Where Will This Illness Take Me? Reactions to HIV Diagnosis From Women Living With HIV in Kenya

REFERENCES

• Amuyunzu-Nyamongo , M. , Okeng'o , L. , Wagura , A. and Mwenzwa , E. 2007 . Putting on a brave face: The experiences of women living with HIV and AIDS in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya . AIDS Care , 19 : S25 – S34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , M. , Elam , G. , Solarin , I. , Gerver , S. , Fenton , K. and Easterbrook , P. 2009 . Coping With HIV: Caribbean People in the United Kingdom . Qualitative Health Research , 19 : 1060 – 1075 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach , C. and Silverstein , L. 2003 . An introduction to coding and analysis: Qualitative data , New York, NY : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brislin , R. 1970 . Back-translation for cross-cultural research . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 1 : 186 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buseh , A. G. and Stevens , P. E. 2006 . Constrained but not determined by stigma: Resistance by African American women living with HIV . Women and Health , 44 ( 3 ) : 1 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz , K. 1999 . Stories of suffering: Subjective tales and research narratives . Qualitative Health Research , 9 : 1257 – 1263 .
   Google Scholar
• Chase , S. E. 2005 . “ Narrative inquiry: Multiple lenses, approaches, voices ” . In Handbook of qualitative research. , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.) , N. K. 651 – 680 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Ciambrone , D. 2001 . Illness and other assaults on self: The relative impact of HIV/AIDS on women's lives . Sociology of Health and Illness , 23 : 517 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad , P. 1990 . Qualitative research on chronic illness: A commentary on method and conceptual development . Social Science and Medicine , 30 : 1257 – 1263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell , J. 1998 . Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Datta , D. and Njuguna , J. 2008 . Microcredit for people affected by HIV and AIDS: Insights from Kenya . Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance , 5 ( 2 ) : 94 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzin , N. 2000 . Handbook of qualitative research , 2nd ed. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Dlamini , P. S. , Kohi , T. W. , Uys , L. R. , Phetlhu , R. D. , Chirwa , M. L. , Naidoo , J. R. and …Makoae , L. M. 2007 . Verbal and physical abuse and neglect as manifestations of HIV/AIDS stigma in five African countries . Public Health Nursing , 24 : 389 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonck , K. , Leye , E. , Kidula , N. , Ndinya-Achola , J. and Temmerman , M. 2005 . Increased risk of HIV in women experiencing physical partner violence in Nairobi, Kenya . AIDS and Behavior , 9 : 335 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greeff , M. , Phetlhu , D. R. , Makoae , L. N. , Dlamini , P. S. , Holzemer , W. L. , Naidoo , J. and Chirwa , M. L. 2008 . Disclosure of HIV status: Experiences and perceptions of persons living with HIV/AIDS and nurses involved in their care in five Africa countries . Qualitative Health Research , 8 : 311 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Grinstead , O. A. , Van Der Straten , A. and Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group . 2000 . Counselors’ perspectives on the experience of providing HIV counseling in Kenya and Tanzania: The Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study . AIDS Care , 12 : 625 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , J. and Stevens , P. E. 1991 . Rigor in feminist research . Advances in Nursing Science , 13 ( 3 ) : 16 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman , B. D. 2006 . Psychosocial differences between whites and African Americans living with HIV/AIDS in rural areas of 13 US states . Journal of Rural Health , 22 : 131 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , S. 2003 . Black death: AIDS in Africa , New York, NY : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Ikorok , M. M. and Akpabio , I. I. 2007 . Women's choice of strategies for improving utilization of HIV/AIDS screening services . Health Care for Women International , 28 : 700 – 711 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kako , P. M. , Stevens , P. E. , Mkandawire-Valhmu , L. , Karani , A. and Banda , A. 2011 . Critical use of Narrative Inquiry to thwart pitfalls of late HIV diagnosis: Insights from the stories of women living with HIV in Kenya . Unpublished manuscript. ,
   Google Scholar
• Krishnan , S. , Dunbar , M. , Minnis , A. M. , Medlin , C. , Gerdts , C. E. and Padian , N. S. 2008 . Poverty, gender inequities, and women's risk of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1136 : 101 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln , Y. S. and Guba , E. G. 1985 . Naturalistic inquiry , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Luginaah , I. , Elkins , D. , Maticka-Tyndale , E. , Landry , T. and Mathui , M. 2005 . Challenges of a pandemic: HIV/AIDS-related problems affecting Kenyan widows . Social Science and Medicine , 61 : 1219 – 1228 .
   Google Scholar
• Mabunda , G. 2004 . HIV knowledge and practices among rural South Africans . Journal of Nursing Scholarship , 36 : 300 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makin , J. D. , Forsyth , B. W. , Visser , M. , Sikkema , K. , Neufeld , S. and Jeffery , B. 2008 . Factors affecting disclosure in South African HIV-positive pregnant women . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 22 : 907 – 916 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makoae , L. , Greeff , M. , Phethlu , R. , Uys , L. R. , Naidoo , J. R. , Kohi , T. and … Holzemer , W. L. 2008 . Coping strategies for HIV and AIDS: A multinational African study . Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care , 19 : 137 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maman , S. , Mbwambo , J. K. , Hogan , N. M. , Kilonzo , G. P. , Campbell , J. C. , Weiss , E. and Sweat , M. D. 2002 . HIV-positive women report more lifetime partner violence: Findings from a voluntary counseling and testing clinic in Dar es-salaam, Tanzania . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 1331 – 1337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matovu , J. K. and Makumbi , F. E. 2007 . Expanding access to voluntary HIV counseling and testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Alternative approaches for improving uptake . Topical Medicine and International Health , 12 : 1315 – 1322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medley , A. M. , Kennedy , C. E. , Lunyolo , S. and Sweat , M. 2009 . Disclosure outcomes, coping strategies, and life changes among women living with HIV in Uganda . Qualitative Health Research , 19 : 1744 – 1754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiberg , A. E. , Boss , A. E. , Onya , H. E. and Schaalma , H. P. 2008 . Fear of stigmatization as barrier to voluntary HIV counselling and testing . East African Journal of Public Health , 5 ( 2 ) : 49 – 54 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller , A. N. and Rubin , D. L. 2007 . Factors leading to self-disclosure of a positive HIV diagnosis, Nairobi, Kenya: People living with HIV/AIDS in the Sub-Saharan . Qualitative Health Research , 17 : 586 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachega , J. B. , Knowlton , A. R. , Deluca , A. , Schoeman , J. H. , Watkinson , L. , Efron , A. and Maartens , G. 2006 . Treatment supporter to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected South African adults. A qualitative study . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , 43 ( suppl. 1 ) : S127 – S133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam , S. L. , Fielding , K. , Avalos , A. , Dickinson , D. , Gaolathe , T. and Geissler , W. 2008 . The relationship of acceptance or denial of HIV-status to antiretroviral adherence among adult HIV patients in urban Botswana . Social Science & Medicine , 67 : 301 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National AIDS STI Control Programme & Ministry of Health Kenya (NASCOP) . 2008 . Kenya AIDS indicator survey-KAIS-2007: Preliminary report , Nairobi, , Kenya : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Ndetei , D. , Khasakhala , L. , Kuria , M. , Mutiso , V. , Ongecha-Owuor , F. and Kokonya , D. 2009 . The prevalence of mental disorders in adults in different level general medical facilities in Kenya: A cross-sectional study . Annals of General Psychiatry , 8 ( 1 ) : 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ngugi , E. N. , Chakkalacka , M. , Sharma , A. , Bukusi , E. , Njoroge , B. , Kimani , J. and Kibera HIV Study Group . 2007 . Sustained changes in sexual behavior by female sex workers after completion of randomized HIV prevention trial . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , 45 : 588 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nthomang , R. , Phaladze , N. , Oagile , N. , Ngwenya , B. , Seboni , N. , Gobotswang , K. and Kubani , R. 2009 . People living with HIV and AIDS on the brink: Stigma—A complex socialcultural impediment in the fight against HIV and AIDS in Botswana . Health Care for Women International , 30 : 233 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzioka , C. 2000 . The social meanings of death from HIV/AIDS: An African interpretative view . Culture, Health, & Sexuality , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Obermeyer , C. M. , Sankara , A. , Bastien , V. and Parsons , M. 2009 . Gender and HIV testing in Burkina Faso: An exploratory study . Social Science & Medicine , 69 : 877 – 884 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen , V. 1994 . “ Feminisms and models of qualitative research ” . In Handbook of qualitative research , Edited by: Denzin , N. K. and Lincoln , Y. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Palin , F. L. , Armistead , L. , Clayton , A. , Ketchen , B. , Lindner , G. Kokot-Louw , P. 2008 . Disclosure of maternal HIV-infection in South Africa: Description and relationship to child functioning . AIDS and Behavior , 13 : 1241 – 1252 .
   Google Scholar
• Pitchford , E. and Teijlingen , E. 2005 . International public health research involving interpreters: A case study from Bangladash . BMC Public Health , 5 ( 71 ) : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Reece , M. , Shacham , E. , Monahan , P. , Yebei , V. , Ong’or , W. O. , Omollo , O. and Ojwang , C. 2007 . Psychological distress symptoms of individuals seeking HIV-related psychosocial support in western Kenya . AIDS Care , 19 : 1194 – 1200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissman , C. K. 1993 . Narrative analysis , Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Reissman , C. K. 2008 . Narrative methods for the human sciences , Los Angeles, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , L. 2005 . Handling qualitative data: A practical guide , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , T. and Richards , L. 2003 . The way ahead in qualitative research . Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods , 2 ( 1 ) : 16 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Rist , R. 2000 . “ Influencing the policy process with qualitative research ” . In Handbook of qualitative research , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Denzin , N. K. and Lincoln , Y. 1001 – 1017 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Rutledge , S. E. 2009 . Formation of personal HIV disclosure policies among HIV-positive men who have sex with men . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 23 : 531 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambisa , W. , Curtis , S. and Mishra , V. 2010 . AIDS stigma as an obstacle to uptake of HIV testing: Evidence from a Zimbabwean national population-based survey . AIDS Care , 22 : 170 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanjobo , N. , Frich , J. and Frethe , M. 2008 . Barriers and facilitators to patient's adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Zambia: A qualitative study . Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS , 5 : 136 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shacham , E. , Reece , M. , Ong'or , W. O. , Omollo , O. , Monahan , P. O. and Ojwang , C. 2008 . Characteristics of psychosocial support seeking during HIV-related treatment in Western Kenya . AIDS Patient Care & STDs , 22 : 595 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman , D. 2000 . “ Analyzing talk and text ” . In Handbook of qualitative research , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Denzin , N. K. and Lincoln , Y. 821 – 834 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , P. E. 1993 . Marginalized women's access to health-care: A feminist narrative analysis . Advances in Nursing Science , 16 ( 2 ) : 39 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , P. E. 1995 . Structural and interpersonal impact of heterosexual assumptions on lesbian health care clients . Nursing Research , 44 ( 1 ) : 25 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , P. E. 1996 . Struggles with symptoms: Women's narratives of managing HIV illness . Journal of Holistic Nursing , 14 : 142 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevens , P. E. and Hall , J. 1998 . Participatory action research for sustaining individual and community change: A model of HIV prevention education . AIDS Education and Prevention , 10 : 387 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , P. E. and Hildebrandt , E. 2006 . Life changing words: Women's responses to being diagnosed with HIV infection . Advances in Nursing Science , 29 : 207 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2004 . 2004 Report on the global AIDS epidemic: 4th global report , Geneva, , Switzerland : Author .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2006 . Report on the global AIDS epidemic , Geneva, , Switzerland : Author .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS/World Health Organization (WHO) . 2008 . AIDS epidemic update Geneva, , Switzerland
   Google Scholar
• Varga , C. A. , Sherman , G. G. and Jones , S. A. 2005 . HIV-Disclosure in the context of vertical transmission: HIV-positive mothers in Johannesburg, South Africa . AIDS Care , 18 : 952 – 960 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viassova , N. , Angelino , A. F. and Treisman , G. J. 2009 . Update on mental health issues in patients with HIV infection . Current Infectious Disease Reports , 11 : 163 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Whetten , K. , Reif , S. , Whetten , R. and Murphy-McMillan , L. 2008 . Trauma, mental health, distrust, and stigma among HIV-positive persons: Implications for effective care . Psychosomatic Medicine , 70 : 531 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO) . 2006 . Towards universal access by 2010: How WHO is working with countries to scale-up HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support , Geneva, , Switzerland : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Yebei , V. , Fortenberry , J. and Oyuku , D. 2008 . Felt stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS in rural and urban Kenya . African Health Sciences , 8 ( 2 ) : 97 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar