Investigation on water distribution and state in tobacco leaves with stalks during curing by LF-NMR and MRI

References

• Sumner, P. E.; Moore, J. M. Harvesting and Curing Flue-Cured Tobacco. University of Georgia: Athens, GA, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, J.; Yang, S.; Tian, F. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Approach to Bulk Tobacco Flue-Curing Control Process. Drying Technol. 2017, 35(4), 465–477. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2016.1183211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperbauer, M. J. Spectral Distribution of Light in a Tobacco Canopy and Effects of End-of-Day Light Quality on Growth and Development. Plant Physiol. 1971, 47(6), 775–778. DOI: 10.1104/pp.47.6.775.
   Google Scholar
• Nie, R.; Tang, J. Studies on the Leaf Curing Characteristics of Flue-Cured Tobacco I. Relationships between the Free Water, Bound Water and the Variety, Stalk Position, Maturity. J. Hum. Agric. Univ. 2002, 28(4), 290–292. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Frankenburg, W. G. Chemical Changes in the Harvested Tobacco Leaf: Part I. Chemical and Enzymic Conversions during the Curing Process. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 1946, 6, 309–387. DOI: 10.1002/9780470122518.ch8.
   Google Scholar
• Rathkamp, G.; Tso, T. C.; Hoffmann, D. Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: XX: Smoke Analysis of Cigarettes made from Bright Tobaccos Differing in Variety and Stalk Positions. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 1973, 7(3), 179–189. DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0327.
   Google Scholar
• Stedman, R. L. Chemical Composition of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. Chem. Rev. 1968, 68(2), 153–207. DOI: 10.1021/cr60252a002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Z. Improving Usability of Upper Leaves, an Important Measure for Accelerating Up-Grading Cigarette Quality. Tobacco Sci. Technol. 2010, 43(6), 5–9, 31. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Teng, Y.; Hu, C.; Xu, J.; Zhang, H.; Lei, X. Dehydration of Upper Leaf with Stalk During Flue-Curing. Tobacco Sci. Technol. 2007, 40(2), 53–57 (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Xu, X.; Wang, A.; Wang, C.; Sun, F.; Wang, S.; Wang, X. Change of Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Flue-Cured Tobacco Tips Harvested with Stalk During Curing. Tobacco Sci. Technol. 2006, 39(9), 51–54 (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Chen, F.; Wei, Y.; Zhang, B. Characterization of Water State and Distribution in Textured Soybean Protein using DSC and NMR. J. Food Eng. 2010, 100(3), 522–526. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.04.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatakanonda, P.; Dickinson, L. C.; Chinachoti, P. Mobility and Distribution of Water in Cassava and Potato Starches by 1H and 2H NMR. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51(25), 7445–7449. DOI: 10.1021/jf0341464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L.; McCarthy, M. J. Black Heart Characterization and Detection in Pomegranate using NMR Relaxometry and MR Imaging. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2012, 67(5), 96–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2011.12.018.
   Google Scholar
• Shao, X.; Li, Y. Application of Low-Field NMR to Analyze Water Characteristics and Predict Unfrozen Water in Blanched Sweet Corn. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2013, 6(6), 1593–1599. DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0727-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia, C.; Wang, L.; Li, R.; Liu, C. Experimental Study on Drying Characteristics of Wheat by Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Drying Technol. 2017, 35(10), 1258–1265. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2016.1242492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente, S.; Nieto, A. B.; Hodara, K.; Castro, M. A.; Alzamora, S. M. Changes in Structure, Rheology, and Water Mobility of Apple Tissue Induced by Osmotic Dehydration with Glucose or Trehalose. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2012, 5(8), 3075–3089. DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0643-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, F.; Jin, X.; Zhang, L.; Chen, X. Investigation on Water Status and Distribution in Broccoli and the Effects of Drying on Water Status using NMR and MRI Methods. Food Rese. Int. 2017, 96, 191–197. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao, Y.; Galvosas, P.; Callaghan, P. T. Diffusion Correlation NMR Spectroscopic Study of Anisotropic Diffusion of Water in Plant Tissues. Biophys. J. 2005, 89(4), 2899–2905. DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.064709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panarese, V.; Laghi, L.; Pisi, A.; Tylewicz, U.; Dalla Rosa, M.; Rocculi, P. Effect of Osmotic Dehydration on Actinidia deliciosa Kiwifruit: A Combined NMR and Ultrastructural Study. Food Chem. 2012, 132(4), 1706–1712. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffo, A.; Gianferri, R.; Barbieri, R.; Brosio, E. Ripening of Banana Fruit Monitored by Water Relaxation and Diffusion 1H-NMR Measurements. Food Chem. 2005, 89(1), 149–158. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.02.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills, B. P.; Le Floc’h, G. NMR Studies of Non-Freezing Water in Cellular Plant Tissue. Food Chem. 1994, 51(3), 331–336. DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(94)90035-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.; Zhang, M.; Mujumdar, A. S.; Mothibe, K. J. Experimental Investigation and Mechanism Analysis on Microwave Freeze Drying of Stem Lettuce Cubes in a Circular Conduit. Drying Technol. 2012, 30(11–12), 1377–1386. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2012.667470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, X.; van Boxtel, A. J. B.; Gerkema, E.; Vergeldt, F. J.; Van As, H.; van Straten, G.; Boom, R. M.; van der Sman, R. G. Anomalies in Moisture Transport during Broccoli Drying Monitored by MRI? Faraday Discuss. 2012, 158(1), 65–75. DOI: 10.1039/c2fd20049j.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, K.; Lv, J.; Gao, Y.; Wu, Y.; Li, X. Determination of Moisture Content and Moisture Content Profiles in Wood During Drying by Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Drying Technol. 2017, 35, 1909–1918. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2017.1291519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windt, C. W.; Vergeldt, F. J.; De Jager, P. A.; Van As, H. MRI of Long-Distance Water Transport: A Comparison of the Phloem and Xylem flow Characteristics and Dynamics in Poplar, Castor Bean, Tomato and Tobacco. Plant Cell Environ. 2006, 29(9), 1715–1729. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01544.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manz, B.; Müller, K.; Kucera, B.; Volke, F.; Leubner-Metzger, G. Water Uptake and Distribution in Germinating Tobacco Seeds Investigated in Vivo by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Plant Physiol. 2005, 138(3), 1538–1551. DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.061663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, G.; Liu, B.; Zhu, Z.; Kong, J.; Qu, Y. The Application of Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to Moisture Determination in Cut-Tobacco. Acta Tabacaria Sinica 2014, 20(5), 6–11 (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Wei, S.; Wang, D.; Su, J.; Li, Z.; Xu, F.; Wang, X.; He, H.; Yu, Y.; Song, Z. Determination of Flue-Cured Tobacco Midrib Moisture During Curing Process by the Method of LF-NMR. Tobacco Sci. Technol. 2016, 49(10), 31–35 (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Song, Z.; Li, S.; Wei, S.; Tan, F.; Wu, W.; Xu, Q.; Li, H.; Fang, M. Determination of Moisture in Tobacco Leaves during Curing Process by Low-Field NMR. Chin. Tobacco Sci. 2017, 38(3), 56–60 (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Shitanda, D.; Wanjala, N. V. Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Quality of Jute (Corchorus olitorius L.). Drying Technol. 2006, 24(1), 95–98. DOI: 10.1080/07373930500538865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, X.; van der Sman, R. G. M.; van Maanen, J. F. C.; van Deventer, H. C.; van Straten, G.; Boom, R. M.; van Boxtel, A. J. B. Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Broccoli Interpreted with the Flory-Huggins Free Volume Theory. Food Biophys. 2014, 9(1), 1–9. DOI: 10.1007/s11483-013-9311-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, C.; Li, Y.; Yu, H. Effect of Far-Infrared Drying on the Water State and Glass Transition Temperature in Carrots. J. Food Eng. 2014, 136(6), 42–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.03.022.
   Google Scholar
• Li, H.; Lin, B.; Hong, Y.; Liu, T.; Huang, Z.; Wang, R.; Wang, Z. Assessing the Moisture Migration during Microwave Drying of Coal using Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Drying Technol. 2017 (Online), 1–11. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2017.1349136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills, B. P.; Nott, K. P. NMR Studies of Water Compartmentation in Carrot Parenchyma Tissue During Drying and Freezing. Appl. Magn. Reson. 1999, 17(4), 521–535. DOI: 10.1007/bf03162084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J.; Mu, W.; Fang, X.; Mujumdar, A. S.; Yang, X; Xue, L.; Zhang, Q. Pulsed Vacuum Drying of Thompson Seedless Grape: Effects of Berry Ripeness on Physicochemical Properties and Drying Characteristic. Food Bioprod. Process. 2017, 106, 117–126. DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2017.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xin, Y.; Zhang, M.; Adhikari, B. Effect of Trehalose and Ultrasound-Assisted Osmotic Dehydration on the State of Water and Glass Transition Temperature of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.). J. Food Eng. 2013, 119(3), 640–647. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.06.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, H.; Wang, F.; Mao, F.; Chi, Y.; Lu, S.; Cen, K. Measurement of Water Content and Moisture Distribution in Sludge by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Drying Technol. 2016, 34(3), 267–274. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2015.1047952.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, S.; Zhang, T.; Yao, L.; Wang, X.; Song, Y.; Wang, H.; Tan, M. Use of Low-Field-NMR and MRI to Characterize Water Mobility and Distribution in Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) during Drying Process. Drying Technol. 2017 (Online), 1–7. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2017.1359839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, W.; Wang, Z.; Shen, Q.; Li, G.; Song, X.; Zhang, D. LF-NMR to Explore Water Migration and Water-Protein Interaction of Lamb Meat Being air Dried at 35°C. Drying Technol. 2017, 36(3), 366–373. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2017.1339084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einhorn-Stoll, U.; Hatakeyama, H.; Hatakeyama, T. Influence of Pectin Modification on Water Binding Properties. Food Hydrocolloid 2012, 27(2), 494–502. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.08.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatakeyama, T.; Tanaka, M.; Hatakeyama, H. Thermal Properties of Freezing Bound Water Restrained by Polysaccharides. J. Biomater. Sci. 2010, 21(14), 1865–1875. DOI: 10.1163/092050610x486946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X.; Ma, L.; Tao, Y.; Kong, B.; Li, P. Low Field-NMR in Measuring Water Mobility and Distribution in Beef Granules During Drying Process. Adv. Mater. Res. 2012, 550–553, 3406–3410. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.3406.
   Google Scholar
• Mothibe, K. J.; Zhang, M.; Mujumdar, A. S.; Wang, Y. C.; Cheng, X. Effects of Ultrasound and Microwave Pretreatments of Apple before Spouted Bed Drying on Rate of Dehydration and Physical Properties. Drying Technol. 2014, 32(15), 1848–1856. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2014.952381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar