Proanthocyanidin B2 derived metabolites may be ligands for bile acid receptors S1PR2, PXR and CAR: an in silico approach

References

• Anhê, F. F., Nachbar, R. T., Varin, T. V., Trottier, J., Dudonné, S., Le Barz, M., Feutry, P., Pilon, G., Barbier, O., Desjardins, Y., Roy, D., & Marette, A. (2019). Treatment with camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) prevents obesity by altering the gut microbiota and increasing energy expenditure in diet-induced obese mice. Gut, 68(3), 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avior, Y., Bomze, D., Ramon, O., & Nahmias, Y. (2013). Flavonoids as dietary regulators of nuclear receptor activity. Food & Function, 4(6), 831–844. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60063g
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartik, L., Whitfield, G. K., Kaczmarska, M., Lowmiller, C. L., Moffet, E. W., Furmick, J. K., Hernandez, Z., Haussler, C. A., Haussler, M. R., & Jurutka, P. W. (2010). Curcumin: A novel nutritionally derived ligand of the vitamin D receptor with implications for colon cancer chemoprevention. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 21(12), 1153–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callender, C., Attaye, I., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2022). The interaction between the gut microbiome and bile acids in cardiometabolic diseases. Metabolites, 12(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, K. F., Day, P. E., Aboufarrag, H. T., & Kroon, P. A. (2019). Polyphenol effects on cholesterol metabolism via bile acid biosynthesis, CYP7A1: A review. Nutrients, 11(11), 2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chávez-Talavera, O., Haas, J., Grzych, G., Tailleux, A., & Staels, B. (2019). Bile acid alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: What do the human studies tell? Current Opinion in Lipidology, 30(3), 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., Jiang, J., Chao, G., Hong, X., Cao, H., & Zhang, S. (2021). Pure total flavonoids from citrus protect against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestine injury by promoting autophagy in vivo and in vitro. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 622744. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.622744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, T., Huang, Z., Liu, R., Yang, J., Hylemon, P. B., & Zhou, H. (2017). Sphingosine-1 phosphate promotes intestinal epithelial cell proliferation via S1PR2. Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition), 22(4), 596–608. https://doi.org/10.2741/4505
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, W., Xiang, H., Chen, R., Yang, J., Yang, X., Zhou, J., Liu, H., Zhao, S., Xiao, J., Chen, P., Chen, A. F., Chen, S., & Lu, H. (2019). S1PR2 antagonist ameliorate high glucose-induced fission and dysfunction of mitochondria in HRGECs via regulating ROCK1. BMC Nephrology, 20(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1323-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng, K., & Raufman, J.-P. (2005). Bile acid-induced proliferation of a human colon cancer cell line is mediated by transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors. Biochemical Pharmacology, 70(7), 1035–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherian, M. T., Lin, W., Wu, J., & Chen, T. (2015). CINPA1 is an inhibitor of constitutive androstane receptor that does not activate pregnane X receptor. Molecular Pharmacology, 87(5), 878–889. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.115.097782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang, J. Y. L., Pathak, P., Liu, H., Donepudi, A., Ferrell, J., & Boehme, S. (2017). Intestinal farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein couple receptor 5 signaling in metabolic regulation. Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 35(3), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.1159/000450981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claudel, T., Staels, B., & Kuipers, F. (2005). The farnesoid X receptor: A molecular link between bile acid and lipid and glucose metabolism. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 25(10), 2020–2030. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000178994.21828.a7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, H., Lin, W., Wu, J., & Chen, T. (2010). Flavonoids activate pregnane x receptor-mediated CYP3A4 gene expression by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases in HepG2 liver carcinoma cells. BMC Biochemistry, 11(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2091-11-23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fiorucci, S., Biagioli, M., Zampella, A., & Distrutti, E. (2018). Bile acids activated receptors regulate innate immunity. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 1853. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, J., & Xie, W. (2012). Targeting xenobiotic receptors PXR and CAR for metabolic diseases. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 33(10), 552–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2012.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb, A., & Canbay, A. (2019). Why bile acids are so important in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. Cells, 8(11), 1358. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8111358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, C., Chen, W.-D., & Wang, Y.-D. (2016). TGR5, not only a metabolic regulator. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 646. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang, S. H. (2023). Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) and its missense mutant FGF5-H174 underlying trichomegaly: A molecular dynamics simulation investigation. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 11, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2023.2188953
   Google Scholar
• Jurutka, P. W., Bartik, L., Whitfield, G. K., Mathern, D., R., Barthel, T. K., Gurevich, M., Hsieh, J.-C., Kaczmarska, M., Haussler, C. A., & Haussler, M. R. (2007). Vitamin D receptor: key roles in bone mineral pathophysiology, molecular mechanism of action, and novel nutritional ligands. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 22(S2), V2–V10. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.07s216
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keitel, V., Reinehr, R., Gatsios, P., Rupprecht, C., Görg, B., Selbach, O., Häussinger, D., & Kubitz, R. (2007). The G-protein coupled bile salt receptor TGR5 is expressed in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 45(3), 695–704. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuipers, F., Stroeve, J. H. M., Caron, S., & Staels, B. (2007). Bile acids, farnesoid X receptor, atherosclerosis and metabolic control. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 18(3), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0b013e3281338d08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacroix, S., Klicic Badoux, J., Scott-Boyer, M.-P., Parolo, S., Matone, A., Priami, C., Morine, M. J., Kaput, J., & Moco, S. (2018). A computationally driven analysis of the polyphenol-protein interactome. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 2232. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20625-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Land, H., & Humble, M. S. (2018). YASARA: A tool to obtain structural guidance in biocatalytic investigations. In Protein engineering (pp. 43–67). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre, P., Cariou, B., Lien, F., Kuipers, F., & Staels, B. (2009). Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation. Physiological Reviews, 89(1), 147–191. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00010.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann, J. M., McKee, D. D., Watson, M. A., Willson, T. M., Moore, J. T., & Kliewer, S. A. (1998). The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 102(5), 1016–1023. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI3703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D., Cui, Y., Wang, X., Liu, F., & Li, X. (2021). Apple polyphenol extract improves high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis by regulating bile acid synthesis and gut microbiota in C57BL/6 male mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(24), 6829–6841. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T., & Chiang, J. Y. L. (2005). Mechanism of rifampicin and pregnane X receptor inhibition of human cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene transcription. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 288(1), G74–G84. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00258.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T., & Chiang, J. Y. L. (2013). Nuclear receptors in bile acid metabolism. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 45(1), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.3109/03602532.2012.740048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T., & Chiang, J. Y. L. (2014). Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy. Pharmacological Reviews, 66(4), 948–983. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.113.008201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, M., Somero, G. N., & Dong, Y. (2019). Comparing mutagenesis and simulations as tools for identifying functionally important sequence changes for protein thermal adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(2), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817455116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, W., Wang, Y.-M., Chai, S. C., Lv, L., Zheng, J., Wu, J., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y.-D., Griffin, P. R., & Chen, T. (2017). SPA70 is a potent antagonist of human pregnane X receptor. Nature Communications, 8(1), 741. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00780-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, K., Chen, X., Ren, Y., Liu, C., Yuan, A., Zheng, L., Li, B., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Identification of a novel farnesoid X receptor agonist, kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside, a compound ameliorating drug-induced liver injury based on virtual screening and in vitro validation. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 454, 116251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2022.116251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.-H., Mo, S.-L., Bi, H.-C., Hu, B.-F., Li, C. G., Wang, Y.-T., Huang, L., Huang, M., Duan, W., Liu, J.-P., Wei, M. Q., & Zhou, S.-F. (2011). Regulation of human pregnane X receptor and its target gene cytochrome P450 3A4 by Chinese herbal compounds and a molecular docking study. Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems, 41(4), 259–280. https://doi.org/10.3109/00498254.2010.537395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., & Hu, M. (2007). Natural polyphenol disposition via coupled metabolic pathways. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 3(3), 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.3.3.389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh, K. C., Leong, W.