Insights into the Black Liquor Falling Film Evaporation: A Predictive Model of Heat and Mass Transfer

REFERENCES

• Green , R.P. ; Hough , G. Chemical Recovery in the Alkaline Pulping Processes, , 3rd Ed. ; TAPPI Press : Atlanta , 1992 .
   Google Scholar
• Shiravi , A.H. ; Mujumdar , A.S. ; Kubes , G.J. Drum drying of black liquor using superheated steam impinging jets . Drying Technology 1997 , 15 ( 5 ), 1571 – 1584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremford , D.J. ; Müller-Steinhagen , H.M. ; Duffy , G.G. Heat transfer to kraft black liquor in a liquid–solid fluidized bed . Heat Transfer Engineering 2000 , 21 ( 6 ), 57 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passos , M.L. ; Trindade , A.L.G. ; D'Angelo , J.V.H. ; Cardoso , M. Drying of black liquor in spouted bed of inert particles . Drying Technology 2004 , 22 ( 5 ), 1041 – 1067 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace , T.M. ; Malcom , E.W. Alkaline Pulping, Pulp and Paper Manufacture ; Vol. 5 ; Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada : Montreal , 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Axelsson , E. ; Olsson , M.R. ; Berntsson , T. Heat integration opportunities in average Scandinavian kraft pulp mills: Pinch analyses of model mills . Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 2006 , 21 ( 4 ), 466 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhargava , R. ; Khanam , S. ; Mohanty , B. ; Ray , A.K. Simulation of flat falling film evaporator system for concentration of black liquor . Computers & Chemical Engineering 2008 , 32 ( 12 ), 3213 – 3223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , R.H. ; Green , D.W. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, , 7th Ed. ; McGraw-Hill : New York , 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Costa , G.A. ; De Oliveira , E.D. ; Park , S.W. ; Cardoso , M. Overall heat transfer coefficients in a kraft black liquor industrial evaporation unit: Part I—Simulation of multiple effect evaporation system . Appita Journal 2007 , 60 ( 4 ), 321 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanov , Z. ; Hoo , K.A. A distributed-parameter model of black liquor falling film evaporators.Part I. Modeling of a single plate . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2003 , 42 ( 9 ), 1925 – 1937 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanov , Z.I. ; Hoo , K.A. Distributed parameter model of black liquor falling-film evaporators. 2. Modeling of a multiple-effect evaporator plant . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2004 , 43 ( 25 ), 8117 – 8132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadet , C. ; Touré , Y. ; Gilles , G. ; Chabriat , J.P. Knowledge modeling and nonlinear predictive control of evaporators in cane sugar production plants . Journal of Food Engineering 1999 , 40 ( 1–2 ), 59 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadfoot , R. ; Dunn , K.G. Assessing the effect of juice properties and operating conditions on the heat transfer in Robert evaporators . International Sugar Journal 2008 , 110 ( 1313 ), 298 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Dessouky , H. ; Alatiqi , I. ; Bingulac , S. ; Ettouney , H. Steady-state analysis of the multiple effect evaporation desalination process . Chemical Engineering & Technology 1998 , 21 ( 5 ), 437 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renaudin , V. ; Kafi , F. ; Alonso , D. ; Andreoli , A. Performances of a three-effect plate desalination process . Desalination 2005 , 182 ( 1–3 ), 165 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khademi , M.H. ; Rahimpour , M.R. ; Jahanmiri , A. Simulation and optimization of a six-effect evaporator in a desalination process . Chemical Engineering and Processing 2009 , 48 ( 1 ), 339 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , A.E. ; Khodabocus , F. ; Dhokun , V. ; Khalife , M. Thermodynamic simulation and evaluation of sugar refinery evaporators using a steady state modelling approach . Applied Thermal Engineering 2010 , 30 ( 14–15 ), 2180 – 2186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern , D.Q. Process Heat Transfer ; McGraw-Hill Book Co. : New York , 1950 .
   Google Scholar
• Song , Y. ; Chen , C.C. Symmetric electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid activity coefficient model . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2009 , 48 ( 16 ), 7788 – 7797 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picot , J.B. ; Mortha , G. ; Rueff , M. ; Nortier , P. A thermodynamically consistent model for Burkeite solubility . Chemical Engineering Science 2012 , 68 ( 1 ), 383 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen , H. ; Stephen , T. Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. 1, Binary Systems, Part I–II ; Pergamon Press : Oxford , UK , 1963 .
   Google Scholar
• Bialik , M. ; Moosavifar , A. ; Sedin , M. ; Theliander , H. Using the Pitzer method to estimate the boiling point rise in black liquor solutions . Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 2009 , 24 ( 2 ), 172 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , T.N. Kraft Recovery Boilers ; TAPPI Press : Atlanta , 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Zaman , A.A. ; Wight , M.O. ; Fricke , A.L. Density and thermal expansion of black liquors . TAPPI Journal 1994 , 77 ( 8 ), 175 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoy , M.A. ; Fricke , A.L. Enthalpy concentration relations for black liquor . TAPPI Journal 1994 , 77 ( 9 ), 103 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoy , M.A. Dependence of the enthalpy and vapor pressure of kraft black liquor on solids content. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida: Gainesville, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Masse , M.A. ; Kiran , E. ; Fricke , A.L. A thermodynamic model of the heat capacity of compositionally complex multicomponent polymer solutions: Kraft black liquor . Chemical Engineering Communications 1987 , 50 ( 1–6 ), 81 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvin , R.L. ; Brown , W.F. Thermal conductivity of sulfate black liquor . TAPPI Journal 1956 , 39 , 433 – 438 .
