References
- Boopathi, S., Poma, A. B., & Kolandaivel, P. (2020). Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1758788
- Chemat, S., Aissa, A., Boumechhour, A., Arous, O., & Ait-Amar, H. (2017). Extraction mechanism of ultrasound assisted extraction and its effect on higher yielding and purity of artemisinin crystals from Artemisia annua L. leaves. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 34, 310–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.05.046
- Chemat, S., Boudjelal, S., Malki, I., & Lapkin, A. (2019). Biosynthesis of spathulenol and camphor stand as a competitive route to artemisinin production as revealed by a new chemometric convergence approach based on nine locations’ field-grown Artemisia annua L. Industrial Crops and Products, 137, 521–527. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.05.056
- D’Alessandro, S., Scaccabarozzi, D., Signorini, L., Perego, F., Ilboudo, D. P., Ferrante, P., & Delbue, S. (2020). The use of antimalarial drugs against viral infection. Microorganisms, 8(1), 85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010085
- De Clercq, E. (2006). Potential antivirals and antiviral strategies against SARS coronavirus infections. Expert Review of anti-Infective Therapy, 4(2), 291–302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.4.2.291
- Dietrich, J. A., Yoshikuni, Y., Fisher, K. J., Woolard, F. X., Ockey, D., McPhee, D. J., Renninger, N. S., Chang, M. C. Y., Baker, D., & Keasling, J. D. (2009). A novel semi-biosynthetic route for artemisinin production using engineered substrate-promiscuous P450(BM3). ACS Chemical Biology, 4(4), 261–267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/cb900006h
- Dille, B. J., & Johnson, T. C. (1982). Inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein expression by chloroquine. Journal of General Virology, 62(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-62-1-91
- Gupta, M. K., Vemula, S., Donde, R., Gouda, G., Behera, L., & Vadde, R. (2020). In-silico approaches to detect inhibitors of the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein ion channel. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1751300
- Hale, V., Keasling, J. D., Renninge, N., & Diagana, T. T. (2007). Microbially derived artemisinin: A biotechnology solution to the global problem of access to affordable antimalarial drugs. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77(6 Suppl), 198–202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.198
- Hasan, A., Paray, B. A., Hussain, A., Qadir, F. A., Attar, F., Aziz, F. A., Sharifi, M., Derakhshankhah, H., Rasti, B., Mehrabi, M., Shahpasand, K., Saboury, A. A., & Falahati, M. (2020). A review on the cleavage priming of the spike protein on coronavirus by angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and furin. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1754293
- He, R., Forman, M., Bryan, T., Mott, B. T., Venkatadri, R., Gary, H., Posner, G. H., & Arav-Boger, R. (2013). Unique and highly selective anticytomegalovirus activities of artemisinin-derived dimer diphenyl phosphate stem from combination of dimer unit and a diphenyl phosphate moiety. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 57(9), 4208–4214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00893-13
- Huter, M. J., Schmidt, A., Mestmäcker, F., Sixt, M., & Strube, J. (2018). Systematic and model-assisted process design for the extraction and purification of artemisinin from Artemisia annua L.—Part IV: Crystallization. Processes, 6(10), 181. (https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6100181
- Khan, S. A., Zia, K., Ashraf, S., Uddin, R., & Ul-Haq, Z. (2020). Identification of chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 via integrated computational approach. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1751298
- Lan, J., Ge, J., Yu, J., Shan, S., Zhou, H., Fan, S., Zhang, Q., Shi, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature, 581(7807), 215–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5
- Li, Q., Xie, L. H., Johnson, T. O., Si, Y., Haeberle, A. S., & Weina, P. J. (2007). Toxicity evaluation of artesunate and artelinate in Plasmodium berghei-infected and uninfected rats. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101(2), 104–112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.04.010
- Liu, J., Cao, R., Xu, M., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Hu, H., Li, Y., Hu, Z., Zhong, W., & Wang, M. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell Discovery, 6, 16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0
- Micholas, S., & Jeremy, C. (2020). Repurposing therapeutics for COVID-19: Supercomputer-based docking to the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike protein and viral spike protein-human ACE2 interface. ChemRxiv. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.11871402.v4
- Million, M., Lagier, J.-C., Gautret, P., Colson, P., Fournier, P.-E., Amrane, S., Hocquart, M., Mailhe, M., Esteves-Vieira, V., Doudier, B., Aubry, C., Correard, F., Giraud-Gatineau, A., Roussel, Y., Berenger, C., Cassir, N., Seng, P., Zandotti, C., Dhiver, C., … Raoult, D. (2020). Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: A retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 35, 101738. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101738
- Muralidharan, N., Sakthivel, R., Velmurugan, D., & Gromiha, M. M. (2020). Computational studies of drug repurposing and synergism of lopinavir, oseltamivir and ritonavir binding with SARS-CoV-2 protease against COVID-19. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1752802
- Pettersen, E. F., Goddard, T. D., Huang, C. C., Couch, G. S., Greenblatt, D. M., Meng, E. C., & Ferrin, T. E. (2004). UCSF Chimera-a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 25(13), 1605–1612. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20084
- Ramos, R. S., Macêdo, W. J. C., Costa, J. S., Da Silva, C. H. T. P., Rosa, J. M. C., Da Cruz, J. N., De Oliveira, M. S., De Aguiar Andrade, E. H., De Silva, R. B. L., Souto, R. N. P., & Santos, C. B. R. (2019). Potential inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and juvenile hormone with insecticidal activity: Study of the binding mode via docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2019.1688192
- Romero, M. R., Efferth, T., Serrano, M. A., Castaño, B., Macias, R. I. R., Briz, O., & Marin, J. J. G. (2005). Effect of artemisinin/artesunate as inhibitors of hepatitis B virus production in an “in vitro” replicative system. Antiviral Research, 68(2), 75–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.005
- Samarth, S., & Kirk, M. G. (2020). Energetics based modeling of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)Protein - ACE2 Complex. ChemRxiv. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12015792.v2
- Schrezenmeier, E., & Dörner, T. (2020). Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: Implications for rheumatology. Nature Reviews. Rheumatology, 16(3), 155–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-020-0372-x
- Shang, J., Ye, G., Shi, K., Wan, Y., Luo, C., Aihara, H., Geng, Q., Auerbach, A., & Li, F. (2020). Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature, 581(7807), 221–224. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2179-y
- Simmons, G., Reeves, J. D., Rennekamp, A. J., Amberg, S. M., Piefer, A. J., & Bates, P. (2004). Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(12), 4240–4245. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306446101
- Trott, O., & Olson, A. J. (2010). AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization and multithreading. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 31(2), 455–461. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334
- Vankadari, N., & Wilce, J. A. (2020). Emerging WuHan (COVID-19) coronavirus: Glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), 601–604. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1739565
- Vincent, M. J., Bergeron, E., Benjannet, S., Erickson, B. R., Rollin, P. E., Ksiazek, T. G., Seidah, N. G., & Nichol, S. T. (2005). Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virology Journal, 2, 69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-2-69
- Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Liu, J., Xu, M., Shi, Z., Hu, Z., Zhong, W., & Xiao, G. (2020). Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Research, 30(3), 269–271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0
- Weniger, H. (1979). Review of side effects and toxicity of chloroquine. The Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79, 906.
- Woodrow, C. J., Haynes, R. K., & Krishna, S. (2005). Artemisinins. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 81(952), 71–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2004.028399
- Yan, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xia, L., Guo, Y., & Zhou, Q. (2020). Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science (New York, N.Y.).), 367(6485), 1444–1448. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2762
- Yang, Z. Y., Huang, Y., Ganesh, L., Leung, K., Kong, W. P., Schwartz, O., Subbarao, K., & Nabel, G. J. (2004). pH-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is mediated by the spike glycoprotein and enhanced by dendritic cell transfer through DC-SIGN. Journal of Virology, 78(11), 5642–5650. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.11.5642-5650.2004
- Yao, W., Wang, F., & Wang, H. (2016). Immunomodulation of artemisinin and its derivatives. Science Bulletin, 61(18), 1399–1406. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1105-z
- Zhou, P., Yang, X., Wang, X., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H. R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C. L., Chen, H. D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R. D., Liu, M. Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X. R., Wang, X., … Shi, Z. L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798), 270–273. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7