: Single-drop experiments . Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 2000 , 39 , 1756 – 1765 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , J.-C. ; Gentry , J.W. Spray drying drop morphology: experimental study . Aerosol Science and Technology 2003 , 37 , 15 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , N. ; Woo , M.W. ; Chen , X.D. Colloidal transport phenomena of milk components during convective droplet drying . Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2011 , 87 ( 2 ), 255 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheong , H.W. ; Jeffreys , G.V. ; Mumford , C.J. A receding interface model for the drying of slurry droplets . AIChE Journal 1986 , 32 ( 8 ), 1334 – 1346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari , B. ; Howes , T. ; Bhandari , B.R. ; Troung , V. Effect of addition of maltodextrin on drying kinetics and stickiness of sugar and acid-rich foods during convective drying: experiments and modelling . Journal of Food Engineering 2004 , 62 , 53 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , S.X.Q. ; Chen , X.D. Changes in milk droplet diameter during drying under constant drying conditions investigated using the glass-filament method . Transactions of IChemE Part C: Food and Bioproducts Processing 2004 , 82 ( C3 ), 213 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , N. ; Woo , M.W. ; Lin , S.X.Q. ; Zhou , Z. ; Chen , X.D. Reaction Engineering Approach (REA) to model the drying kinetics of droplets with different initial sizes – experiments and analyses . Chemical Engineering Science 2011 , 66 ( 8 ), 1738 – 1747 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffter , H. ; Lee , G. Single-droplet evaporation kinetics and particle formation in an acoustic levitator, Part 1: Evaporation of water microdroplets assessed using boundary-layer and acoustic levitation theories . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007 , 96 ( 9 ), 2274 – 2283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari , B. ; Howes , T. ; Bhandari , B.R. ; Truong , V. Experimental studies and kinetics of single drop drying and their relevance in drying of sugar-rich foods: A review . International Journal of Food Properties 2000 , 3 ( 3 ), 323 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzer , G.D. ; Gunn , R. The evaporation, temperature and thermal relaxation-time of freely falling waterdrops . Journal of Meteorology 1951 , 8 ( 2 ), 71 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Renksizbulut , M. ; Yuen , M.C. Experimental study of droplet evaporation in a high-temperature air stream . Journal of Heat Transfer 1983 , 105 , 384 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallack , D.A. ; El-Sayed , T.M. ; King , C.J. Changes in particle morphology during drying of drops of carbohydrate solutions and food liquids, 2: Effects on drying rate . Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 1990 , 29 , 2354 – 2357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vehring , R. ; Foss , W.R. ; Lechuga-Ballesteros , D. Particle formation in spray drying. Aerosol Science 2007, 38, 728–746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amelia , R. ; Wu , W.D. ; Cashion , J. ; Bao , P. ; Zheng , R. ; Chen , X.D. ; Selomulya , C. Microfluidic spray drying as a versatile assembly route of functional particles . Chemical Engineering Science 2011 , 66 , 5531 – 5540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , W.D. ; Amelia , R. ; Hao , N. ; Selomulya , C. ; Zhao , D. ; Chiu , Y.-L. ; Chen , X.D. Assembly of uniform photoluminescent microcomposites using a novel micro-fluidic-jet-spray-dryer . AIChE Journal 2011 , 57 , 2726 – 2737 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , W. ; Wu , W.D. ; Selomulya , C. ; Chen , X.D. Facile spray-drying assembly of uniform microencapsulates with tunable core – shell structures and controlled release properties . Langmuir 2011 , 27 , 12910 – 12915 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , W. ; Wu , W. ; Selomulya , C. ; Chen , X.D. A single step assembly of uniform microparticles for controlled release applications . Soft Matter 2011 , 7 , 3323 – 3330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , W.D. ; Lin , S.X. ; Chen , X.D. Monodisperse Droplet Formation through a Continuous Jet Break-up Using Glass Nozzles Operated with Piezoelectric Pulsation . AIChE Journal 2011 , 57 , 1386 – 1392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , W.D. ; Liu , W. ; Selomulya , C. ; Chen , X.D. On spray drying of uniform silica-based microencapsulates for controlled release . Soft Matter 2011 , 7 , 11416 – 11424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenn , G. ; Rensink , D. ; Tropea , C. ; Yarin , A.L. Investigation of droplet drying characteristics using an acoustic-aerodynamic levitator . International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research 1997 , 24 ( 4–6 ), 633 – 642 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , E.J. A history of single aerosol particle levitation . Aerosol Science and Technology 1997 , 26 , 212 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastner , O. ; Brenn , G. ; Rensink , D. ; Tropea , C. The acoustic tube levitator - a novel device for determining the drying kinetics of single droplets . Chemical Engineering and Technology 2001 , 24 ( 4 ), 335 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groenewold , C. ; Möser , C. ; Groenewold , H. ; Tsotsas , E. Determination of single-particle drying kinetics in an acoustic levitator . Chemical Engineering Journal 2002 , 86 , 217 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarin , A.L. ; Brenn , G. ; Kastner , O. ; Tropea , C. Drying of acoustically levitated droplets of liquid-solid suspensions: evaporation and crust formation . Physics of Fluids 2002 , 14 ( 7 ), 2289 – 2298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwapinski , W. ; Tsotsas , E. Characterization of particulate materials in respect to drying . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 , 1083 – 1092 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloth , J. ; Kiil , S. ; Jensen , A.D. ; Andersen , S.K. ; Jøgensen , K. ; Schiffter , H. ; Lee , G. Model based analysis of the drying of a single solution droplet in an ultrasonic levitator . Chemical Engineering Science 2006 , 61 , 2701 – 2709 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffter , H. ; Lee , G. Single-droplet evaporation kinetics and particle formation in an acoustic levitator, Part 2: Drying kinetics and particle formation from microdroplets of aqueous mannitol, trehalose or catalase . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007 , 96 ( 9 ), 2284 – 2295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulsten , E. ; Lee , G. Surface temperature of acoustically levitated water microdroplets measured using infra-red thermography . Chemical Engineering Science 2008 , 63 , 5420 – 5424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondragon , R. ; Hernandez , L. ; Julia , J.E. ; Jarque , J.C. ; Chiva , S. ; Zaitone , B. ; Tropea , C. Study of the drying behaviour of high load multiphase droplets in an acoustic levitator at high temperature conditions . Chemical Engineering Science 2011 , 66 , 2734 – 2744 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondragon , R. ; Jarque , J.C. ; Julia , J.E. ; Hernandez , L. ; Barba , A. Effect of slurry properties and operational conditions on the structure and properties of porcelain tile granules dried in an acoustic levitator . Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2012 , 32 , 59 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali Al Zaitone , B. ; Tropea , C. Evaporation of pure liquid droplets: comparison of droplet evaporation in an acoustic field versus glass-filament . Chemical Engineering Science 2011 , 66 , 3914 – 3921 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , S.X.Q. ; Chen , X.D. Improving the glass-filament method for accurate measurement of drying kinetics of liquid droplets . Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2002 , 80 ( A ), 401 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , S. ; Sano , Y. Drying of enzymes: enzyme retention during drying of a single droplet . Chemical Engineering Science 1992 , 47 ( 1 ), 177 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kincaid , D.C. ; Longley , T.S. A water droplet evaporation and temperature model . Transactions of the ASAE 1989 , 32 ( 2 ), 457 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• Nešić , S. ; Vodnik , J. Kinetics of droplet evaporation . Chemical Engineering Science 1991 , 46 ( 2 ), 527 – 537 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Che , L. ; Chen , X.D. A simple non-gravimetric technique for measurement of convective drying kinetics of single droplets . Drying Technology 2010 , 28 ( 1 ), 73 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , S.X.Q. ; Chen , X.D. Prediction of air drying of milk droplet under relatively high humidity using the reaction engineering approach . Drying Technology 2005 , 23 ( 7 ), 1395 – 1406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , X.D. ; Lin , S.X.Q. Air drying of milk droplet under constant and time-dependent conditions . AIChE Journal 2005 , 51 ( 6 ), 1790 – 1799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , S.X.Q. ; Chen , X.D. A model for drying of an aqueous lactose droplet using the reaction engineering approach . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 ( 11 ), 1329 – 1334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , S.X.Q. ; Chen , X.D. The reaction engineering approach to modelling the cream and whey protein concentrate droplet drying . Chemical Engineering and Processing 2007 , 46 , 437 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , N. ; Woo , M.W. ; Selomulya , C. ; Chen , X.D. ; Patel , K. ; Schuck , P. ; Jeantet , R. Drying kinetics of skim milk with 50 wt% initial solids . Journal of Food Engineering 2012 , 109 , 701 – 711 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari , B. ; Howes , T. ; Bhandari , B.R. ; Troung , V. Surface stickiness of drops of carbohydrate and organic acid solutions during convective drying: experiments and modeling . Drying Technology 2003 , 21 ( 5 ), 839 – 873 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo , M.W. ; Fu , N. ; Che , L. ; Chen , X.D. Evaporation of pure droplets in the convective regime under high mass flux . Drying Technology 2011 , 29 , 1628 – 1637 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo , M.W. ; Daud , W.R.W. ; Mujumdar , A.S. ; Talib , M.Z.M. ; Hua , W.Z. ; Masrinda , T.S. Comparative study of droplet drying models for CFD modelling . Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2008 , 86 , 1038 – 1048 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin , Y. ; Chen , X.D. Numerical study of the drying process of different sized particles in an industrial scale spray dryer . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 ( 3 ), 371 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo , M.W. ; Mujumdar , A.S. ; Daud , W.R.W. Spray Drying: Operation, Deposition and CFD Simulations ; VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG : Saarbrücken , 2010 .
   Google Scholar
• Ullum , T. ; Sloth , J. ; Brask , A. ; Wahlberg , M. Predicting spray dryer deposits by CFD and an empirical drying model . Drying Technology 2010 , 28 , 723 – 729 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdumen , R.E.M. ; Menn , P. ; Ritzert , J. ; Blei , S. ; Nhumaio , G.C.S. ; Sorenson , T.S. ; Gunsing , M. ; Straatsma , J. ; Verschueren , M. ; Sibeijn , M. ; Schulte , G. ; Fritsching , U. ; Bauckhage , K. ; Tropea , C. ; Sommerfeld , M. ; Watkins , A.P. ; Yule , A.J. ; Schonfeldt , H. Simulation of Agglomeration in Spray Drying Installations: The EDECAD Project . Drying Technology 2004 , 22 ( 6 ), 1403 – 1461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo , N.G. ; Abbas , A. ; Li , C.M. Micro/Nanoparticle design and fabrication for pharmaceutical drug preparation and delivery applications . Current Drug Therapy 2008 , 3 , 78 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Walton , D.E. ; Mumford , C.J. Spray dried products – characterization of particle morphology . Transactions of IChemE – Part A 1999 , 77 ( Part A ), 21 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Walton , D.E. The morphology of spray-dried particles – a qualitative view . Drying Technology 2000 , 18 ( 9 ), 1943 – 1986 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elversson , J. ; Millqvist-Fureby , A. ; Alderborn , G. ; Elofsson , U. Droplet and particle size relationship and shell thickness of inhalable lactose particles during spray drying . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2003 , 92 ( 4 ), 900 – 910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janiszewska , E. ; Witrowa-Rajchert , D. The influence of powder morphology on the effect of rosemary aroma microencapsulation during spray drying. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2009, 44, 2438–2444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloth , J. ; Jøgensen , K. ; Bach , P. ; Jensen , A.D. ; Kiil , S. ; Dam-Johansen , K. Spray drying of suspensions for pharma and bio products: drying kinetics and morphology . Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 2009 , 48 , 3657 – 3664 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paramita , V. ; Iida , K. ; Yoshii , H. ; Furuta , T. Effect of additives on the morphology of spray-dried powder . Drying Technology 2010 , 28 , 323 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadhead , J. ; Edmond Rouan , S.K. ; Hau , I. ; Rhodes , C.T. The effect of process and formulation variables on the properties of spray-dried β-galactosidase . Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1994 , 46 , 458 – 467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lievense , L.C. ; van't Riet , K. Convective drying of bacteria I: The drying processes . Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 1993 , 50 , 45 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Wijlhuizen , A.E. ; Kerkhof , P.J.A.M. ; Bruin , S. Theoretical study of the inactivation of phosphatase during spray drying of skim-milk . Chemical Engineering Science 1979 , 34 , 651 – 660 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millqvist-Fureby , A. ; Malmsten , M. ; Bergenståhl , B. Spray drying of trypsin – surface characterisation and activity preservation . International Journal of Pharmaceutics 1999 , 188 , 243 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samborska , K. ; Witrowa-Rajchert , D. Spray drying of α-amylase – the effect of process variables on the enzyme inactivation . Drying Technology 2005 , 23 , 941 – 953 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizondo , H. ; Labuza , T.P. Death kinetics of yeast in spray drying . Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1974 , 16 , 1245 – 1259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , S.S. ; Bhowmik , S.R. Survival of lactic acid bacteria during spray drying of plain yogurt . Journal of Food Science 1990 , 55 ( 4 ), 1008 – 1010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner , G.E. ; O'sullivan , E. ; Kelly , J. ; Auty , M.A.E. ; Fitzgerald , G.F. ; Gollins , J.K. ; Ross , R.P. ; Stanton , C. Comparative survival rates of human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei and L. salivarius strains during heat treatment and spray drying . Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2000 , 66 ( 6 ), 2605 – 2612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riveros , B. ; Ferrer , J. ; Borquez , R. Spray drying of a vaginal probiotic strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus . Drying Technology 2009 , 27 , 123 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , X. ; Lin , S.X.Q. ; Chen , X.D. ; Chen , L. ; Pearce , D. Inactivation kinetics of probiotic bacteria during the drying of single milk droplets . Drying Technology 2006 , 24 , 695 – 701 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo , M.W. ; Fu , N. ; Chen , X.D. , Preliminary analysis of in-situ crystallization in spray dryers, in The 7th Asia-Pacific Drying Conference. Tianjin, China, 2011 .
   Google Scholar
• Fäldt , P. ; Bergenstâhl , B. ; Carlsson , G. The surface coverage of fat on food powders analyzed by ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) . Food Structure 1993 , 12 , 225 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , E.H.-J. ; Chen , X.D. ; Pearce , D. Surface characterization of four industrial spray-dried dairy powders in relation to chemical composition, structure and wetting property . Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2002 , 26 , 197 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsotsas , E. From single particle to fluid bed drying kinetics . Drying Technology 1994 , 12 ( 6 ), 1401 – 1426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrazas-Velarde , K. ; Peglow , M. ; Tsotsas , E. Stochastic simulation of agglomerate formation in fluidized bed spray drying: a micro-scale approach . Chemical Engineering Science 2009 , 64 , 2631 – 2643 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , X.D. ; Che , L. ; Fu , N. ; Woo , M.W. ; Liu , W. ; Wu , W. ; Selomulya , C. Towards “synchronization” of the single droplet drying studies with real spray drying studies . In Particulate Processes in the Pharmaceutical Industry III ; Gold Coast , 2011 .
   Google Scholar
• Raghavan , S.L. ; Ristic , R.I. ; Sheen , D.B. ; Sherwood , J.N. Morphology of crystals of α-lactose hydrate grown from aqueous solution . The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2000 , 104 , 12256 – 12262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam , M.I.U. ; Langrish , T.A.G. ; Chiou , D. Particle crystallization during spray drying in humid air . Journal of Food Engineering 2010 , 99 , 55 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar