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Original Articles

The "Third-Worldization" of a "Second-World" Nation: De-development in Post-Communist Bulgaria

Pages 99-112 | Published online: 18 Aug 2010

  • The New York Times , March 12 : 1 , Section W,
  • Meurs , Mieke and Ranasinghe , Rasika . 2001 . "De-development in Post-Socialism? Some Conceptual and Measurement Issues," . a paper presented at the De-development in Post-Socialism conference held at the American University . May 17-18 2001 , Washington, DC. For a very lucid and insightful preliminary investigation of the issues of post-Communist de-development, see
  • Przeworski , Adam . 1991 . Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America , 191 New York and Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . See, among others,
  • Frank , Andre Gunder . 1994 . "The 'Third Worldization' of Russia and Eastern Europe," ” . In Russia and the Third World in the Post-Soviet Era , Edited by: Mesbahi , Mohiaddin . 45 – 72 . University Press of Florida .
  • Przeworski . Democracy and the Market , 191
  • Minassian, "The Bulgarian Economy in Transition: Is There Anything Wrong with Macroeconomic Policy?"
  • Engelbrekt , Kjell . 1992 . "Bulgaria's Foreign Debt Predicament," . RFE/RL Research Report , 1 ( 7 ) : 37 – 40 .
  • Frank , Andre Gunder . 1967 . Capitalism and Under development in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil , New York : Monthly Review Press .
  • Konstantinova , Elisaveta . 1996 . "Bulgaria Risks Wasting Economic Gains," . The Reuter European Business Report , January 10
  • Marinov , Marin A. and Marinova , Svetla T. 1997 . "Privatization and Foreign Direct Investment in Bulgaria: Present Characteristics and Future Trends," . Communist Economics and Economic Transformation , 9 ( 1 )
  • Engelbrekt , KjeIl . 1994 . "Bulgaria: Balkan Oasis of Stability Facing Drought?" . RFE/RL Research Report , 3 ( 1 ) : 106 – 110 .
  • Minassian . "The Bulgarian Economy in Transition," . 345
  • Przeworski , Adam . 1995 . Sustainable Democracy , 11 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Ivanov , Dimiter M. 1996 . "Namirame se v po-tezhko sastoyanie ot 1990 godina" ("We Find Ourselves in a Worse Condition than in 1990") . Duma , June 3 : 7
  • World Bank . 2001 . World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty , 274 Washington, DC : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank .
  • 2000 . Duma , March 1
  • Engelbrekt , Kjell . 1994 . "Bulgaria," . RFE/RE Research Report , 3 ( 16 ) : 75 – 79 .
  • Angelov , Ivan . 1996 . "Strukturnata reforma shte ni spasi ot katastrofa" ("Only Structural Reform Will Save Us from Disaster") . Duma , May 6
  • Wyzan , Michael L. 1996 . "Increased Inequality, Poverty Accompany Economic Transition," . Transition , 2 ( 20 )
  • Hassan , Farced M. A. and Peters , R. KyIe Jr. 1996 . "The Structure of Incomes and Social Protection during the Transition: The Case of Bulgaria," . Europe-Asia Studies , 48 ( 4 ) : 629 – 646 .
  • Kostov , Georgi . 1994 . "Zasega srednata klasa e samo ilyuziya" ("For Now the Middle Class Is Only an Illusion") . Duma , January 24
  • Muller , Edward N. 1988 . "Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality," . American Sociological Review , 53 : 50 – 68 .
  • Wyzan, "Increased Inequality, Poverty Accompany Economic Transition."
  • Ibid.
  • United Nations Development Program (UNDP) . 1999 . Human Development Report 1999 , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Shishkov , Dimiter . 1998 . "Bulgaria-the Demographic Tragedy," . June 26 available online at:
  • Popova , Katerina . 1996 . "Na chetirima bulgari edin e pensioner" ("One Out of Four Bulgarians Is a Pensioner") . Duma , June 1 : 2

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