Effects of aerobic exercise on waist circumference, VO₂ max, blood glucose, insulin, and lipid index in middle-aged women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

References

• American College of Sports Medicine (2014). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (9th eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Bergström, I., Lombardo, C., & Brinck, J. (2009). Physical training decreases waist circumference in postmenopausal borderline overweight women. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 88(3), 308–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340802695942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochrane Collaboration (2019). RoB 2: A revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. https://methods.cochrane.org/bias/resources/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials. Accessed: July 28, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Dash, C., Taylor, T. R., Makambi, K. H., Hicks, J., Hagberg, J. M., & Adams-Campbell, L. L. (2018). Effect of exercise on metabolic syndrome in black women by family history and predicted risk of breast cancer: The FIERCE Study. Cancer, 124(16), 3355–3363. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Physical activity guidelines for Americans 2nd edition. Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Despres, J. P. (2001). Health consequences of visceral obesity. Annals of Medicine, 33(8), 534–541. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853890108995963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohm, G. L. (2002). Invited review: Regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 expression by exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 93(2), 782–787. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01266.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckel, R. H., Jakicic, J. M., Ard, J. D., de Jesus, J. M., Houston Miller, N., Hubbard, V. S., Lee, I.-M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Loria, C. M., Millen, B. E., Nonas, C. A., Sacks, F. M., Smith, S. C., Svetkey, L. P., Wadden, T. A., & Yanovski, S. Z, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. (2014). 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 63(25), 2960–2984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvao, D. A., Taaffe, D. R., Spry, N., Joseph, D., & Newton, R. U. (2011). Acute versus chronic exposure to androgen suppression for prostate cancer: Impact on the exercise response. Journal of Urology, 186(4), 1291–1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.05.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gower, B. A., Muñoz, J., Desmond, R., Hilario-Hailey, T., & Jiao, X. (2006). Changes in intra-abdominal fat in early postmenopausal women: Effects of hormone use. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 14(6), 1046–1055. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539–1558. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P., Green, S. (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0.: Cochrane Collaboration. http://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org. Accessed: January 12, 2018
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, J. F., & Klein, S. (2000). Lipid metabolism during endurance exercise. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(2 Suppl), 558S–563S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.2.558S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, H. T., Kim, S. Y., Kim, J., Kim, J., Kim, J., Park, H. A., …Shim, J. Y. (2015). Clinical practice guideline of prevention and treatment for metabolic syndrome. Korean Journal of Family Practice, 5(3), 375–420.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. W., & Kim, D. Y. (2012). Effects of aerobic exercise training on serum sex hormone binding globulin, body fat index, and metabolic syndrome factors in obese postmenopausal women. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 10(6), 452–457. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2012.0036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, W. E., Houmard, J. A., Duscha, B. D., Knetzger, K. J., Wharton, M. B., McCartney, J. S., Bales, C. W., Henes, S., Samsa, G. P., Otvos, J. D., Kulkarni, K. R., & Slentz, C. A. (2002). Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347(19), 1483–1492. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesser, I. A., Singer, J., Hoogbruin, A., Mackey, D. C., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Sohal, P., Leipsic, J., & Lear, S. A. (2016). Effectiveness of exercise on visceral adipose tissue in older South Asian women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(7), 1371–1378. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindheim, S. R., Notelovitz, M., Feldman, E. B., Larsen, S., Khan, F. Y., & Lobo, R. A. (1994). The independent effects of exercise and estrogen on lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 83(2), 167–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lizcano, F., & Guzmán, G. (2014). Estrogen deficiency and the origin of obesity during menopause. BioMed Research International, 2014, 757461. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/757461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoto, R., Moilanen, J., Heinonen, R., Mikkola, T., Raitanen, J., Tomas, E., Ojala, K., Mansikkamäki, K., & Nygård, C.-H. (2012). Effect of aerobic training on hot flushes and quality of life-a randomized controlled trial. Ann Med, 44(6), 616–626. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2011.583674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G, PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-Analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau, K. L., Degarmo, R., Langley, J., McMahon, C., Howley, E. T., Bassett, D. R., Jr,., & Thompson, D. L. (2001). Increasing daily walking lowers blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(11), 1825–1831. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200111000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, D. A., Boyden, T. W., Pamenter, R. W., Freund, B. J., Stini, W. A., Harrington, R., & Wilmore, J. H. (1986). Effects of aerobic training on exercise tolerance and echocardiographic dimensions in untrained postmenopausal women. American Heart Journal, 112(3), 561–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(86)90522-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donovan, G., Kearney, E. M., Nevill, A. M., Woolf-May, K., & Bird, S. R. (2005). The effects of 24 weeks of moderate- or high-intensity exercise on insulin resistance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(5-6), 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0040-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2018). 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/report/. Accessed: June 2, 2019
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, E. (2020). Understanding VO2 Max scores for women. https://www.verywellfit.com/vo2-max-norms-for-women-3120275. Accessed: March 1, 2020
   Google Scholar
• Review Manager (RevMan). (2014). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Center, The Cochrane Collaboration.
   Google Scholar
• Romijn, J. A., Coyle, E. F., Sidossis, L. S., Gastaldelli, A., Horowitz, J. F., Endert, E., & Wolfe, R. R. (1993). Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. The American Journal of Physiology, 265(3 Pt 1), E380–391. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.3.E380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salesi, M., Rabiee, S. Z., Shikhani-Shahin, H., & Sadegipour, H. R. (2014). Effect of a walking program on metabolic syndrome indexes in non-athlete menopausal women during 8 weeks. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences, 16(10), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jbums.16.10.68
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. (2010). Management of obesity: A national clinical guideline. https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-115-management-of-obesity.html. Accessed: March 15, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Seo, D. I., Jun, T. W., Park, K. S., Chang, H., So, W. Y., & Song, W. (2010). 12 weeks of combined exercise is better than aerobic exercise for increasing growth hormone in middle-aged women. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.20.1.21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, T. W., & Wen, H. J. (2013). Aerobic exercise affects T-wave alternans and heart rate variability in postmenopausal women. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(12), 1099–1105. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1343408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Wasserman, D. H., & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2004). Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(10), 2518–2539. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.10.2518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simkin, L. R., & Wing, R. R. (2000). Weight gain during menopause. Is it inevitable or can it be prevented? Postgraduate Medicine, 108(3), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2000.09.1.1204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan, C. A., Engels, H. J., Fahlman, M. M., Yarandi, H. E., & Davis, J. E. (2013). Effects of exercise on S-IGA and URS in postmenopausal women. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(01), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1314817
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swift, D. L., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., & Church, T. S. (2012). The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on endothelial function in postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: Results from the DREW study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(10), 753–758. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshima, N., Rogers, M. E., Islam, M. M., Yamauchi, T., Watanabe, E., & Okada, A. (2004). Effect of concurrent aerobic and resistance circuit exercise training on fitness in older adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(1-2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1193-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, A., Marzolini, S., Oh, P., McIlroy, W. E., & Brooks, D. (2013). Factors associated with change in aerobic capacity following an exercise program for individuals with stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 45(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., & Xu, D. (2017). Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16(1), 132.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0515-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, H. J., Huang, T. H., Li, T. L., Chong, P. N., & Ang, B. S. (2017). Effects of short-term step aerobics exercise on bone metabolism and functional fitness in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Osteoporosis International, 28(2), 539–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3759-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, P. T., & Franklin, B. (2007). Vigorous exercise and diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia medication use. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(11), 1933–1941. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318145b337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2008). Waist circumference and waist–hip ratio: report of a WHO Expert Consultation. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Chen, G., Lu, W., Yan, X., Zhu, S., Dai, Y., Xi, S., Yao, C., & Bai, W. (2014). Effects of physical exercise on health-related quality of life and blood lipids in perimenopausal women: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Menopause, 21(12), 1269–1276. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar