References
- Ajeet, S., & Nandkishore, K. (2013). The boom in unnecessary caesarean surgeries is jeopardizing women’s health. Health Care for Women International, 34(6), 513–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2012.721416
- Akhter, S., & Schech, S. (2018). Choosing Caesareans? The perceptions and experiences of childbirth among mothers from higher socio-economic households in Dhaka. Health Care for Women International, 39(11), 1177–1192. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2018.1470181
- Almeida, S. D., Bettiol, H., Barbieri, M. A., Silva, A. A. M. D., & Ribeiro, V. S. (2008). Significant differences in cesarean section rates between a private and a public hospital in Brazil. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 24(12), 2909–2918. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008001200020
- Althabe, F., Belizán, J. M., Villar, J., Alexander, S., Bergel, E., Ramos, S., Romero, M., Donner, A., Lindmark, G., Langer, A., Farnot, U., Cecatti, J. G., Carroli, G., & Kestler, E, & Latin American Caesarean Section Study Group (2004). Mandatory second opinion to reduce rates of unnecessary caesarean sections in Latin America: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 363(9425), 1934–1940. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16406-4
- Antai, D., & Adaji, S. (2012). Community-level influences on women’s experience of intimate partner violence and terminated pregnancy in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12, 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-128
- Baicker, K., Buckles, K. S., & Chandra, A. (2006). Geographic variation in the appropriate use of cesarean delivery. Health Affairs (Project Hope)), 25(5), w355–w367. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.25.w355
- Barber, E. L., Lundsberg, L., Belanger, K., Pettker, C. M., Funai, E. F., & Illuzzi, J. L. (2011). Contributing indications to the rising cesarean delivery rate. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 118(1), 29.
- Belizán, J. M., Althabe, F., & Cafferata, M. L. (2007). Health consequences of the increasing caesarean section rates. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 18(4), 485–486. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e318068646a
- Belizán, J. M., Minckas, N., McClure, E. M., Saleem, S., Moore, J. L., Goudar, S. S., Esamai, F., Patel, A., Chomba, E., Garces, A. L., Althabe, F., Harrison, M. S., Krebs, N. F., Derman, R. J., Carlo, W. A., Liechty, E. A., Hibberd, P. L., Buekens, P. M., & Goldenberg, R. L. (2018). An approach to identify a minimum and rational proportion of caesarean sections in resource-poor settings: A global network study. The Lancet Global Health, 6(8), e894–e901. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30241-9
- Betran, A. P., Torloni, M. R., Zhang, J. J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Aleem, H. A., … Deneux, ‐T. C, WHO Working Group on Caesarean Section (2016). WHO Statement on caesarean section rates. BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 123(5), 667–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13526
- Betrán, A. P., Temmerman, M., Kingdon, C., Mohiddin, A., Opiyo, N., Torloni, M. R., Zhang, J., Musana, O., Wanyonyi, S. Z., Gülmezoglu, A. M., & Downe, S. (2018). Interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections in healthy women and babies. Lancet (London, England), 392 (10155), 1358–1368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31927-5
- Betrán, A. P., Ye, J., Moller, A. B., Zhang, J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., & Torloni, M. R. (2016). The increasing trend in caesarean section rates: Global, regional and national estimates: 1990-2014. PloS One, 11(2), e0148343https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148343
- Bettes, B. A., Coleman, V. H., Zinberg, S., Spong, C. Y., Portnoy, B., DeVoto, E., & Schulkin, J. (2007). Cesarean delivery on maternal request: obstetrician-gynecologists' knowledge, perception, and practice patterns. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 109(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000249608.11864.b6
- Bhasin, S. K., Rajoura, O. P., Sharma, A. K., Metha, M., Gupta, N., Kumar, S., & Joshi, I. D. (2007). A high prevalence of caesarean section rate in East Delhi. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 32(3), 222–224. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.36837
- Bhatia, J. C., & Cleland, J. (1995). Determinants of maternal care in a region of South India. Health Transition Review, 127–142.
- Blustein, J., & Liu, J. (2015). Time to consider the risks of caesarean delivery for long term child health. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 350, h2410. (Online). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h2410
- Boatin, A. A., Schlotheuber, A., Betran, A. P., Moller, A.-B., Barros, A. J. D., Boerma, T., Torloni, M. R., Victora, C. G., & Hosseinpoor, A. R. (2018). Within country inequalities in caesarean section rates: Observational study of 72 low and middle income countries. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.).), 360, k55. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k55
- Braveman, P., Egerter, S., Edmonston, F., & Verdon, M. (1995). Racial/ethnic differences in the likelihood of cesarean delivery, California. Am J Public Health, 85(5), 625–630. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.85.5.625
- Cavallaro, F. L., Cresswell, J. A., França, G. V., Victora, C. G., Barros, A. J., & Ronsmans, C. (2013). Trends in caesarean delivery by country and wealth quintile: Cross-sectional surveys in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(12), 914–922D. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.117598
- Chong, Y. S., & Kwek, K. Y. (2010). Safer childbirth: Avoiding medical interventions for non-medical reasons. The Lancet, 375(9713), 440–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60055-4
- Choudhury, C. R. (2008). Caesarean births: The Indian scenario. Presented at Population Association of AmericaLos Angeles, America. Retrieved July 18, 2020 from https://paa2008.princeton.edu/abstracts/80693
- Cox, D. R. (1992). Causality: Some Statistical Aspects. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), 155(2), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.2307/2982962
- Ecker, J. L., & Frigoletto, F. D. Jr, (2007). Cesarean delivery and the risk-benefit calculus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356(9), 885–888. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp068290
- Feng, X. L., Xu, L., Guo, Y., & Ronsmans, C. (2012). Factors influencing rising caesarean section rates in China between 1988 and 2008. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(1), 30–39. A. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.090399
- Ghosh, S. (2010). Increasing trend in caesarean section delivery in India: Role of medicalisation of maternal health. Institute for Social and Economic Change.
- Ghosh, S., & James, K. S. (2010). Levels and trends in caesarean births: Cause for concern? Economic and Political Weekly, 45(5), 19–22.
- Gibbons, L., Belizan, J. M., Lauer, J. A., Betran, A. P., Merialdi, M., & Althabe, F. (2012). Inequities in the use of cesarean section deliveries in the world. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 206(4), 331.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.026
- Gomes, U. A., Silva, A. A., Bettiol, H., & Barbieri, M. A. (1999). Risk factors for the increasing caesarean section rate in Southeast Brazil: A comparison of two birth cohorts, 1978-1979 and 1994. International Journal of Epidemiology, 28(4), 687–694. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/28.4.687
- Government of India (2018). National Health Profile 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2020, from http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/NHP%202018.pdf.
- Hansen, A. K., Wisborg, K., Uldbjerg, N., & Henriksen, T. B. (2008). Risk of respiratory morbidity in term infants delivered by elective caesarean section: Cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.).), 336(7635), 85–87. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39405.539282.BE
- Hopkins, S., Chivers, L., Bassett, C., & Lehane, M. (2004). Too posh to push. Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)), 18(35), 22–23.
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. (2017). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-16: India. Mumbai: IIPS.
- Kozhimannil, K. B., Law, M. R., & Virnig, B. A. (2013). Cesarean delivery rates vary tenfold among US hospitals; reducing variation may address quality and cost issues. Health Affairs (Project Hope)), 32(3), 527–535. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1030
- Lauer, J. A., Betrán, A. P., Merialdi, M., & Wojdyla, D. (2010). Determinants of Caesarean Section Rates in Developed Countries: supply, Demand and Opportunities for Control. World Health Report, Background paper 29. Retrieved April 10, 2018 from http://digicollection.org/hss/documents/s18312en/s18312en.pdf
- Leone, T., Padmadas, S. S., & Matthews, Z. (2008). Community factors affecting rising caesarean section rates in developing countries: An analysis of six countries. Social Science & Medicine (1982)), 67(8), 1236–1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.032
- Liu, S., Liston, R. M., Joseph, K. S., Heaman, M., Sauve, R., & Kramer, M. S, Maternal Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System (2007). Maternal mortality and severe morbidity associated with low-risk planned cesarean delivery versus planned vaginal delivery at term. Journal de L'Association Medicale Canadienne [CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal ], 176(4), 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.060870
- Lumbiganon, P., Laopaiboon, M., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Souza, J. P., Taneepanichskul, S., Ruyan, P., Attygalle, D. E., Shrestha, N., Mori, R., Hinh, N. D., Bang, H. T., Rathavy, T., Chuyun, K., Cheang, K., Festin, M., Udomprasertgul, V., Germar, M. J. V., Yanqiu, G., Roy, M., … Villar, J. (2010). Method of delivery and pregnancy outcomes in Asia: The WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health 2007–08. The Lancet, 375(9713), 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61870-5
- MacDorman, M. F., Menacker, F., & Declercq, E. (2008). Cesarean birth in the United States: Epidemiology, trends, and outcomes. Clinics in Perinatology, 35(2), 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2008.03.007
- Mekonnen, Z. A., Lerebo, W. T., Gebrehiwot, T. G., & Abadura, S. A. (2015). Multilevel analysis of individual and community level factors associated with institutional delivery in Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 8, 376. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1343-1
- Mishra, U. S., & Ramanathan, M. (2002). Delivery-related complications and determinants of caesarean section rates in India. Health Policy Plan, 17(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/17.1.90
- Muzaffar, N., & Akram, M. (2019). A Case Study of Kulgam alarming rise of caesarean section deliveries. Economic and Political Weekly, 54(24), 55–59
- Neuman, M., Alcock, G., Azad, K., Kuddus, A., Osrin, D., More, N. S., Nair, N., Tripathy, P., Sikorski, C., Saville, N., Sen, A., Colbourn, T., Houweling, T. A. J., Seward, N., Manandhar, D. S., Shrestha, B. P., Costello, A., & Prost, A. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of caesarean section in private and public health facilities in underserved South Asian communities: Cross-sectional analysis of data from Bangladesh, India and Nepal. BMJ Open, 4(12), e005982. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005982
- Niino, Y. (2011). The increasing cesarean rate globally and what we can do about it. Bioscience Trends, 5(4), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2011.v5.4.139
- Notzon, F. C. (1990). International differences in the use of obstetric interventions. JAMA, 263(24), 3286–3291. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03440240076019
- Padmadas, S. S., Kumar, S., Nair, S. B., & Kumari, A. (2000). Caesarean section delivery in Kerala, India: Evidence from a national family health survey. Social Science & Medicine (1982)), 51(4), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00491-8
- Pai, M. (2000). Unnecessary medical interventions: Caesarean sections as a case study. Economic and Political Weekly, 35(31), 2755–2276.
- Roberts, C. L., & Nippita, T. A. (2015). International caesarean section rates: The rising tide. The Lancet. Global Health, 3(5), e241–e242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70111-7
- Robson, M. S. (2001a). Classification of caesarean sections. Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review, 12(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0965539501000122
- Robson, M. S. (2001b). Can we reduce the caesarean section rate? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 15(1), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1053/beog.2000.0156
- Rosenthal, A. N., & Paterson-Brown, S. (1998). Is there an incremental rise in the risk of obstetric intervention with increasing maternal age?. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 105(10), 1064–1069. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09937.x
- Shabnam, S. (2014). Caesarean section delivery in India: Causes and concerns. Presented at conference in: 27th IUSSP International Population Conference 26-31A2. Session 221: Assessments of facility-based delivery services. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Paris, 2014, Retrieved August 2, 2018, from https://iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/Caesarean%20section%20delivery%20in%20India_0.pdf.
- Silver, R. M., Landon, M. B., Rouse, D. J., Leveno, K. J., Spong, C. Y., Thom, E. A., Moawad, A. H., Caritis, S. N., Harper, M., Wapner, R. J., Sorokin, Y., Miodovnik, M., Carpenter, M., Peaceman, A. M., O'Sullivan, M. J., Sibai, B., Langer, O., Thorp, J. M., Ramin, S. M., & Mercer, B. M, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network (2006). Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 107(6), 1226–1232. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000219750.79480.84
- Singh, P. K., Rai, R. K., Singh, S., & Singh, K. (2018). Rising caesarean births – a growing concern. Economic and Political Weekly, 53, No 26–27.
- Solanke, B. L. (2018). Individual and community factors associated with indications of caesarean delivery in Southern Nigeria: Pooled analyses of 2003–2013 Nigeria demographic and health surveys. Health Care for Women International, 39(6), 697–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2018.1443107
- Solanke, B. L. (2019). Maternal socio-demographic factors associated with low parity and grand multiparity in Nigeria. Women & Health, 59(7), 730–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2018.1553815
- Solanke, B. L., & Rahman, S. A. (2018). Multilevel analysis of factors associated with assistance during delivery in rural Nigeria: Implications for reducing rural–urban inequity in skilled care at delivery. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 438. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2074-9
- Solanke, B. L., Amoo, E. O., & Idowu, A. E. (2018). Improving Postnatal checkups for mothers in West Africa: A multilevel analysis . Women & Health, 58(2), 221–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2017.1292343
- Solanke, B. L., Oyinlola, F. F., Oyeleye, O. J., & Ilesanmi, B. B. (2019). Maternal and community factors associated with unmet contraceptive need among childbearing women in Northern Nigeria. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine, 4(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-019-0093-1
- Soto-Vega, E., Casco, S., Chamizo, K., Flores-Hernández, D., Landini, V., & Guillén-Florez, A. (2015). Rising trends of cesarean section worldwide: A systematic review. Obstetrics & Gynecology International Journal, 3(2), 00073.
- Soumya, R. P., Madhu, J., & Shuchi, J. (2007). Rising Trend in Caesarean Section Rate: A Community Health Hazard. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 1(5), 1476–1479.
- Sreevidya, S., & Sathiyasekaran, B. W. (2003). High caesarean rates in Madras (India): A population based cross-sectional study. BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 110(2), 106–111.
- Stanton, C. K., & Holtz, S. A. (2006). Levels and trends in cesarean birth in the developing world. Studies in Family Planning, 37(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2006.00082.x
- Stavrou, E. P., Ford, J. B., Shand, A. W., Morris, J. M., & Roberts, C. L. (2011). Epidemiology and trends for Caesarean section births in New South Wales, Australia: A population-based study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 11(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-11-8
- Villar, J., Carroli, G., Zavaleta, N., Donner, A., Wojdyla, D., Faundes, A., Velazco, A., Bataglia, V., Langer, A., Narváez, A., Valladares, E., Shah, A., Campodónico, L., Romero, M., Reynoso, S., de Pádua, K. S., Giordano, D., Kublickas, M., & Acosta, A., World Health Organization 2005 and Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health Research Group (2007). Maternal and neonatal individual risks and benefits associated with caesarean delivery: Multicentre prospective study. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 335(7628), 1025. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39363.706956.55
- Villar, J., Valladares, E., Wojdyla, D., Zavaleta, N., Carroli, G., Velazco, A., Shah, A., Campodónico, L., Bataglia, V., Faundes, A., Langer, A., Narváez, A., Donner, A., Romero, M., Reynoso, S., Simônia de Pádua, K., Giordano, D., Kublickas, M., & Acosta, A. (2006). Caesarean delivery rates and pregnancy outcomes: The 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health in Latin America. The Lancet, 367(9525), 1819–1829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68704-7
- WHO (2015). WHO Statement on Caesarean Section Rates. Retrieved August 2, 2018, from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/161442/WHO_RHR_15.02_eng.pdf?sequence=1
- Yaya, S., Uthman, O. A., Amouzou, A., & Bishwajit, G. (2018). Disparities in caesarean section prevalence and determinants across sub-Saharan Africa countries. Global Health Research and Policy, 3(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-018-0074-y
- Ye, J., Zhang, J., Mikolajczyk, R., Torloni, M. R., Gülmezoglu, A. M., & Betran, A. P. (2016). Association between rates of caesarean section and maternal and neonatal mortality in the 21st century: A worldwide population-based ecological study with longitudinal data . An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 123(5), 745–753. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13592
- Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Meikle, S., Zheng, J., Sun, W., & Li, Z. (2008). Cesarean delivery on maternal request in southeast China. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 111(5), 1077–1082. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31816e349e