Characterization of transverse mixing in a screw mixer by image analysis

References

• Waje, S.S.; Thorat, B.N.; Mujumdar, A.S. An experimental study of the thermal performance of a screw conveyor dryer. Drying Technology 2006, 24(3), 293–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waje, S.S.; Thorat, B.N.; Mujumdar, A.S. Screw conveyor dryer: Process and equipment design. Drying Technology 2007, 25(1), 241–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, P.; Larsen, E.; Henriksen, U. High tar reduction in a two-stage gasifier. Energy & Fuels 2000, 14(4), 816–819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalitko, V.A. Steam feed and effect of steam-thermal seal in thermolysis of tire shreds in a screw-type reactor. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 2010, 83(2), 324–329.
   Google Scholar
• Cha, C.Y.; Guffey, F.D. Recycle oil pyrolysis and extraction of tar sand. In The Fourth UNITAR/UNDP International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, Alberta, Canada, August 7–12, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Day, M.; Shen, Z.; Cooney, J.D. Pyrolysis of auto shredder residue: Experiments with a laboratory screw kiln reactor. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 1999, 51(1–2), 181–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W.J.; Zeng, F.X.; Jiang, H.; Zhang, X.S. Preparation of high adsorption capacity bio-chars from waste biomass. Bioresource Technology 2011, 102(17), 8247–8252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponomarev, D. Markov Models for Mixing of Powders in Static Mixers; Ivanovo State Power University: Ivanovo, Russia, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Camp, D.W. Mild coal gasification screw pyrolyzer development and design. In Tenth Annual Gasification and Gas Stream Cleanup Systems Contractor's Review Meeting, Morgantown, WV, August 28–30, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, L.D. The Engineering of Chemical Reactions; Oxford University Press: New York, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Barantzeva, H.; Marikh, K.; Mizonov, V.; Ponomarev, D.; Barantzeva, E. Modeling continuous powder mixing by means of the theory of Markov chains. Particulate Science and Technology 2004, 22(4), 379–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waje, S.S.; Thorat, B.N.; Mujumdar, A.S. Hydrodynamic characteristics of a pilot-scale screw conveyor dryer. Drying Technology 2007, 25(4), 609–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waje, S.S.; Thorat, B.N.; Mujumdar, A.S. Study of residence time distribution in a pilot-scale screw conveyor dryer. Drying Technology 2007, 25(1), 249–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei-Ren, T.; Chun, I.-L. On the mixing of granular materials in a screw feeder. Powder Technology 1994, 80(2), 119–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, D.J.; Dijkstra, A.E.; Martin, T.W.; Seville, J.P.K. Positron emission particle tracking studies of spherical particle motion in rotating drums. Chemical Engineering Science 1997, 52(13), 2011–2022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portillo, P.M. Quality by Design for Continuous Powder Mixing; The State University of New Jersey: New Brunswick, NJ, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Broadbent, C.J.; Bridgwater, J.; Parker, D.J. The effect of fill level on powder mixer performance using a positron camera. The Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal 1995, 56(3), 119–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, D.J.; Broadbent, C.J.; Fowles, P.; Hawkesworth, M.R.; McNeil, P. Positron emission particle tracking—A technique for studying flow within engineering equipment. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1993, 326(3), 592–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbent, C.J.; Bridgwater, J.; Parker, D.J.; Keningley, S.T.; Knight, P. A phenomenological study of a batch mixer using a positron camera. Powder Technology 1993, 76(3), 317–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida, K.; Okamoto, K. Measurement of powder flow in a screw feeder by X-ray penetration image analysis. Measurement Science and Technology 2006, 17(2), 419–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida, K.; Okamoto, K. X-ray visualization of powder flow in a screw feeder for different shaped screws. Journal of Visualization 2007, 10(4), 347–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida, K.; Okamoto, K. Measurement technique on the diffusion coefficient of powder flow in screw feeder by X-ray visualization. Powder Technology 2008, 187(2), 138–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heindel, T.J. A review of X-ray flow visualization with applications to multiphase flows. Journal of Fluids Engineering 2011, 133(7), 074001-1–074001-16.
   Google Scholar
• Chotas, H.G.; Dobbins, J.T.; Ravin, C.E. Principles of digital radiography with large-area, electronically readable detectors: A review of the basics. Radiology 1999, 210(3), 595–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doering, E.R.; Basart, J.P.; Gray, J.N. Three-dimensional flaw reconstruction and dimensional analysis using a real-time X-ray imaging system. NDT & E International 1993, 26(1), 7–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J.J.; Heindel, T.J.; Jensen, T.C.; Drake, J.B. X-ray computed tomography of a gas-sparged stirred-tank reactor. Chemical Engineering Science 2008, 63(8), 2075–2085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingston, T.A.; Morgan, T.B.; Geick, T.A.; Robinson, T.R.; Heindel, T.J. A cone-beam compensated back-projection algorithm for X-ray particle tracking velocimetry. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2014, 39, 64–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, J.B.; Franka, N.P.; Heindel, T.J. Developing X-ray particle tracking velocimetry for applications in fluidized beds. In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Boston, MA, October 31–November 6, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Kertzscher, U.; Seeger, A.; Affeld, K.; Goubergrits, L.; Wellnhofer, E. X-ray based particle tracking velocimetry—A measurement technique for multi-phase flows and flows without optical access. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2004, 15(4), 199–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridgwater, J. Mixing of powders and granular materials by mechanical means—A perspective. Particuology 2012, 10(4), 397–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santomaso, A.; Olivi, M.; Canu, P. Mechanisms of mixing of granular materials in drum mixers under rolling regime. Chemical Engineering Science 2004, 59(16), 3269–3280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wightman, C.; Muzzio, F.J.; Wilder, J. A quantitative image analysis method for characterizing mixtures of granular materials. Powder Technology 1996, 89(2), 165–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan, Y.; Normand, M.D.; Peleg, M. Estimation of the surface concentration of adhered particles by color imaging. Powder Technology 1997, 92(2), 147–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obregón, L.; Velázquez, C. Discrimination limit between mean gray values for the prediction of powder concentrations. Powder Technology 2007, 175(1), 8–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasa, G.; Abanades, J.C. A calibration procedure to obtain solid concentrations from digital images of bulk powders. Powder Technology 2001, 114(1), 125–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chester, A.W.; Kowalski, J.A.; Coles, M.E.; Muegge, E.L.; Muzzio, F.J.; Brone, D. Mixing dynamics in catalyst impregnation in double-cone blenders. Powder Technology 1999, 102(1), 85–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsu, N. A threshold selection method from gray-level histogram. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 1979, 9(1), 62–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizushima, A.; Lu, R. An image segmentation method for apple sorting and grading using support vector machine and Otsu's method. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2013, 94, 29–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey, P.M.C. Developments in the theory of particle mixing. Journal of Applied Chemistry 1954, 4(2), 257–268.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, P.Y.; Yang, R.Y.; Yu, A.B. DEM study of the transverse mixing of wet particles in rotating drums. Chemical Engineering Science 2013, 86(1), 99–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyenis, J. Assessment of mixing mechanism on the basis of concentration pattern. Chemical Engineering Process 1999, 38(5), 665–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottino, J.M.; Khakhar, D.V. Mixing and segregation of granular materials. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 2000, 32(1), 55–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnie, G.J.; Kruyt, N.P.; Ye, M.; Zeilstra, C.; Kuipers, J.A.M. Longitudinal and transverse mixing in rotary kilns: A discrete element method approach. Chemical Engineering Science 2005, 60(15), 4083–4091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kei-ich, T.; Kouji, H.; Nobuaki, K.; Toshihiro, K.; Toshitsugu, T.; Yutaka, T. Particle motion in screw feeder simulated by discrete element method. In 1998 International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies, Toronto, Canada, October 18–23, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Jenike, A.W. Storage and flow of solids, Bulletin No. 123. Bulletin of the University of Utah 1964, 53(26), 1–198.
   Google Scholar
• Obregón, L.; Realpe, A.; Velázquez, C. Mixing of granular materials, part II: Effect of particle size under periodic shear. Powder Technology 2010, 201(3), 193–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boateng, A.A.; Barr, P.V. Modelling of particle mixing and segregation in the transverse plane of a rotary kiln. Chemical Engineering Science 1996, 51(17), 4167–4181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar