Decreased Bone Mineral Density and Fractures in Low-Income Korean Women

REFERENCES

• Atkinson , S. A. and Ward , W. E. 2001 . Clinical nutrition: The role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of adult osteoporosis . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 165 ( 11 ) : 1511 – 1514 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , J. A. , Farahmand , B. Y. , Weiderpass , E. , Michaelsson , K. , Alberts , A. , Persson , I. and Ljunghall , S. 2001 . Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of hip fracture in women . Archives of Internal Medicine , 161 ( 7 ) : 983 – 988 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauer , D. C. , Ettinger , B. , Nevitt , M. C. and Stone , K. L. 2001 . Risk for fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone . Annals of Internal Medicine , 134 ( 7 ) : 561 – 568 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , B. R. , Shaw , J. and Snow , C. M. 2001 . “ Physical activity and osteoporosis ” . In Osteoporosis , Edited by: Marcus , R. , Felnan , D. and Kelsey , J. 701 – 720 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Byun , Y. S. and Kim , O. S. 2000 . Development of the education program and its effect on osteoporosis and life style among women . Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing , 30 ( 3 ) : 764 – 775 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Chang , H. J. 1998 . Relationship of bone mineral density and physical fitness in postmenopausal farmer . Journal Soc. Living. Environmental Systems , 5 ( 2 ) : 63 – 68 . [ceb1][CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. Y. , Hsue , Y. T. , Chang , H. H. and Gee , M. J. 1999 . The association between postmenopausal osteoporosis and kidney-vacuity syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine . American Journal of Chinese Medicine , 27 ( 1 ) : 25 – 35 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho , H. Y. 1996 . Oriental medicine—A modern interpretation , Edited by: Kihyon , Kim . California : Yuin University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Choi , E. J. 1988 . A study on correlations between nutritional state, physical activity and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women , Unpublished master's thesis Yonsei University .
   Google Scholar
• Choi , M. A. , Kim , J. H. , Park , M. C. , Choi , S. M. and Lee , K. S. 1994 . Physiology , 239 – 251 . Seoul, , Republic of Korea : Hyun Moon Sa .
   Google Scholar
• Elbon , S. M. , Johnson , M. A. and Fischer , J. G. 1998 . Milk consumption in older Americans . American Journal of Public Health , 88 ( 8 ) : 1221 – 1224 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick , L. A. 2002 . Secondary causes of osteoporosis . Mayo Clinic Proceedings , 77 ( 5 ) : 453 – 468 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , K. M. and Cummings , S. R. 1995 . Is tubal ligation a risk factor for low bone density and increased risk of fracture? . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 172 ( 1 ) : 101 – 105 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspan , S. L. and Greenspan , F. S. 1999 . The effect of thyroid hormone on skeletal integrity . Annals of Internal Medicine , 130 ( 9 ) : 750 – 758 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg , E. W. , Cauley , J. A. , Seeley , D. G. , Ensrud , K. E. and Bauer , D. C. 1998 . Physical activity and osteoporotic fracture risk in older women . Annals of Internal Medicine , 129 ( 2 ) : 81 – 88 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , M. H. 1999 . Strategies to activate primary health care for low-income population in urban area . Journal of Korean Community Health Nursing Academic Society , 13 ( 1 ) : 77 – 87 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Hauer , K. , Rost , B. , Rutschle , K. , Opitz , H. , Specht , N. , Bartsch , P. , Oster , P. and Schlierf , G. 2001 . Exercise training for rehabilitation and secondary prevention of falls in geriatric patients with a history of injurious falls . Journal of American Geriatrics Society , 49 ( 1 ) : 10 – 20 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang , J. S. , Kang , K. S. , Park , H. W. and Han , M. H. 1990 . The assessment of bone mineral density in postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis using quantitative computed tomography . Journal of Korean Orthopedic Association , 25 ( 1 ) : 262 – 269 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Jo , J. J. 2002 . Diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis . Journal of Korean Geriatrics , 6 ( 1 ) : 281 – 294 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ju , M. S. and Nam , S. L. 1999 . A study on factors of osteoporosis . Journal of Rheumatology Health , 6 ( 1 ) : 37 – 50 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kang , J. H. , Kim , H. C. , Kyung , C. W. and Suh , H. C. 2002 . The study on the risk factors of fracture by osteoporosis . Journal of the Society of Fractures , 15 ( 1 ) : 7 – 14 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kanish , J. A. , Melton , L. J. III , Christiansen , C. , Johnston , C. C. and Khaltae , V. N. 1994 . The diagnosis of osteoporosis . Journal of Bone Mineral Research. , 9 : 1137 – 1141 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keys , A. , Karvonen , M. J. , Kimusa , N. and Taylor , H. L. 1972 . Indices of relative weight and obesity . Journal of Chronic Diseases. , 25 : 329 – 343 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim , Y. I. , Park , J. H. , Lee , J. S. , Kim , J. W. , Yang , S. O. , Jeon , D. J. , Kim , M. C. , Jeong , T. H. , Lee , Y. G. and Rhee , B. D. 2002 . Prevalence and risk factors of the osteoporosis of perimenopausal women in the community population . Journal of Internal Medicine , 62 ( 1 ) : 11 – 24 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kim , J. G. , No , J. H. , Hong , J. S. , Kim , S. H. , Choi , Y. M. , Moon , S. Y. and Lee , J. Y. 2001 . A study on risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis . Korean Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology , 44 ( 9 ) : 1621 – 1626 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Korean National Statistical Office . 