Re-engineering the paddy rice drying system in the Philippines for climate change adaptation

References

• Lybbert, T.; Sumner, D. Agricultural Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Developing Countries: Policy Options for Innovation and Technology Diffusion, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland and International Food & Agricultural Trade Policy Council, Washington DC, USA. http://www.agritrade.org/events/documents/IPCTechnologyPaper_WEB_finalJune.pdf (accessed Jan 8, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Israel, D. C. Typhoons, Floods, and Droughts: Regional Occurrence and Value of Damages to Rice Farming in the Philippines. Policy Notes No. 2012-15. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2012. http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pn/pidspn1215.pdf (accessed Aug 12, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank Group. Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation to Climate Change: Philippines. https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/climate-change-country-profile-2011-philippines.pdf (accessed June 23, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Mondal, M. H. T.; Shiplu, K. S. P.; Sen, K. P.; Roy, J.; Sarker, M. S. H. Performance Evaluation of Small Scale Energy Efficient Mixed Flow Dryer for Drying of High Moisture Paddy. Drying Technol. 2019, 37, 1541–1550. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2018.1518914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur, A. K.; Gupta, A. K. Stationary versus Fluidized-Bed Drying of High-Moisture Paddy with Rest Period. Drying Technol. 2006, 24, 1443–1456. DOI: 10.1080/07373930600952792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimmol, C.; Sathapornprasath, K.; Devahastin, S. Drying of High-Moisture Paddy Using a Combined Impinging Stream and Pneumatic Drying System. Drying Technol. 2012, 30, 1854–1862. DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2012.713070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung-Nguyen, L.; Driscoll, R. H.; Srzednicki, G. Drying of High Moisture Content Paddy in a Pilot Scale Triangular Spouted Bed Dryer. Drying Technol. 2001, 19, 375–387. DOI: 10.1081/DRT-100102911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regalado, M. J. C.; Bekki, E.; Madamba, P. S. Dehumidification Drying of High-Moisture Rough Rice in a Radial-Flow. Circular Bin. Drying Technol. 2000, 18, 2307–2326. DOI: 10.1080/07373930008917844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witinantakit, K.; Prachayawarakorn, S.; Nathakaranakule, A.; Soponronnarit, S. Paddy Drying Using Adsorption Technique: Experiments and Simulation. Drying Technol. 2006, 24, 609–617. DOI: 10.1080/07373930600626503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, W. G.; Sun, S.; Zhou, Z. Y. Technical Efficiency of Food Processing in China: The Case of Flour and Rice Processing. China Agric. Econ. Rev. 2011, 3, 321–334. DOI: 10.1108/17561371111165761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gummert, M. Vietnamese Low Cost SRR Dryer. IRRI Knowledge Bank. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/postharvest-management/drying-fact-sheet-category/item/vietnamese-low-cost-srr-dryer-fact-sheet (accessed Oct 23, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Ulep, M. C.; Casil, F. B.; Jr, Castro, R. C.; Gagelonia, E. C.; Bautista, E. U. Technical & Socio-Economic Evaluation in Ilocos Norte of a Low-Cost Grain Dryer from Vietnam. Philipp. J. Crop Sci. 2004, 29, 5–15.
   Google Scholar
• Banh, L. V.; Quoc, H. B.; Ngan, P. V.; Kanetene, Y.; Kobayashi, K.; Hiraoka, H. Development of Simple Small Dryer Suitable to Small Farms in Remote Area. Omorice 2001, 9, 140–143.
   Google Scholar
• Wimberly, J. E. Technical Handbook for the Paddy Rice Postharvest Industry in Developing Countries; International Research Institute, UP Los Banos: Los Banos, Philippines, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Bautista, E. U.; Aldas, R. E.; Gagelonia, E. C. Rice Hull Furnaces for Paddy Drying: the Philippine Rice Research Institute's Experience. In Grain Drying in Asia, Champ, B. R., Highley, E., Johnson, G. I., Eds; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, 1996; pp 253–260.
   Google Scholar
• Hung, N. V.; Tuan, T. V.; Meas, P.; Tado, C. J. M.; Kyaw, M. A.; Gummert, M. Best Practices for Paddy Drying: Case Studies in Vietnam, Cambodia, Philippines, and Myanmar. Plant Prod. Sci. 2019, 22, 107–118. DOI: 10.1080/1343943X.2018.1543547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orge, R. F. Design and development of the PhilRice continuous-type rice Husk carbonizer. Ph.D. dissertation, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Orge, R. F.; Sawey, D. A. Recovering heat from rice hull carbonization: applications in climate-smart agriculture. In Agricultural Research Updates; Gorawala, P.; Mandhatri, S. Eds.; Nova Science Publishers: New York, NY, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Boyles, J. K. L.; Orge, R. F. Performance of the Continuous-Type Rice Hull Carbonizer as Heat Source in Food Product Processing. OIDA Int. J. Sustain. Dev. 2015, 8, 25–34.
   Google Scholar
• Orge, R. F.; Leal, L. V. Utilizing Heat from Rice Hull Biochar Production for Steam Pasteurization of Mushroom Fruiting Bags. Cogent Eng. 2018, 5, 1453972. DOI: 10.1080/23311916.2018.1453972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orge, R. F.; Abon, J. E. O. Cogeneration of Biochar and Heat from Rice Hull: Its Application in the Poultry Industry. OIDA Int. J. Sustain. Dev. 2014, 7, 105–114.
   Google Scholar
• Nigussie, A.; Kissi, E.; Misganaw, M.; Ambaw, G. Effect of Biochar Application on Soil Properties and Nutrient Uptake of Lettuces (Lactuca sativa) Grown in Chromium Polluted Soils. Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 2012, 12, 369–376.
   Google Scholar
• Islami, T.; Guritno, B.; Basuki, N.; Suryanto, A. Biochar for Sustaining Productivity of Cassava Based Cropping Systems in the Degraded Lands of East Java, Indonesia. J. Trop. Agric. 2011, 49, 40–46.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, O. Y.; Raichle, B.; Sink, S. Impact of Biochar on the Water Holding Capacity of Loamy Sand Soil. Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng. 2013, 4, 44. DOI: 10.1186/2251-6832-4-44.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B.; Lehmann, J.; Zech, W. Ameliorating Physical and Chemical Properties of Highly Weathered Soils in the Tropics with Charcoal—a Review. Biol. Fert. Soils 2002, 35, 219–230. DOI: 10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamato, M.; Okimori, Y.; Wibowo, I. F.; Anshori, S.; Ogawa, M. Effects of the Application of Charred Bark of Acacia Mangium on the Yield of Maize, Cowpea and Peanut, and Soil Chemical Properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil. Sci. Plant Nutr. 2006, 52, 489–495. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0765.2006.00065.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, C.; Teixeira, W. G.; Lehmann, J.; Nehls, T.; de Macedo, J. L. V.; Blum, W. E. H.; Zech, W. Long Term Effects of Manure, Charcoal and Mineral Fertilization on Crop Production and Fertility on a Highly Weathered Central Amazonian Upland Soil. Plant Soil 2007, 291, 275–290. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-007-9193-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rondon, M.; Lehmann, J.; Ramirez, J.; Hurtado, M. Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Increases with Bio-Char Additions. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2007, 43, 699–708. DOI: 10.1007/s00374-006-0152-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimetu, J.; Lehmann, J.; Ngoze, S. O.; Mugendi, D. N.; Kinyangi, J. M.; Riha, S.; Verchot, L.; Recha, J. W.; Pell, A. N. Reversibility of Soil Productivity Decline with Organic Matter of Differing Quality along a Degradation Gradient. Ecosystems 2008, 11, 726–739. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-008-9154-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, K. Y.; Van Zwieten, L.; Meszaros, I.; Downie, A.; Joseph, S. Agronomic Values of Greenwaste Biochar as a Soil Amendment. Soil Res. 2007, 45, 629–634. DOI: 10.1071/SR07109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell, P.; Riethmuller, G.; Biochar, C. M. Application to Soil. In Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology; Lehmann J.; Joseph, S. (Eds). Earthscan: London, 2009; pp 207–226.
   Google Scholar
• Asai, H.; Samson, B. K.; Haefele, S. M.; Songyikhangsuthor, K.; Homma, K.; Kiyono, Y.; Inoue, Y.; Shiraiwa, T.; Horie, T. Biochar Amendment Techniques for Upland Rice Production in Northern Laos 1. Soil Physical Properties, Leaf SPAD and Grain Yield. Field Crops Res. 2009, 111, 81–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2008.10.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, C. J.; Fitzgerald, J. D.; Neil, A.; Hipps, N. A. Potential Mechanisms for Achieving Agricultural Benefits from Biochar Application to Temperate Soils: A Review. Plant Soil 2010, 337, 1–18. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-010-0464-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philippine Rice Research Institute. Carbonized Rice Hull. Rice Technology Bulletin. Revised Edition. Philippine Rice Research Institute: Munoz Science City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, 2005; Vol. 47.
   Google Scholar
• Bautista, A. M. Typhoon-Resistant Structure to Secure Farm Investments. https://www.philrice.gov.ph/typhoon-resistant-structure-secure-farm-investments/ (accessed Sep 16, 2017).
   Google Scholar