-I., Carlson, M. E., Oskouian, B., Kumar, A., Fyrst, H., Zhang, M., Proia, R. L., Hoffman, E. P., & Saba, J. D. (2012). Sphingosine-1-phosphate enhances satellite cell activation in dystrophic muscles through a S1PR2/STAT3 signaling pathway. PloS One, 7(5), e37218. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, D., Liu, X., Jiang, L., Guo, Z., Lv, Y., Tian, X., Wang, X., Cui, S., Wan, S., Qu, X., Xu, X., & Li, X. (2022). Rational design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel S1PR2 antagonists for reversing 5-FU-resistance in colorectal cancer. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 65(21), 14553–14577. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Z., Liu, H., Klein, R. S., & Tu, Z. (2019). Design, synthesis, and in vitro bioactivity evaluation of fluorine-containing analogues for sphingosine-1-phosphate 2 receptor. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 27(16), 3619–3631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Z., Yue, X., Yang, H., Liu, H., Klein, R. S., & Tu, Z. (2018). Design and synthesis of pyrazolopyridine derivatives as sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 ligands. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 28(3), 488–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makishima, M., Lu, T. T., Xie, W., Whitfield, G. K., Domoto, H., Evans, R. M., Haussler, M. R., & Mangelsdorf, D. J. (2002). Vitamin D receptor as an intestinal bile acid sensor. Science (New York, N.Y.), 296(5571), 1313–1316. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney, P. R., Parks, D. J., Haffner, C. D., Fivush, A. M., Chandra, G., Plunket, K. D., Creech, K. L., Moore, L. B., Wilson, J. G., Lewis, M. C., Jones, S. A., & Willson, T. M. (2000). Identification of a chemical tool for the orphan nuclear receptor FXR. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 43(16), 2971–2974. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm0002127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jiménez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(5), 727–747. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani, S., Dou, W., & Redinbo, M. R. (2013). PXR antagonists and implication in drug metabolism. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 45(1), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.3109/03602532.2012.746363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marín, L., Miguélez, E. M., Villar, C. J., & Lombó, F. (2015). Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: Antimicrobial properties. BioMed Research International, 2015, 905215. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/905215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masyuk, T. V., Masyuk, A. I., Lorenzo Pisarello, M., Howard, B. N., Huang, B. Q., Lee, P.-Y., Fung, X., Sergienko, E., Ardecky, R. J., Chung, T. D. Y., Pinkerton, A. B., & LaRusso, N. F. (2017). TGR5 contributes to hepatic cystogenesis in rodents with polycystic liver diseases through cyclic adenosine monophosphate/Gαs signaling. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 66(4), 1197–1218. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillin, M., Frampton, G., Grant, S., Khan, S., Diocares, J., Petrescu, A., Wyatt, A., Kain, J., Jefferson, B., & DeMorrow, S. (2017). Bile acid-mediated sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 signaling promotes neuroinflammation during hepatic encephalopathy in mice. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 11, 191. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagahashi, M., Takabe, K., Liu, R., Peng, K., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Hait, N. C., Wang, X., Allegood, J. C., Yamada, A., Aoyagi, T., Liang, J., Pandak, W. M., Spiegel, S., Hylemon, P. B., & Zhou, H. (2015). Conjugated bile acid-activated S1P receptor 2 is a key regulator of sphingosine kinase 2 and hepatic gene expression. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 61(4), 1216–1226. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagahashi, M., Yuza, K., Hirose, Y., Nakajima, M., Ramanathan, R., Hait, N. C., Hylemon, P. B., Zhou, H., Takabe, K., & Wakai, T. (2016). The roles of bile acids and sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in the hepatobiliary diseases. Journal of Lipid Research, 57(9), 1636–1643. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R069286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascussi, J. M., Busson-Le Coniat, M., Maurel, P., & Vilarem, M.-J. (2003). Transcriptional analysis of the orphan nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (NR1I3) gene promoter: Identification of a distal glucocorticoid response element. Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.), 17(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2002-0244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plante, A., Shore, D. M., Morra, G., Khelashvili, G., & Weinstein, H. (2019). A machine learning approach for the discovery of ligand-specific functional mechanisms of GPCRs. Molecules, )24(11), 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pols, T. W. H., Noriega, L. G., Nomura, M., Auwerx, J., & Schoonjans, K. (2011). The bile acid membrane receptor TGR5 as an emerging target in metabolism and inflammation. Journal of Hepatology, 54(6), 1263–1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pustylnyak, Y. A., Gulyaeva, L. F., & Pustylnyak, V. O. (2020). Noncanonical constitutive androstane receptor signaling in gene regulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(18), 6735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PyMol (2.5.2). (2021). Schrödinger.
   Google Scholar
• Raufman, J. P., Chen, Y., Cheng, K., Compadre, C., Compadre, L., & Zimniak, P. (2002). Selective interaction of bile acids with muscarinic receptors: A case of molecular mimicry. European Journal of Pharmacology, 457(2-3), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02690-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raufman, J.-P., Chen, Y., Zimniak, P., & Cheng, K. (2002). Deoxycholic acid conjugates are muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists. Pharmacology, 65(4), 215–221. https://doi.org/10.1159/000064347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridlon, J. M., Kang, D.-J., & Hylemon, P. B. (2006). Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria. Journal of Lipid Research, 47(2), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R500013-JLR200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaap, F. G., Trauner, M., & Jansen, P. L. M. (2014). Bile acid receptors as targets for drug development. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2013.151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serra, A., Macià, A., Romero, M.-P., Valls, J., Bladé, C., Arola, L., & Motilva, M.-J. (2010). Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models. The British Journal of Nutrition, 103(7), 944–952. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509992741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y., Su, W., Zhang, L., Shi, C., Zhou, J., Wang, P., Wang, H., Shi, X., Wei, S., Wang, Q., Auwerx, J., Schoonjans, K., Yu, Y., Pan, R., Zhou, H., & Lu, L. (2020). TGR5 regulates macrophage inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 609060. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.609060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staudinger, J. L., Goodwin, B., Jones, S. A., Hawkins-Brown, D., MacKenzie, K. I., LaTour, A., Liu, Y., Klaassen, C. D., Brown, K. K., Reinhard, J., Willson, T. M., Koller, B. H., & Kliewer, S. A. (2001). The nuclear receptor PXR is a lithocholic acid sensor that protects against liver toxicity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(6), 3369–3374. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.051551698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, L., Xie, C., Wang, G., Wu, Y., Wu, Q., Wang, X., Liu, J., Deng, Y., Xia, J., Chen, B., Zhang, S., Yun, C., Lian, G., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Bisson, W. H., Shi, J., Gao, X., Ge, P., … Jiang, C. (2018). Gut microbiota and intestinal FXR mediate the clinical benefits of metformin. Nature Medicine, 24(12), 1919–1929. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0222-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teske, K. A., Bogart, J. W., Sanchez, L. M., Yu, O. B., Preston, J. V., Cook, J. M., Silvaggi, N. R., Bikle, D. D., & Arnold, L. A. (2016). Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D receptor-mediated activities of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 109, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, C., Auwerx, J., & Schoonjans, K. (2008). Bile acids and the membrane bile acid receptor TGR5—Connecting nutrition and metabolism. Thyroid : official Journal of the American Thyroid Association, 18(2), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2007.0255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, C., Pellicciari, R., Pruzanski, M., Auwerx, J., & Schoonjans, K. (2008). Targeting bile-acid signalling for metabolic diseases. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 7(8), 678–693. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trott, O., & Olson, A. J. (2010). AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 31(2), 455–461. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tveter, K. M., Villa-Rodriguez, J. A., Cabales, A. J., Zhang, L., Bawagan, F. G., Duran, R. M., & Roopchand, D. E. (2020). Polyphenol-induced improvements in glucose metabolism are associated with bile acid signaling to intestinal farnesoid X receptor. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 8(1), e001386. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vavassori, P., Mencarelli, A., Renga, B., Distrutti, E., & Fiorucci, S. (2009). The bile acid receptor FXR is a modulator of intestinal innate immunity. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), )183(10), 6251–6261. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0803978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidjaya Letchoumy, P., Chandra Mohan, K. V. P., Stegeman, J. J., Gelboin, H. V., Hara, Y., & Nagini, S. (2008). Pretreatment with black tea polyphenols modulates xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in an experimental oral carcinogenesis model. Oncology Research, 17(2), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.3727/096504008784523649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, M., Halilbasic, E., Marschall, H.-U., Zollner, G., Fickert, P., Langner, C., Zatloukal, K., Denk, H., & Trauner, M. (2005). CAR and PXR agonists stimulate hepatic bile acid and bilirubin detoxification and elimination pathways in mice. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 42(2), 420–430. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, Y.-J Y., & Sheng, L. (2018). Regulation of bile acid receptor activity⋆. Liver Research, 2(4), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livres.2018.09.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, Y., Aoki, H., Yang, J., Peng, K., Liu, R., Li, X., Qiang, X., Sun, L., Gurley, E. C., Lai, G., Zhang, L., Liang, G., Nagahashi, M., Takabe, K., Pandak, W. M., Hylemon, P. B., & Zhou, H. (2017). The role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 in bile-acid-induced cholangiocyte proliferation and cholestasis-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 65(6), 2005–2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.-M., Ong, S. S., Chai, S. C., & Chen, T. (2012). Role of CAR and PXR in xenobiotic sensing and metabolism. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 8(7), 803–817. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2012.685237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe, M., Houten, S. M., Mataki, C., Christoffolete, M. A., Kim, B. W., Sato, H., Messaddeq, N., Harney, J. W., Ezaki, O., Kodama, T., Schoonjans, K., Bianco, A. C., & Auwerx, J. (2006). Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation. Nature, 439(7075), 484–489. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, G., & Clifford, M. N. (2017). Role of the small intestine, colon and microbiota in determining the metabolic fate of polyphenols. Biochemical Pharmacology, 139, 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, Y., Hu, Z., Yin, Z., Zhou, Y., Liu, T., Zhou, X., & Chang, D. (2017). Profiling and distribution of metabolites of procyanidin B2 in mice by UPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn technique. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 231. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, R., Yasuoka, A., Kamei, A., Kitagawa, Y., Tateishi, N., Tsuruoka, N., Kiso, Y., Sueyoshi, T., Negishi, M., Misaka, T., & Abe, K. (2010). Dietary flavonoids activate the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(4), 2168–2173. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903711q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, S.-Y., Li, R. J. W., Lim, Y.-M., Batchuluun, B., Liu, H., Waise, T. M. Z., & Lam, T. K. T. (2021). FXR in the dorsal vagal complex is sufficient and necessary for upper small intestinal microbiome-mediated changes of TCDCA to alter insulin action in rats. Gut, 70(9), 1675–1683. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Bai, M., Zhang, B., Liu, C., Guo, Q., Sun, Y., Wang, D., Wang, C., Jiang, Y., Lin, N., & Li, S. (2015). Uncovering pharmacological mechanisms of Wu-tou decoction acting on rheumatoid arthritis through systems approaches: Drug-target prediction, network analysis and experimental validation. Scientific Reports, 5, 9463. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, A., Zhang, X., Sandhu, A., Edirisinghe, I., Shukitt-Hale, B., & Burton-Freeman, B. (2019). Polyphenol consumption on human bile acids metabolism: Preliminary data of bile acid profiles in human biological samples (P06-131-19). Current Developments in Nutrition, 3(Supplement_1), nzz031.P06-131-19. nzz031.P06-131-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz031.P06-131-19
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, X., Chen, T., Jiang, R., Zhao, A., Wu, Q., Kuang, J., Sun, D., Ren, Z., Li, M., Zhao, M., Wang, S., Bao, Y., Li, H., Hu, C., Dong, B., Li, D., Wu, J., Xia, J., Wang, X., … Jia, W. (2021). Hyocholic acid species improve glucose homeostasis through a distinct TGR5 and FXR signaling mechanism. Cell Metabolism, 33(4), 791–803.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar