1,465
Views
62
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Sex Is Not Enough: The Need for Gender-Based Analysis in Health Research

&
Pages 263-277 | Received 08 Mar 2010, Accepted 25 Aug 2010, Published online: 15 Mar 2011

REFERENCES

  • Ahmad , F. , Stewart , D. E. , Cameron , J. I. and Hyman , I. 2001 . Rural physicians’ perspectives on cervical and breast cancer screening: A gender-based analysis . Journal of Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine , 10 : 201 – 208 .
  • Armstrong , P. and Armstrong , H. 1996 . Wasting away: The undermining of Canadian health care , Toronto, ON, , Canada : Oxford University Press .
  • Austin , S. , Tudiver , S. , Chultem , M. and Kantiebo , M. 2007 . Gender-based analysis, women's health surveillance and women's health indicators: Working together to promote equity in health in Canada . International Journal of Public Health , 52 : S41 – 48 .
  • Ayanian , J. , Weissman , J. S. , Chasan-Taber , S. and Epstein , A. M. 1999 . Quality of care by race and gender for congestive heart failure and pneumonia . Medical Care , 37 : 1260 – 1269 .
  • Beck , T. 1999 . Using gender-sensitive indicators: A reference manual for governments and other stakeholders , London, , England : Commonwealth Secretariat .
  • Bekker , M. H. J. 2003 . Investigating gender within health research is more than sex disaggregation of data: A multi-facet gender and health model . Psychology, Health and Medicine , 8 : 231 – 243 .
  • Bierman , A. S. 2007 . Measuring health inequalities among Canadian women: Developing a basket of indicators , Ottawa, ON, , Canada : Health Canada .
  • Breitenbach , E. and Galligan , Y. 2006 . Measuring gender equality: Reflecting on experiences and challenges in the UK and Ireland . Policy & Politics , 34 : 597 – 614 .
  • Colman , R. 2003 . A profile of women's health indicators in Canada , Ottawa, ON, , Canada : Health Canada .
  • Currie , J. 2005 . The marketization of depression: The prescribing of SSRI anti-depressants to women , Toronto, ON, , Canada : Women and Health Protection .
  • Donabedian , A. 1988 . The quality of care: How can it be assessed? . Journal of the American Medical Association , 260 : 1743 – 1748 .
  • Donner , L. 2003 . Including gender in health planning: A guide for regional health authorities , Winnipeg, MB, , Canada : Prairie Women's Health Centre of Excellence .
  • Donner , L. , Isfeld , H. , Haworth-Brockman , M. and Forsey , C. 2008 . A profile of women's health in Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB, , Canada : Prairie Women's Health Centre of Excellence .
  • Doyal , L. 1995 . What makes women sick: Gender and the political economy of health , London, , UK : MacMillan .
  • Doyal , L. 2003 . Sex and gender: The challenges for epidemiologists . International Journal of Health Services , 33 : 569 – 579 .
  • Eckermann , L. 2000 . Gendering indicators of health and well-being: Is quality of life gender neutral? . Social Indicators Research , 52 ( 1 ) : 29 – 54 .
  • Eichler , M. Paper prepared for the Made-to-Measure Symposium, Maritime Centre for Excellence for Women's Health . Halifax, NS, Canada. Moving toward equality: Recognizing and eliminating gender bias in health , October 4–6
  • Eichler , M. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Gender Based Analysis in Public Health Research, Policy and Practice . Berlin, Germany. Moving forward: Measuring gender bias and more ,
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)—Sustainable Development Department & Kettel, B . 2001 . Gender sensitive indicators: A key tool for gender mainstreaming , Rome : FAO, Women in Development Service, Women and Population Division .
  • Forget , E. L. , Deber , R. B. , Roos , L. L. and Walld , R. 2005 . Health reform: A gender analysis . Feminist Economics , 11 ( 1 ) : 123 – 141 .
  • Fransoo , R. , Martens , P. , The Need to Know Team , Burland , E. , Prior , H. , Burchill , C. and Walld , R. 2005 . Sex differences in health status, health care use, and quality of care: A population-based analysis for Manitoba's Regional Health Authorities , Winnipeg, MB, , Canada : Manitoba Centre for Health Policy .
  • Gijsbers van Wijk , C. , Van Vliet , K. P. and Kolk , A. M. 1996 . Gender perspectives and quality of care: Towards appropriate and adequate health care for women . Social Science & Medicine , 43 : 707 – 720 .
  • Grant , K. Report prepared for the National Coordinating Group on Health Care Reform and Women, Centres of Excellence for Women's Health Program, Women's Health Bureau, Health Canada, Toronto, ON . Is there a method to this madness? Studying health care reform as if women mattered ,
  • Grant , K. 2002 . Gender-based analysis: Beyond the Red Queen syndrome . Centres of Excellence for Women's Health Research Bulletin , 2 ( 3 ) : 16 – 20 .
  • Greaves , L. 2000 . CIHR 2000: Sex, gender, and women's health , Ottawa, ON, , Canada : Canadian Institutes for Health Research .
  • Greaves , L. and Jategaonkar , N. 2006 . Tobacco policies and vulnerable girls and women: Toward a framework for gender sensitive policy development . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 60 ( Suppl. II ) : ii57 – ii65 .
  • Hankivsky , O. 2005 . Gender vs. diversity mainstreaming: A preliminary examination of the role and transformative potential of feminist theory . Canadian Journal of Political Science , 38 : 977 – 1001 .
  • Haworth-Brockman , M. , Donner , L. and Isfeld , H. 2007 . A field test of the gender-sensitive core set of leading health indicators in Manitoba, Canada . International Journal of Public Health , 52 : S49 – S67 .
  • Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada . 2007 . Time to bridge the gender gap , Ottawa, ON, , Canada : Heart and Stroke Foundation .
  • Hoffman , D. E. and Tarzian , A. J. 2001 . The girl who cried pain: A bias against women in the treatment of pain . The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics , 29 : 13 – 27 .
  • Inhorn , M. C. and Whittle , K. L. 2001 . Feminism meets the “new” epidemiologies: Toward an appraisal of antifeminist biases in epidemiological research on women's health . Social Science and Medicine , 53 : 553 – 567 .
  • Jackson , B. E. 2006 . Gender (e)quality: A critical review of health care quality assessment frameworks , Toronto, ON, , Canada : National Coordinating Group on Health Care Reform and Women .
  • Jackson , B. E. , Pederson , A. and Boscoe , M. 2006 . Gender-based analysis and wait times: New questions, new knowledge , Toronto, ON, , Canada : National Coordinating Group on Health Care Reform and Women .
  • Kaufert , P. A. 1996 . Gender as a determinant of health , Ottawa, ON, , Canada : Canada/USA Women's Health Forum .
  • Kaufert , P. A. 1999 . “ The vanishing woman: Gender and population health ” . In Sex, gender and health , Edited by: Pollard , T. M. and Hyatt , S. B. 118 – 136 . Cambridge, , England : Cambridge University Press .
  • Kazanjian , A. , Savoie , I. and Morettin , D. 2001 . Health care utilization and gender: A pilot study using the BC linked health database , Vancouver, BC, , Canada : British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women's Health .
  • Khoury , A. J. and Weisman , C. S. 2002 . Thinking about women's health: The case for gender sensitivity . Women's Health Issues , 12 : 61 – 65 .
  • Krieger , N. 1992 . The making of public health data: Paradigms, politics, and policy . Journal of Public Health Policy , 13 : 412 – 427 .
  • Lin , V. , Gruszin , S. , Ellickson , C. , Glover , J. , Silburn , K. , Wilson , G. and Poljski , C. 2003 . Comparative evaluation of indicators for gender equity and health , Kobe, , Japan : World Health Organization, Women and Health Programme .
  • Lin , V. , Gruszin , S. , Ellickson , C. , Glover , J. , Silburn , K. , Wilson , G. and Poljski , C. 2007 . Comparative evaluation of indicators for gender equity and health . International Journal of Public Health , 52 : S19 – 24 .
  • Marmot , M. and Wilkinson , R. G. 2005 . Social determinants of health , (2nd ed.). , Oxford, England: Oxford University Press .
  • McKinlay , J. B. 1996 . Some contributions from the social system to gender inequalities in heart disease . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 37 : 1 – 26 .
  • Messing , K. , Punnett , L. , Bond , M. , Alexanderson , K. , Pyle , J. , Zahm , S. and de Grosbois , S. 2003 . Be the fairest of them all: Challenges and recommendations for the treatment of gender in occupational health research . American Journal of Industrial Medicine , 43 : 618 – 629 .
  • Metge , C. , Black , C. , Peterson , S. and Kozyrskyj , A. 1999 . The population's use of pharmaceuticals . Medical Care , 37 ( Suppl. ) : JS42 – JS59 .
  • Moerman , C. J. and Mens-Verhulst , J. V. 2004 . Gender-sensitive epidemiological research: Suggestions for a gender-sensitive approach towards problem definition, data collection and analysis . Psychology, Health, and Medicine , 9 ( 1 ) : 41 – 52 .
  • Morse , J. M. 2006 . The politics of evidence . Qualitative Health Research , 16 : 395 – 404 .
  • Mustard , C. A. , Kaufert , P. , Kozyrskyj , A. and Mayer , T. 1998 . Sex differences in the use of health care services . The New England Journal of Medicine , 338 : 1678 – 1683 .
  • Neville , A. Report of the Standing Committee on Status of Women, House of Commons . Canada. Gender-based analysis: Building blocks for success , Ottawa, ON : House of Commons, Canada .
  • Östlin , P. 2005 . What evidence is there about the effects of health care reforms on gender equity, particularly in health? , Copenhagen, , Denmark : Health Evidence Network, World Health Organization .
  • Östlin , P. , Eckermann , E. , Mishra , U. S. , Nkowane , M. and Wallstam , E. 2006 . Gender and health promotion: A multisectoral policy approach . Health Promotion International , 21 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 25 – 35 .
  • Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) . 2005 . Basic indicators for gender equity analysis in health , Washington, D.C. : Author .
  • Pittman , P. and Hartigan , P. 1996 . Gender inequity: An issue for quality assessment researchers and managers . Health Care for Women International , 17 ( 5 ) : 469 – 486 .
  • Pollard , T. M. and Hyatt , S. B. 1999 . “ Sex, gender and health: Integrating biological and social perspectives ” . In Sex, gender and health , Edited by: Pollard , T. M. and Hyatt , S. B. 1 – 17 . Cambridge, , England : Cambridge University Press .
  • Raphael , D. 2004 . Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives , Toronto, ON, , Canada : Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc .
  • Reid , C. 2002 . A full measure: Towards a comprehensive model for the measurement of women's health , Vancouver, BC, , Canada : British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women's Health .
  • Rosser , S. V. 1994 . Women's health: Missing from U.S. medicine , Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press .
  • Schofield , T. 2004 . Boutique health: Gender and equity in health policy , Sydney, , Australia : Australian Health Policy Institute, the University of Sydney .
  • Sen , G. , Östlin , P. and George , A. Final Report to the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, Women and Gender Equity Knowledge Network . Unequal, unfair, ineffective and inefficient. Gender inequity in health: Why it exists and how we can change it , Geneva, Switzerland : World Health Organization .
  • Virnig , B. A. and McBean , M. 2001 . Administrative data for public health surveillance and planning . Annual Review of Public Health , 22 : 213 – 230 .
  • Vlassoff , C. and Garcia Moreno , C. 2002 . Placing gender at the centre of health program-ming: Challenges and limitations . Social Science and Medicine , 54 : 1713 – 1723 .
  • Weber , L. and Parra-Medina , D. 2003 . Intersectionality and women's health: Charting a path to eliminating health disparities . Advances in Gender Research , 7 : 181 – 230 .
  • Weisman , C. S. 2000 . Measuring quality in women's health care: Issues and recent developments . Quality Management in Health Care , 8 ( 4 ) : 14 – 20 .
  • Whittle , K. L. and Inhorn , M. C. 2001 . Rethinking difference: A feminist reframing of gender/race/class for the improvement of women's health research . International Journal of Health Services , 31 ( 1 ) : 147 – 165 .
  • Willson , K. and Jackson , B. E. 2006 . Bringing women and gender into “Healthy Canadians: A Federal Report on Comparable Health Indicators 2004” , Toronto, ON, , Canada : Women and Health Care Reform .
  • Women's Health Bureau . 2003 . Exploring concepts of gender and health , Ottawa, ON : Author .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.