   Google Scholar
• Ramamurthy , P. ; van Heiningen , A.R.P. ; Kubes , G.J. Viscosity and thermal conductivity of black liquor . TAPPI Journal 1993 , 76 ( 11 ), 175 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , W. ; Cooper , J.R. ; Dittmann , A. ; Kijima , J. ; Kretzschmar , H.-J. ; Kruse , A. ; Mareš , R. ; Oguchi , K. ; Sato , H. ; Stöcker , I. ; Sifner , O. ; Takaishi , Y. ; Tanishita , I. ; Trübenbach , J. ; Wilkommen , T . The IAPWS industrial formulation 1997 for the thermodynamic properties of water and steam . Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 2000 , 122 ( 1 ), 150 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , H. ; Sengers , J.V. Release on the IAPWS formulation 1985 for the viscosity of ordinary water substance. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Properties of Water and Steam; Orlando, FL, Sept. 11–16, 1994; Begell House: New York, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• White , H. ; Sengers , J.V. Release on the IAPWS formulation 1985 for the thermal conductivity of ordinary water substance. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Properties of Water and Steam; Orlando, FL, Sept. 11–16, 1994; Begell House: New York, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Orlov , K.A. ; Alexandrov , A.A. ; Ochkov , A.V. ; Ochkov , V.F. Water Steam Pro, 1999–2012. Available at: http://www.wsp.ru
   Google Scholar
• Press , W.H. ; Teukolsky , S.A. ; Vetterling , W.T. ; Flannery , B.P. Numerical Recipes 3rd Edition: The Art of Scientific Computing ; Cambridge University Press : Cambridge , UK , 2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Thumm , S. ; Philipp , C. ; Gross , U. Film condensation of water in a vertical tube with countercurrent vapour flow . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2001 , 44 ( 22 ), 4245 – 4256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , M. ; Vamling , L. ; Olausson , L. Heat transfer in evaporating black liquor falling film . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2009 , 52 ( 11–12 ), 2759 – 2768 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , M. ; Vamling , L. ; Olausson , L. Falling film evaporation of black liquor—Comparison with general heat transfer correlations . Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 2006 , 21 ( 4 ), 496 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnabel , G. ; Schlünder , E.U. Heat transfer from vertical walls to nonboiling and boiling falling films . Verfahrenstechnik 1980 , 14 ( 2 ), 79 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Rohsenow , W.M. ; Hartnett , J.P. Handbook of Heat Transfer ; McGraw-Hill : New York , 1973 .
   Google Scholar
• Gullichsen , J. ; Fogelholm , C.-J. Papermaking Science and Technology, Book 6B: Chemical Pulping ; Fapet Oy : Helsinki , 1999 .
   Google Scholar
• Bremford , D.J. ; Müller-Steinhagen , H.M. Multiple-effect evaporator performance for black liquor. Part III. The effects of fouling on evaporator performance . Appita Journal 1999 , 52 ( 1 ), 30 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolmstedt , U. ; Gudmundson , C. Improved methods for design and evaluation calculations of multiple effect evaporation plants . Svensk Papperstidning 1974 , 77 ( 1 ), 27 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhargava , R. Simulation of flat falling film evaporator network. Ph.D. thesis, Indian Institute of Technology: Roorkee, India, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Smook , G. Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists ; Tappi-Paptac : Atlanta , 1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Gourdon , M. ; Stroemblad , D. ; Olausson , L. ; Vamling , L. Scale formation and growth when evaporating black liquor with high carbonate to sulphate ratio . Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 2008 , 23 ( 2 ), 231 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp , I.C. Pinch Analysis and Process Integration, , 2nd Ed. ; Butterworth-Heinemann : Amsterdam , 2007 .
   Google Scholar
• TAPPI Method T650 om-09. Solids content of black liquor. Tappi: Atlanta, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Costa , A.O.S. ; Lima , E.L. Modeling and control of an industrial multiple-effect evaporator system . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2003 , 81 ( 5 ), 1032 – 1040 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arhippainen , B. ; Jungerstam , B. Operating experience of black liquor evaporation to high dry solids content . TAPPI Journal 1969 , 52 ( 6 ), 1095 – 1099 .
   Google Scholar
• Crowell , B.A. ; Harrison , R.E. ; James , R.K. Multiple-Effect Evaporator Performance Simulation ; AIChE Symposium Series ; AIChE : New York , 1985 .
   Google Scholar
• Vanderzee , C.E. Thermodynamic properties of solutions of a hydrolyzing electrolyte: Relative partial molar enthalpies and heat capacities, solvent activities, osmotic coefficients, and solute activity coefficients of aqueous sodium carbonate . Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 1982 , 14 ( 11 ), 1051 – 1067 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , R.A. ; Stokes , R.H. Electrolyte Solutions, , 2nd Ed. ; Academic Press : New York , 1959 .
   Google Scholar
• Bialik , M. ; Sedin , P. ; Theliander , H. Boiling point rise calculations in sodium salt solutions . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2008 , 47 ( 4 ), 1283 – 1287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , R.N. Evaluated activity and osmotic coefficients for aqueous solutions: Thirty-six uni-bivalent electrolytes . Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 1981 , 10 ( 3 ), 671 – 764 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar