CFD simulation of corn drying in a natural convection solar dryer

References

• Earle, R. L. Unit Operations in Food Processing, 2nd ed.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Magan, N.; Hope, R.; Cairns, V.; Aldred, D. Post-Harvest Fungal Ecology: Impact of Fungal Growth and Mycotoxin Accumulation in Stored Grain. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2003, 109(7), 723–730. DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-1452-5_7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suleiman, R. A.; Rosentrater, K. A.; Bern, C. J. Effects of Deterioration Parameters on Storage of Maize. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper No. 131593351. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Golob, P.; Kutukwa, N.; Devereau, A.; Bartosik, R. E.; Rodriguez, J. C. Maize. In Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology; Hodges, R.; Farrell, G., Eds.; Blackwell Publishing Ltd: Ames, IA, 2004; Vol. 2, pp. 26–59.
   Google Scholar
• Byerlee, D.; Eicher, C. K. Africa’s Emerging Maize Revolution. Lynne Reinner Publishers Inc: London, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• African Postharvest Loss Information System. Estimated Postharvest Losses 2003–2015. Retrieved from http://www.aphlis.net/?form=overview, 2015. (accessed August 29, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Baoua, I. B.; Amadou, L.; Ousmane, B.; Baributsa, D.; Murdock, L. L. PICS Bags for Post-Harvest Storage of Maize Grain in West Africa. J. Stored Prod. Res. 2014, 58, 20–28. DOI:10.1016/j.jspr.2014.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Mycotoxins in African Foods: Implications to Food Safety and Health. AFRO Food Safety Newslett. 2006, 2, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Boroze, T.; Desmorieux, H.; Méot, J.; Marouzé, C.; Azouma, Y.; Napo, K. Inventory and Comparative Characteristics of Dryers Used in the Sub-Saharan Zone: Criteria Influencing Dryer Choice. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2014, 40, 1240–1259. DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, M.; Sansaniwal, S. K.; Khatak, P. Progress in Solar Dryers for Drying Various Commodities. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2016, 55, 346–360. DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossai, M. A.; Amer, B. M. A.; Gottschalk, K. Hybrid Solar Dryer for Quality Dried Tomato. Drying Technol. 2008, 26, 1591–1601. DOI:10.1080/07373930802467466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodha, M. S.; Chandra, R. Solar Drying Systems and Their Testing Procedures: A Review. Energy Convers. Manage. 1994, 35(3), 219–267. DOI:10.1016/0196-8904(94)90004-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon, M. S.; Kumar, S.; Bhattacharya, S. C. A Comprehensive Procedure for Performance Evaluation of Solar Food Dryers. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2002, 6, 367–393. DOI:10.1016/s1364-0321(02)00005-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brakel, V. Mass Transfer in Convective Drying. In Advances in Drying; Mujumdar, A. S. Ed.; Hemisphere Publishing Co: New York, NY, 1980. Vol. 1, pp. 217–267.
   Google Scholar
• Janjai, S.; Lamlert, N.; Intawee, P.; Mahayothee, B.; Bala, B. K.; Nagle, M.; Müller, J. Experimental and Simulated Performance of a PV-Ventilated Solar Greenhouse Dryer for Drying of Peeled Longan and Banana. Solar Energy 2009, 83(9), 1550–1565. DOI:10.1016/j.solener.2009.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sami, S.; Rahimi, A.; Etesami, N. Dynamic Modelling and a Parametric Study of an Indirect Solar Cabinet Dryer. Drying Technol. 2011, 29, 825–835. DOI:10.1080/07373937.2010.545159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamaleddine, T. J.; Ray, M. B. Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Simulation of Drying Processes: A Review. Drying Technol. 2010, 28(2), 120–154. DOI:10.1080/07373930903517458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathioulakis, E.; Karathanos, V. T.; Belessiotis, V. G. Simulation of Air Movement in a Dryer by Computational Fluid Dynamics: Application for the Drying of Fruits. J. Food Eng. 1998, 36, 183–200. DOI:10.1016/s0260-8774(98)00026-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjbaran, M.; Emadi, B.; Zare, D. CFD Simulation of Deep-Bed Paddy Drying Process and Performance. Drying Technol. 2014, 32(8), 919–934. DOI:10.1080/07373937.2013.875561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Society of Agricultural Engineers. S352.2. Moisture Measurement—Unground Grain and Seeds. ASAE Standards, St. Joseph, MI, 2000; p. 563.
   Google Scholar
• Bird, R. B.; Stewart, W. E.; Lightfoot, E. N. Transport Phenomena. Wiley: New York, 1962.
   Google Scholar
• CFD Direct. Energy Equation in Open FOAM. Retrieved from http://cfd.direct/openfoam/energy-equation/ (accessed Aug 1, 2016), 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe, G. R. The Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics Codes to Simulate Heat and Moisture Transfer in Stored Grains. J. Stored Prod. Res. 2008, 44(1), 21–31. DOI:10.1016/j.jspr.2007.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossié, K. Die Diffusion von Wasserdampf in luft bei Temperaturen bis 300 c. Forschung im Ingenieurwesens A 1953, 19(2), 49–58. DOI:10.1007/bf02558326.
   Google Scholar
• Page, G. E. Factors Influencing the Maximum Rates of Air Drying Shelled Corn in Thin Layers. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 1949.
   Google Scholar
• White, G. M.; Ross, I. J.; Westerman, P. W. Drying Rate and Quality of White Shelled Corn as Influenced by Dew Point Temperature. Trans. ASAE 1973, 16(1), 118–120. DOI:10.13031/2013.37461.
   Google Scholar
• Bartosik, R. E.; Maier, D. E. Study of Adsorption and Desorption Equilibrium Relationships for Yellow Dent, White, and Waxy Corn Types Using the Modified Chung–Pfost Equation. Trans. ASABE 2007, 50(5), 1741–1749. DOI:10.13031/2013.23931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, J. I. A.N.; Flores, R. A. Laboratory Dry-Milling Performance of White Corn: Effect of Physical and Chemical Corn Characteristics. Cereal Chem. 1996, 73(5), 574–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, D.; Bakker-Arkema, F.; Hall, C. Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds. Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• ANSYS. Fluent 17.1 Documentation. ANSYS Inc.: Canonsburg, PA, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Ergun, S. Fluid Flow Through Packed Columns. Chem. Eng. Progr. 1952, 48, 89–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro, S.; Noyes, R. (Eds.). The Mechanics and Physics of Modern Grain Aeration Management. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, J.; Maier, D. E. Three-Dimensional Airflow Distribution in a Maize Silo with Peaked, Levelled and Cored Grain Mass Configurations. Biosyst. Eng. 2011, 110(3), 321–329. DOI:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modest, M. F. Radiative Heat Transfer, 3rd ed.; Elsevier Science: Burlington, MA, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Nebbali, R.; Roy, J. C.; Boulard, T. Dynamic Simulation of the Distributed Radiative and Convective Climate Within a Cropped Greenhouse. Renewable Energy 2012, 43, 111–129. DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2011.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, S. Y.; Zhou, W.; Hua, J. CFD Modeling of an Industrial Continuous Bread-Baking Process Involving U-Movement. J. Food Eng. 2007, 78(3), 888–896. DOI:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.11.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonash, S. Solar Cell Device Physics. Elsevier: Burlington, MA, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Pieters, J. G.; Deltour, J. M. Performances of Greenhouses with the Presence of Condensation on Cladding Materials. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1997, 68(2), 125–137. DOI:10.1006/jaer.1997.0187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. R.; Moran, W. R. Natural Convection Adjacent to Horizontal Surface of Various Planforms. J. Heat Trans. 1974, 96(4), 443–447. DOI:10.1115/1.3450224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubinet, M. Longwave Sky Radiation Parametrizations. Solar Energy 1994, 53(2), 147–154. DOI:10.1016/0038-092x(94)90475-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASHRAE. Fundamentals Handbook. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.: Atlanta, GA, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Fujii, T.; Imura, H. Natural-Convection Heat Transfer from a Plate with Arbitrary Inclination. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 1972, 15(4), 765–767. DOI:10.1016/0017-9310(72)90118-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margaris, D. P.; Ghiaus, A. G. Dried Product Quality Improvement by Air Flow Manipulation in Tray Dryers. J. Food Eng. 2006, 75(4), 542–550. DOI:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.04.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amanlou, Y.; Zomorodian, A. Applying CFD for Designing a New Fruit Cabinet Dryer. J. Food Eng. 2010, 101(1), 8–15. DOI:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha, K. S. O.; Martins, J. H.; Martins, M. A.; Saraz, J. A. O.; Filho, A. F. L. Three-Dimensional Modeling and Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in Porous Media: An Application for Maize Stored in a Flat Bin. Drying Technol. 2013, 31(10), 1099–1106. DOI:10.1080/07373937.2013.775145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okogbue, E. C.; Adedokun, J. A.; Holmgren, B. Hourly and Daily Clearness Index and Diffuse Fraction at a Tropical Station, Ile‐Ife, Nigeria. Int. J. Climatol. 2009, 29(8), 1035–1047. DOI:10.1002/joc.1849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akuffo, F. O.; Brew-Hammond, A. The Frequency Distribution of Daily Global Irradiation at Kumasi. Solar Energy 1993, 50(2), 145–154. DOI:10.1016/0038-092x(93)90086-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arinze, E. A.; Schoenau, G. J.; Bigsby, F. W. Determination of Solar Energy Absorption and Thermal Radiative Properties of Some Agricultural Products. Trans. ASAE 1987, 30(1), 259–265. DOI:10.13031/2013.30437.
   Google Scholar
• Gatea, A. A. Performance Evaluation of a Mixed-Mode Solar Dryer for Evaporating Moisture in Beans. J. Agric. Biotechnol. Sustainable Dev. 2011, 3(4), 65.
   Google Scholar
• Sekyere, C. K. K.; Forson, F. K.; Adam, F. W. Experimental Investigation of the Drying Characteristics of a Mixed Mode Natural Convection Solar Crop Dryer with Back Up Heater. Renewable Energy 2016, 92, 532–542. DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arinze, E. A.; Sokhansanj, S.; Schoenau, G. J.; Trauttmansdorff, F. G. Experimental Evaluation, Simulation and Optimization of a Commercial Heated-Air Batch Hay Drier: Part 1, Drier Functional Performance, Product Quality, and Economic Analysis of Drying. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 1996, 63(4), 301–314. DOI:10.1006/jaer.1996.0033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar