A Comparison of Community College Full-Time and Adjunct Faculties' Perceptions of Factors Associated With Grade Inflation

References

• Abbott, W. (2008). The politics of grade inflation: A case study. Change, 40(1), 32–37.
   Google Scholar
• Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE) Higher Education Report. (2005). Beyond grade inflation. Executive Report, 30(6), 1–61.
   Google Scholar
• Babcock, P. (2010). Real costs of nominal grade inflation? New evidence from student course evaluations. Economic Inquiry, 48(4), 983–996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basinger, D. (1997). Fighting grade inflation. College Teaching, 45(3), 88–91.
   Google Scholar
• Birnbaum, R. (1977). Factors related to university grade inflation. Journal of Higher Education, 48, 519–539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boretz, E. (2004). Grade inflation and the myth of student consumerism. College Teaching, 52(2), 42–46.
   Google Scholar
• Brandt, R. (2001). Fiscal policy effects on grade inflation. Retrieved from http://www.newfoundations.com/Policy/Brandt.html
   Google Scholar
• Carney, P., Isakson, R. L., & Ellsworth, R. (1978). An exploration of grade inflation and some related factors in higher education. College and University, 53, 217–230.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh, J. K. (2006). What did you get? A faculty grade comparison. Quality Assurance in Education: An International Perspective, 14(2), 179–186.
   Google Scholar
• Centra, J. A. (2003). Will teachers receive higher student evaluations by giving higher grades and less course work? Research in Higher Education, 44(5), 495–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, H. B., & Ashbaugh, E. J. (1925). Report cards in American cities. Educational Research Bulletin, 4, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, C. (2008). The employment of part-time faculty at community colleges. New Directions for Higher Education, 143, 29–36.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, C. (2004). Plus/minus grading: If given a choice. College Student Journal, 38, 280–284.
   Google Scholar
• Ediger, M. (2001). Grade inflation in higher education. Retrieved from ERIC Document Reproduction Service. (No. ED 452-263.)
   Google Scholar
• Eiszler, C. F. (2002). College students' evaluations of teaching and grade inflation. Research in Higher Education, 43(4), 483–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, D. B. (1992). Community college faculty behaviors impacting transfer student success: A qualitative study. Retrieved from ERIC Document Reproduction Service. (No. ED 351 053.)
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, L., Burke, D. M., Lomire, P., & McCormack, D. R. (2003). Student grades and average ratings of instructional quality: The need for adjustment. Journal of Educational Research, 97, 35–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, R. J., & Katz, J. E. (2000). Social desirability bias and the validity of self-reported values. Psychology and Marketing, 17, 105–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, M., & Feeney, L. (2006). Plus/minus grading: A within instructor comparison. College Student Journal, 40, 852–856.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, J. (1991, April). Grade inflation and student ratings: A closer look. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL
   Google Scholar
• Gaultney, J. E., & Cann, A. (2001). Grade expectations. Teaching of Psychology, 28(2), 84–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawelek, M. A., Butela, K., Johnson, E., Barriga, A. Q., & Cooper, E. K. (2008). Dialogue and exchange of information about grade inflation can counteract its effects. College Teaching, 56(4), 201–209.
   Google Scholar
• Germain, M., & Scandura, T. (2005). Grade inflation and student individual differences as systematic bias in faculty evaluation. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(1), 58–67.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, L. (1985). The betrayal of the gatekeepers: Grade inflation. The Journal of General Education, 37, 97–121.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, M. E. (2010). The effects of grading and teaching practices on students' perceptions of grading fairness. College Teaching, 58(3), 93–98.
   Google Scholar
• Guskey, T. R., & Pollio, H. R. (2012). Grading systems—school, higher education: Students, grades, teachers, and learning. Retrieved from http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2017/Grading-Systems.html
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, T. (2007). My professor is so unfair: Student attitudes and experiences of conflict with faculty. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 24(3), 349–368.
   Google Scholar
• Hawe, E. (2003). It's pretty difficult to fail: The reluctance of lecturers to award a failing grade. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 28(4), 372–382.
   Google Scholar
• Hills, J., & Gladney, M. (1968). Factors influencing college grading standards. Journal of Educational Measurement, 5(1), 31–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, S. ( Ed.). (2005). Beyond grade inflation: Grading problems in higher education. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 30, 1–7. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Iris Franz, W. (2010). Grade inflation under the threat of students' nuisance: Theory and evidence. Economics of Education Review, 29(3), 411–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isely, P., & Singh, H. (2005). Do higher grades lead to favorable student evaluations? Journal of Economic Education, 36, 29–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, V. (2003). Inflation and the classroom consumer. Wilson Quarterly, 27, 10.
   Google Scholar
• Kamber, R., & Biggs, M. (2004). Grade inflation: Metaphor and reality. Journal of Education, 184(1), 31–37.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, D. (1994, June 22). Grade inflation: No – today's students are better prepared. Star Tribune, Minneapolis, MN, p. 19A.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, W. R. (1975). Grades expected and grades received: Their relationships to students' evaluations of faculty performance. Journal of Educational Society, 67, 109–115.
   Google Scholar
• Kezim, B., Pariseau, S. E., & Quinn, F. (2005). Is grade inflation related to faculty status? Journal of Education for Business, 80(6), 358–363.
   Google Scholar
• Krautmann, A. C., & Sander, W. (1999). Grades and student evaluations of teachers. Economics of Education Review, 18, 59–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrum, R. E. (1999). Student expectations of grade inflation. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 32(2), 124–129.
   Google Scholar
• Lippmann, S., Bulanda, R. E., & Wagenaar, T. C. (2009). Student entitlement. College Teaching, 57(4), 197–204.
   Google Scholar
• Malmstrom, S. (2006). Rigor in the classroom. A case study of grading differences: Teacher characteristics for improved practice. Retrieved from ProQuest Information and Learning Company. (UMI No 3226186.)
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, J. (2002). High marks: Mounting evidence of grade inflation across the country. National Crosswalk, 10(3), 1.
   Google Scholar
• Marklein, M. B. (2002, February 2). A call for an end to grade inflation. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2002-02-05-gradeinflation.htm
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, J., & Powell, B. (2004). Study reveals faculty attitudes about grade inflation. Teaching Professor, 18(9), 5–6.
   Google Scholar
• Merriman, C. (2010). Adjunct faculty organizational sense of belonging and affective organizational commitment. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI 3411382.)
   Google Scholar
• Millea, M., & Grimes, P. W. (2002). Grade expectations and student evaluation of teaching. College Student Journal, 36, 582–591.
   Google Scholar
• Milton, O., Pollio, H. R., & Eison, J. A. (1986). Making sense of college grades. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M., & Trahan, R. (1998). Tenure status and grading practices. Sociological Perspectives, 41(4), 775–781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, P. J., & Lynch, A. K. (1984). Grade inflation, real income, simultaneity, and teaching evaluations. Journal of Economic Education, 14, 21–38.
   Google Scholar
• Olds, P. R., & Crumbley, D. L. (2003). Higher grades = higher evaluations: Impression management of students. Quality Assurance in Education, 11(3), 172–177.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, D. (1995). Grade inflation: Reality or myth? Student preparation level vs. grades at Brigham Young University. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI 9608616.)
   Google Scholar
• Phelps, R. P. (2008). The role and importance of standardized testing in the world of teaching and training. Nonpartisan Education Review/Essays, 4(3). Retrieved from http://www.nonpartisaneducation.org/Review/Essays/v4n3.htm
   Google Scholar
• Pollio, H. R., & Beck, H. P. (2000). When the tail wags the dog: Perceptions of learning and grade orientations in, and by, contemporary college students and faculty. Journal of Higher Education, 71, 84–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, W., & Nyman, M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Analysis of grading trends at a small liberal arts college. College and University: The Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 76(4), 9–14.
   Google Scholar
• Rifkin, T. (1998). Differences between the professional attitudes of full- and part-time faculty. Retrieved from ERIC Document Reproduction Service. (No. ED 417 783.)
   Google Scholar
• Rojstaczer, S. (2003, March 17). Grade inflation at American colleges and universities. Retrieved from http://www.gradeinflation.com
   Google Scholar
• Sabot, R., & Wakeman-Linn, J. (1991). Grade inflation and course choice. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 159–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadler, D. R. (2009). Grade integrity and the representation of academic achievement. Studies in Higher Education, 34(7), 807–826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandy, J., Gonzalez, A., & Hilmer, M. J. (2006). Alternative paths to college completion: Effect of attending a two-year school on the probability of completing a four-year degree. Economics of Education Review, 25(5), 463–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute. (2012). Means versus LS-means, pp. 1–3. Retrieved from http://www.sfu.ca/sasdoc/sashtml/stat/chap30/sect34.htm
   Google Scholar
• Sawchuk, S. (2009). Grade inflation seen in evaluations of teachers, regardless of system. Education Week, 28(33), 6.
   Google Scholar
• Scanlan, J., & Care, W. D. (2004). Grade inflation: Should we be concerned? Journal of Nursing Education, 43, 475–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutz, K. (2012). A comparison of community college full-time and adjunct faculties' perceptions of factors associated with grade inflation. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI 3541624.)
   Google Scholar
• Schutz, K. (2013). Do community college full-time and adjunct faculties differ in their perceptions of rigor in assigning grades? American Journal of Educational Studies, 6(2), 59–77.
   Google Scholar
• Sonner, B. S. (2000). “A” is for ‘Adjunct’: Examining grade inflation in higher education. Journal of Education for Business, 76(1), 5–8.
   Google Scholar
• Starch, D., & Elliott, E. C. (1912). Reliability of the grading of high school work in English. School Review, 20, 442–457.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, J. E. (1995). Inflated grades, inflated enrollment, and inflated budgets: An analysis and call for review at the state level. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 3(11), 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, C. (2001, September 24). Conservation of resources theory: A Sloan work and family encyclopedia entry. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College.
   Google Scholar
• Vedder, R. (2010, June). Student evaluations, grade inflation, and declining student effort. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/blogs/innovations/student-evaluations-grade-inflationdeclining-student-effort/2
   Google Scholar
• Wickun, W. G., & Stanley, R. E. (2000). The role of adjunct faculty in higher education. Retrieved from http://mtprof.msun.edu/Win2000/Wickun.html
   Google Scholar
• Wildavsky, B. (1994, June 9). Universities begin to get tough: The grade inflation reverberation hits campus. The San Francisco Chronicle, p. A1.
   Google Scholar
• Wildavsky, B. (1995, January 9). College-bound pupils getting higher grades but experts doubt students are smarter or work harder. The San Francisco Chronicle, p. A3.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, B. (1999). The phenomenon of grade inflation in higher education: Is grade inflation real? Phi Kappa Phi Journal, 79(4), 38–41.
   Google Scholar
• Wongsurawat, W. (2009). Does grade inflation affect the credibility of grades? Education Economics, 17(4), 523–534.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, A. L., Riley, D. R., & Summerville, R. M. (1999, November). University grade inflation through twenty years: An analytical and empirical investigation. Paper presented at ASHE Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Zangenehzadeh, H. (1988). Grade inflation: A way out. Journal of Economic Education, 19, 217–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zellner, K. M. (2008). An examination of grade distribution patterns and grade inflation at a baccalaureate nursing program. Retrieved from ProQuest Information and Learning Company. (UMI No 3304475.)
   Google Scholar
• Zirkel, P. (1995). Grade inflation: A problem and a proposal. Education Week, 14(24), 28–30.
   Google Scholar