2000 . Statistics of Health & Welfare , Seoul Hyun Moon Sa, , Republic of Korea : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , B. K. , Chang , Y. K. and Cho , S. H. 1992 . Effect of environmental and physiological factors on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women . Korean Journal of Nutrition , 25 ( 7 ) : 656 – 667 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lee , H. G. 1993 . Relationship between bone density and BMI in postmenopausal Korean women , Unpublished Master's thesis Seoul, , Korea : Seoul National University .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , H. Y. and Kim , S. Y. 2001 . The effect of education for prevention of osteoporosis patients with bone fracture . Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing , 32 ( 1 ) : 194 – 205 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lee , J. S. and Yu , C. H. 1999 . Some factors affecting bone mineral density of Korean rural women . Korean Journal of Nutrition , 32 ( 8 ) : 935 – 945 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lee , K. J. , Kim , M. S. and Yang , Y. H. 1992 . A study on effectiveness of the home care services for the low-income inhabitants . Journal of Korea Community Health Nursing Academic Society , 6 ( 2 ) : 70 – 107 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Liscum , B. 1992 . Osteoporosis: The silent disease . Orthopedic Nursing , 1 ( 14 ) : 21 – 25 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lyuh , E. 1997 . A case-control study of the correlation between physical activity and osteoporosis in Korean women , Unpublished Master's thesis Seoul, , Korea : Seoul National University .
   Google Scholar
• MacGregor , G. A. and Cappuccio , F. P. 1993 . The kidney and essential hypertension: A link to osteoporosis . Journal of Hypertension. , 11 : 781 – 785 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus , R. , Jamal , S. A. and Cosman , F. 2002 . “ Physical activity as a strategy to conserve and improve bone mass ” . In Osteoporosis: An evidence-based guide to prevention and management , Edited by: Cummings , S. R. , Cosman , F. and Jamal , S. A. 109 – 126 . Philadelphia : American College of Physicians .
   Google Scholar
• Mazess , R. B. and Barden , H. S. 1991 . Bone density in premenopausal women: Effects of age, dietary intake, physical activity, smoking, and birth-control pills . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 54 ( 1 ) : 169 – 171 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melton , L. J. 1990 . Epidemiology of osteoporosis: Prediction who is at risk . Annals of New York Academy of Science , 592 ( 45 ) : 295 – 306 . [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Welfare . 2000 . Additional Rules of the National Basic Livelihood Security Act. (2000) , Korea : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , H. D. , Rizzo , J. , Harris , E. , Cauley , J. , Ensrud , K. , Bauer , D. C. and Orwoll , E. 2002 . Osteoporosis and fractures in postmenopausal women using estrogen . Archives of International Medicine , 162 ( 20 ) : 2278 – 2284 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• North American Menopause Society (NAMS) . 2002 . Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: Position statement of the North American Menopause Society . Menopause , 9 ( 2 ) : 84 – 101 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , K. Y. 1995 . The nutritional evaluation, and anti-mutagenic and anticancer effects of Kimchi . Journal of Korean Society Food Nutrition , 24 ( 1 ) : 169 – 182 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , C. G. 2002 . Bisphosphonates and osteoporosis . New England Journal of Medicine , 346 ( 9 ) : 2 [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutcliffe , A. M. 1999 . A regional nurse-led osteoporosis clinic . Nursing Standard , 13 ( 37 ) : 46 – 47 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas , T. N. 1997 . General practice, lifestyle risk factors for osteoporosis . Medical Surgical Nursing , 6 ( 5 ) : 275 – 287 . [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner , L. W. , Faile , P. A. and Tomlinson , R J. 1999 . Osteoporosis diagnosis and fracture . Orthopedic Nursing , 18 ( 5 ) : 1 – 27 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Yang , K. H. , Jang , H S. , Han , S. H. , Im , G. S. and Sin , S H. 1998 . Oriental nursing , Korea : Hyun Moon Sa .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , K. H. , Jang , H. S. , Kim , Y. H. and Lee , K. W. 1999 . The Report of Mother and Children's Health Project of the Chongup City , Seoul, , Republic of Korea : Ministry of Health and Welfare .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , R. , Chen , K. and Lu , D. 1999 . Efficacy of Chinese recipes of replenishing kidney and activating blood circulation in female rats with osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy . Chung-Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih , 19 ( 10 ) : 607 – 609 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Google Scholar