Poverty of Opportunity Forcing Women Into Prostitution—A Qualitative Study in Pakistan

REFERENCES

• Adedoyin , M. and Adegoke , A. A. 1995 . Teenage prostitution—child abuse: A survey of the llorin situation . African Journal of Medical Science , 24 : 27 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Ayalew , T. and Berhane , Y. 2000 . Child prostitution: Magnitude and related problems . Ethiopian Medical Journal , 38 : 153 – 163 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basuki , E. , Wolffers , I. , Deville , W. , Erlaini , N. , Luhpuri , D. Hargono , R. 2002 . Reasons for not using condoms among female sex workers in Indonesia . AIDS Education and Prevention , 14 : 102 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. 2005 . The Dancing Girls of Lahore: Selling love and saving dreams in Pakistan's ancient pleasure district , New York : HarperCollins Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , T. and Peerapatanapokin , W. 2004 . The Asian Epidemic Model: A process model for exploring HIV policy and programme alternatives in Asia . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 80 ( Suppl. 1 ) : i19 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrera , F. O. 1998 . Prostitution and poverty in Santafe de Bogota . Profamilia , 16 : 53 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter , K. H. , Harry , B. P. , Jeune , M. and Nicholson , D. 1997 . HIV risk perception, risk behavior, and seroprevalence among female commercial sex workers in Georgetown, Guyana . Pan American Journal of Public Health , 1 : 451 – 459 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clement , M. S. , Prestage , G. , Grulich , A. , Van De Ven , P. , Kippax , S. and Law , M. G. 2004 . Modeling trends in HIV incidence among homosexual men in Australia 1995–2006 . Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , 35 : 401 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Family Health International . 2004 . National Study on Sexually Transmitted Infections and Reproductive Tract Infection , Lahore/Karachi : National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan .
   Google Scholar
• Graneheim , U. H. and Lundman , B. 2004 . Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness . Nurse Education Today , 24 : 105 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest , G. , Bunce , A. , Johnson , L. , Akumatey , B. and Adeokun , L. 2005 . Fear, hope and social desirability bias among women at high risk for HIV in West Africa . Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care , 31 : 285 – 287 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hernandez , A. L. , Lindan , C. P. , Mathur , M. , Ekstrand , M. , Madhivanan , P. Stein , E. S. 2006 . Sexual behavior among men who have sex with women, men, and Hijrahs in Mumbai, India—Multiple sexual risks . AIDS Behavior , 10 ( S4 ) : 5 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Home Office . 2006 . A coordinated prostitution strategy and a summary of responses to paying the price , London : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Hosain , G. M. M. and Chatterjee , C. 2005 . Beliefs, sexual behaviors and preventive practices with respect to HIV/AIDS among commercial sex workers in Daulatdia, Bangladesh . Public Health , 119 : 371 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain , A. 1995 . The girl child and law . Social Change , 25 : 119 – 123 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jamal , N. , Khuskh , I. A. and Naeem , Z. 2006 . Knowledge and attitude towards AIDS among female commercial sex workers at Hyderabad city, Pakistan . Journal of College of Physicians Surgeons Pakistan , 16 : 91 – 93 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanchanachitra , C. 1998 . Best practice in reduction of vulnerability of girls to HIV/AIDS . Warasan Prachakon Lae Sangkhom , 7 : 53 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krishna , K. P. 1995 . Girl child and sexual victiamisation . Social Change , 25 : 124 – 132 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mill , J. E. and Anarfi , J. K. 2002 . HIV risk environment for Ghanaian women: Challenges to prevention . Social Science & Medicine , 54 : 325 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muecke , M. A. 1992 . Mother sold food, daughter sells her body: The cultural continuity of prostitution . Social Science & Medicine , 35 : 891 – 901 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay , K. K. 1995 . Girl prostitution in India . Social Change , 25 : 143 – 153 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mundle , M. , Chatterjee , S. , Haldar , A. and Dobe , M. 2005 . A medico-social appraisal of commercial sex workers in a metropolitan city from eastern India . Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health , 36 : 1325 – 1328 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyindo , M. 2005 . Complementary factors contributing to the rapid spread of HIV-I in sub-Saharan Africa: A review . East African Medical Journal , 82 : 40 – 46 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oladosu , M. 2005 . Consistent condom use dynamics among sex workers in Central America: 1997–2000 . Journal of Biosocial Science , 37 : 435 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , W. and Hegna , K. 2003 . Children and adolescents who sell sex: A community study . Social Science & Medicine , 56 : 135 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltzer , K. , Seoka , P. and Raphala , S. 2004 . Characteristics of female sex workers and their HIV/AIDS/STI knowledge, attitudes and behavior in semi-urban areas in South Africa . Curationis , 27 : 4 – 11 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peracca , S. , Knodel , J. and Saengtienchai , C. 1998 . Can prostitutes marry? Thai attitudes toward female sex workers . Social Science & Medicine , 47 : 255 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaiah , S. 2006 . Sex workers to pay the price: Prostitution strategy is a missed opportunity . British Medical Journal , : 332 362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers , S. J. , Ying , L. , Xin , Y. T. , Fung , K. and Kaufman , J. 2002 . Reaching and identifying the STD/HIV risk of sex workers in Beijing . AIDS Education and Prevention , 14 : 217 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubenson , B. , Hanh , L. T. , Hojer , B. and Johansson , E. 2005 . Young sex workers in Ho Chi Minh City telling their life story . Childhood , 12 : 3 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeed , F. 2002 . Taboo! The hidden culture of a red light area , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Seth , P. 1995 . Girl child and social change . Social Change , 25 : 107 – 115 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoebenau , K. 2009 . Symbolic capital and health: The case of women's sex work in Antananarivo, Madagascar . Social Science & Medicine , 68 : 2045 – 2052 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulin , P. R. 1992 . African women and AIDS: Negotiating behavioral change . Social Science & Medicine , 34 : 63 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2007 . AIDS epidemic update , Geneva : Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2008 . Country responses—Pakistan , Islamabad : Author . Retrieved October 1, 2009 from http://www.unaids.org/en/countryresponse/countries/pakistan.asp
   Google Scholar
• Vidal , L. and Lou , A. D. 2001 . AIDS and social situations of women in Africa: From notions to research methods . Sante , 11 : 265 – 272 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visser , J. , Randers-Pehrson , A. and Day , S. 2004 . “ Prostitution policy in the European context ” . In Sex work, mobility and health in Europe , Edited by: Day , S. and Ward , H. 241 – 260 . London : Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 2006 . HIV AIDS in Pakistan , Islamabad: Author .
   Google Scholar