Berberis lyceum and Fumaria indica: in vitro cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and in silico screening of their selected phytochemicals as novel hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitors

References

• Abdelli, I., Benariba, N., Adjdir, S., Fekhikher, Z., Daoud, I., & Terki, M. (2020). In silico evaluation of phenolic compounds as inhibitors of Α-amylase and Α-glucosidase. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics., 39(3), 816-822. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1718553
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S., Shuaib, M., Ali, K., Ali, S., & Hussain, F. (2017). Evaluation of different parts of Berberis lyceum and their biological activities: A review. Pure and Applied Biology, 6(3), 897–907. https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2017.60095
   Google Scholar
• Ali, H., Uddin, S., & Jalal, S. (2015). Chemistry and Biological Activities of Berberis lycium Royle. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 5(5), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2015.1073627
   Google Scholar
• Altemimi, A., Lakhssassi, N., Baharlouei, A., Watson, D., & Lightfoot, D. (2017). Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants, 6(4), 42. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants60400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arentz, G., Mittal, P., Zhang, C., Ho, Y.-Y., Briggs, M., & Winderbaum, L. (2017). Applications of Mass Spectrometry Imaging to Cancer. Advances in Cancer Research, 134, 27–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acr.2016.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagaglio, S., Hasson, H., Peano, L., Vercesi, R., Messina, E., Galli, A., Uberti-Foppa, C., & Morsica, G. (2020). A Prospective Italian Study on Baseline NS3 and NS5A Resistance to Direct-Acting Antivirals in a Real-World Setting of HIV-1/HCV Coinfected Patients and Association with Treatment Outcome. Viruses, 12(3), 269. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj, D., & Kaushik, N. (2012). Phytochemical and pharmacological studies in genus Berberis. Phytochemistry Reviews, 11(4), 523–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-013-9272-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonesi, M., Loizzo, M. R., Conforti, F., Passalacqua, N. G., Saab, A., Menichini, F., & Tundis, R. (2013). Berberis aetnensis and B. libanotica: a comparative study on the chemical composition, inhibitory effect on key enzymes linked to Alzheimer's disease and antioxidant activity. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 65(12), 1726–1735. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuisseu, P., Tietcheu, B. R. G., Younang, N. C. K., Kouam, A. F., Simo, B. F. N., Tchana, A. N., Seron, K., Dubuisson, J., Tiegs, G., Kouamouo, J., & Moundipa, P. F. (2020). Aqueous extracts of Desmodium adscendens (Fabaceae) possess in vitro antioxidant properties and protect hepatocytes from Carbone tetrachloride-induced injury and Hepatitis C Virus infection. Investigational Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.31183/imcp.2020.00036
   Google Scholar
• Coimbra, J. R. M., Baptista, S. J., Dinis, T. C. P., Silva, M. M. C., Moreira, P. I., Santos, A. E., & Salvador, J. A. R. (2020). Combining Virtual Screening Protocol and In Vitro Evaluation towards the Discovery of BACE1 Inhibitors. Biomolecules, 10(4), 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10040535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuzzolin, A., Sturlese, M., Malvacio, I., Ciancetta, A., & Moro, S. (2015). DockBench: An integrated informatic platform bridging the gap between the robust validation of docking protocols and virtual screening simulations. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 20(6), 9977–9993. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20069977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, C. R., Kruhlak, N. L., Kim, M. T., Hawkins, E. G., & Stavitskaya, L. (2018). Predicting opioid receptor binding affinity of pharmacologically unclassified designer substances using molecular docking. PLoS One, 13(5), e0197734–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, X.-Y., Ding, T.-T., Liu, Y.-Y., Xu, W.-R., & Cheng, X.-C. (2020). In-silico identification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α/γ agonists from Ligand Expo Components database. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 39(5), 1853–1864. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1745279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Baptista, P., Vilas-Boas, M., & Barros, L. (2007). Free-radical scavenging capacity and reducing power of wild edible mushrooms from northeast Portugal : Individual cap and stipe activity. Food Chemistry., 100(4), 1511–1516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foti, R. S., & Dalvie, D. K. (2016). Cytochrome P450 and Non-Cytochrome P450 Oxidative Metabolism: Contributions to the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Xenobiotics. Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals, 44(8), 1229–1245. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.116.071753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale, M., & Foy, E. M. (2005). Evasion of intracellular host defence by hepatitis C virus. Nature, 436(7053), 939–945. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulfraz, M., Arshad, M., Nayyer, N., Kanwal, N., & Nisar, U. (2004). Investigation for Bioactive Compounds of Berberis Lyceum Royle and Justicia Adhatoda. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 2004, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, R. K., Gangoliya, S. S., & Singh, N. K. (2015b). Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(2), 676–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-0978-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, P. C., Sharma, N., & Rao, C. V. (2012). A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Fumaria indica (Fumitory. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(8), 665–669. ). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60117-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta, M., Singh, A., & Joshi, H. C. (2015a). Berberis Lycium multipotential medicinal application : An overview. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 3, 10–13.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, X., Islam, S., Ameen, F., Alarfaj, A. A., Murtaza, G., & Mannan, A. (2020). In vitro screening of berberis lycium root extract on HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 82, 53–57. https://doi.org/10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.spl.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iheagwam, F. N., Ogunlana, O. O., Ogunlana, O. E., Isewon, I., & Oyelade, J. (2019). Potential Anti-Cancer Flavonoids Isolated From Caesalpinia bonduc Young Twigs and Leaves : Molecular Docking and In Silico Studies. Bioinformatics and Biology Insights, 13, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177932218821371
   Google Scholar
• Jamwal, V. S., Gupta, S., & Bhagat, M. (2016). Analysis of phytochemicals and biological potential of Berberis lycium roots. Archives of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 4, 117-124.
   Google Scholar
• Jimoh, M. O., Afolayan, A. J., & Lewu, F. B. (2019). Antioxidant and phytochemical activities of Amaranthus caudatus L. harvested from different soils at various growth stages. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 12965 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49276-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joshi, T., Sharma, P., Joshi, T., & Chandra, S. (2019). In silico screening of anti-inflammatory compounds from Lichen by targeting cyclooxygenase-2. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics., 38, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2019.1664328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, T., Sharma, P., Joshi, T., & Chandra, S. (2020). In silico screening of anti-inflammatory compounds from Lichen by targeting cyclooxygenase-2. Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, 38(12), 3544–3562. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2019.1664328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil, R., Ashraf, S., Khalid, A., & Ul-Haq, Z. (2019). Exploring Novel N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approach. ACS Omega, 4(9), 13658–13670. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, I., Najeebullah, S., Ali, M., & Shinwari, Z. K. (2016). Phytopharmacological and ethnomedicinal uses of the Genus Berberis (Berberidaceae) : A review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 15(9), 2047–2057. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i9.33
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry, K., Azam, S., Rehman, S., Tariq, S., Iqbal, B., Abbas, M., Lembè, D., & Ijaz, B. (2021). Phytochemical analysis of Berberis lyceum methanolic extract and its antiviral activity through the restoration of MAPK signaling pathway modulated by HCV NS5A. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 11(3), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.306133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X.-Z., Zhang, S. N., & Yang, X. Y. (2017). Combination of cheminformatics and bioinformatics to explore the chemical basis of the rhizomes and aerial parts of Dioscorea nipponica Makino. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 69(12), 1846–1857. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, J. H., & Yamazaki, M. (2003). Role of P-Glycoprotein in pharmacokinetics: clinical implications. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(1), 59–98. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342010-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipinski, C. A., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B. W., & Feeney, P. J. (1997). Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 23(1-3), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(96)00423-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano-Sepúlveda, S. A., Rincón-Sanchez, A. R., & Rivas-Estilla, A. M. (2019). Antioxidants benefits in hepatitis c infection in the new DAAs era. Annals of Hepatology, 18(3), 410–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2019.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiza, B. F., Khentache, S., Bougoffa, K., Chibane, M., Adach, S., & Chapeleur, Y. (2007). Antioxidant Activities Alkaloid Extracts of Two Algerian Species of Fumaria : Fumaria capreolata and Fumaria bastardii. Records of Natural Products., 1, 28–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashwani, Z. U. R., Khan, M. A., Irum, S., & Ahmad, M. (2013). Antioxidant potential of root bark of Berberis lycium Royle. From Galliyat, Western Himalaya, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Bot, 45, 231–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirza, M. U., & Froeyen, M. (2020). Structural elucidation of SARS-CoV-2 vital proteins: Computational methods reveal potential drug candidates against main protease, Nsp12 polymerase and Nsp13 helicase. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 10(4), 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirza, M. U., Ghori, N. U. H., Ikram, N., Adil, A. R., & Manzoor, S. (2015). Pharmacoinformatics approach for investigation of alternative potential hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5B inhibitors. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 9, 1825–1841. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S75886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohankumar, T., Chandramohan, V., Lalithamba, H. S., Jayaraj, R. L., Kumaradhas, P., Sivanandam, M., Hunday, G., Vijayakumar, R., Balakrishnan, R., Manimaran, D., & Elangovan, N. (2020). Design and Molecular dynamic Investigations of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Derivatives as Potential Neuroprotective Agents Against Alpha-synuclein. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 599 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57417-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanaswamy, R., & Esa, N. M. (2018). Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphate)-a promising pharmaceutical agent: A review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(11), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i11.27843
   Google Scholar
• Nasri, H., & Shirzad, H. (2013). Toxicity and safety of medicinal plants. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 2, 21–22.
   Google Scholar
• Nondo, R. S. O., Moshi, M. J., Erasto, P., Zofou, D., Njouendou, A. J., & Wanji, S. (2015). Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of extracts from medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Kagera and Lindi regions, Tanzania. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2015.50402
   Google Scholar
• Orhan, I., Özçelik, B., Karaoǧlu, T., & Şener, B. (2007). Antiviral and antimicrobial profiles of selected isoquinoline alkaloids from Fumaria and Corydalis species. Zeitschrift fur Naturforsch. - Sect. C. Journal of Biosciences, 62, 19–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra, S. A., Gaur, K., Ranawat, L. S., & Rather, M. I. (2018). An Overview on Various Aspects of Plant Berberis Lycium Royale. American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 6, 19–24. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajps-6-1-4
   Google Scholar
• Parvez, M. K., Tabish Rehman, M., Alam, P., Al-Dosari, M. S., Alqasoumi, S. I., & Alajmi, M. F. (2019). Plant-derived antiviral drugs as novel hepatitis B virus inhibitors: Cell culture and molecular docking study. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal: SPJ : The Official Publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, 27(3), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2018.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posadzki, P., Watson, L. K., & Ernst, E. (2013). Adverse effects of herbal medicines: An overview of systematic reviews. Clinical Medicine (London, England), 13(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.13-1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qaddir, I., Rasool, N., Hussain, W., & Mahmood, S. (2017). Computer-aided analysis of phytochemicals as potential dengue virus inhibitors based on molecular docking, ADMET and DFT studies. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 54(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.217617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopal, K., Varakumar, P., Aparna, B., Byran, G., & Jupudi, S. (2020). Identification of some novel oxazine substituted 9-anilinoacridines as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors for COVID-19 by molecular docking, free energy calculation and molecular dynamics studies. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics., 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1798285
   Google Scholar
• Rao, K., & Mishra, S. (1998). Antihepatotoxic activity of monomethyl fumarate isolated from Fumaria indica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology., 60(3), 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00149-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravi, L., Sadhana, V., Jindam, D., Kumaresan, S., & Selvaraj, V. (2020). Antibiotic potential of phytochemicals in Punica granatum pericarp and their proposed mechanism of action by in silico studies. International Journal of Green Pharmacy14, 49–56.
   Google Scholar
• Riaz, T., Abbasi, M. A., Shahzadi, T., & Ajaib, M. (2012). Fumaria indica : A valuable natural source of antioxidants for protection against oxidative stress. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation, 1, 16–21.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggieri, A., Anticoli, S., Nencioni, L., Sgarbanti, R., Garaci, E., & Palamara, A. T. (2013). Interplay between Hepatitis C Virus and Redox Cell Signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(3), 4705–4721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14034705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabir, S., Tahir, K., Rashid, N., Naz, S., Masood, B., & Shah, M. A. (2013). Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of Berberis lycium. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 26(6), 1165–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahuc, M., Sahli, R., Rivière, C., Pène, V., Lavie, M., & Vandeputte, A. (2019). Dehydrojuncusol, a Natural Phenanthrene Compound Extracted from Juncus maritimus, Is a New Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication. Journal of Virology, 93, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02009-18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, R., & Godoy, H. T. (2009). Antioxidant activity index (AAI) by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Food Chemistry., 112(3), 654–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvakumar, S., & Sarkar, B. (2017). In Vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis of Chloroform Extract of Novel Poly Herbal Formulation. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 9(2), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.25258/phyto.v9i2.8062
   Google Scholar
• Shakya, A. K. (2019). Natural phytochemicals : Potential anti-HCV targets in silico approach. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 9, 94–100. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2019.90813
   Google Scholar
• Shakya, A., Chatterjee, S. S., & Kumar, V. (2012). Holistic Psychopharmacology of Fumaria indica (Fumitory). Chinese Medicine, 03(04), 182–199. https://doi.org/10.4236/cm.2012.34028
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, P., Awasthi, A., & Gupta, I. (2019). Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of anti-oxidant potential of Berberis lycium roots from Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8, 4740–4745.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, L., Niu, J., Wang, C., Huang, B., Wang, W., & Zhu, N. (2019). High-Throughput Screening and Identification of Potent Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors of Coronaviruses. Journal of Virology, 93, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00023-19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan, P., Sudha, A., Hameed, A. S., Kumar, S. P., & Karthikeyan, M. (2011). Screening of medicinal plant compounds against NS5B polymerase of hepatitis C virus (HCV) using molecular docking studies. Journal of Pharmacy Research., 4, 136–140.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, Y., Lu, Q., He, L., Shu, Y., Zhang, S., Tan, S., & Tang, L. (2017). Active Fragment of Veronica ciliata Fisch. Attenuates t-BHP-Induced Oxidative Stress Injury in HepG2 Cells through Antioxidant and Antiapoptosis Activities. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017, 4727151–4727111. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4727151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taidi, L., Maurady, A., & Britel, M. R. (2020). Molecular docking study and molecular dynamic simulation of human cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with selected eutypoids. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics., 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1823884
   Google Scholar
• Takao, L. K., Imatomi, M., & Gualtieri, S. C. J. (2015). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of leaf infusions of Myrtaceae species from Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna). Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasleira de Biologia, 75(4), 948–952. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.03314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truong, D.-H., Nguyen, D. H., Ta, N. T. A., Bui, A. V., Do, T. H., & Nguyen, H. C. (2019). Evaluation of the Use of Different Solvents for Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidants, and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Severinia buxifolia. Journal of Food Quality., 2019, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8178294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Xing, J., Xu, Y., Zhou, N., Peng, J., Xiong, Z., Liu, X., Luo, X., Luo, C., Chen, K., Zheng, M., & Jiang, H. (2015). In silico ADME/T modelling for rational drug design. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, 48(4), 488–515. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033583515000190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, G. K., & Stamataki, Z. (2012). In Vitro Systems for the Study of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. International Journal of Hepatology, 2012, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/292591
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2016). Guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis C infection, Updated version, April 2016. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/205035 [Accessed 16 March 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Xia, T., Hamilton, R. F., Bonner, J. C., Crandall, E. D., Elder, A., Fazlollahi, F., Girtsman, T. A., Kim, K., Mitra, S., Ntim, S. A., Orr, G., Tagmount, M., Taylor, A. J., Telesca, D., Tolic, A., Vulpe, C. D., Walker, A. J., Wang, X., Witzmann, F. A., … Holian, A. (2013). Interlaboratory Evaluation of in Vitro Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Responses to Engineered Nanomaterials: The NIEHS Nano GO Consortium. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(6), 683–690. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousaf, T., Rafique, S., Wahid, F., Rehman, S., Nazir, A., Rafique, J., Aslam, K., Shabir, G., & Shah, S. M. (2018). Phytochemical profiling and antiviral activity of Ajuga bracteosa, Ajuga parviflora, Berberis lycium and Citrus lemon against Hepatitis C Virus. Microbial Pathogenesis, 118, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanger, U. M., & Schwab, M. (2013). Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: Regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 138(1), 103–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar