The effect of virtual reality on fetal movement, fetal heart rate, maternal satisfaction, fatigue, and anxiety levels and vital signs of pregnant women during non-stress test: A randomized controlled trial

References

• Akbarzade, M., Rafiee, B., Asadi, N., & Zare, N. (2015). The effect of maternal relaxation training on reactivity of non-stress test, Basal fetal heart rate, and number of fetal heart accelerations: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 3(1), 51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antepartum Fetal Surveillance: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 229. (2021). Obstetrics and Gynecology, 137(6), E116–E127. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çatalgöl, Ş., & Ceber Turfan, E. (2022). The effects of music therapy applied to pregnant women on maternal, fetal, and neonatal results: A randomized controlled study. Health Care for Women International, 43(5), 448–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2021.1944150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirico, A., Maiorano, P., Indovina, P., Milanese, C., Giordano, G. G., Alivernini, F., Iodice, G., Gallo, L., De Pietro, G., Lucidi, F., Botti, G., De Laurentiis, M., & Giordano, A. (2020). Virtual reality and music therapy as distraction interventions to alleviate anxiety and improve mood states in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 235(6), 5353–5362. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortés-Pérez, I., Sánchez-Alcalá, M., Nieto-Escámez, F. A., Castellote-Caballero, Y., Obrero-Gaitán, E., & Osuna-Pérez, M. C. (2021). Virtual reality-based therapy improves fatigue, impact, and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. A systematic review with a meta-analysis. Sensors, 21(21), 7389. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çürük, G. N., Göriş, S., Bayindir, S. K., & Doğan, Z. (2018). Effect of music therapy on patients’ anxiety and hemodynamic parameters during percutaneous coronary intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Acibadem University Health Sciences Journal, 9(2), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.31067/0.2018.3.
   Google Scholar
• Dolker, H. E., & Basar, F. (2019). The effect of music on the non-stress test and maternal anxiety. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 35, 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eijlers, R., Utens, E. M., Staals, L. M., de Nijs, P. F., Berghmans, J. M., Wijnen, R. M., Hillegers, M. H., Dierckx, B., & Legerstee, J. (2019). Meta-analysis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality in pediatrics: Effects on pain and anxiety. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 129(5), 1344–1353. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000004165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García González, J., Ventura Miranda, M. I., Requena Mullor, M., Parron Carreño, T., & Alarcón Rodriguez, R. (2018). Effects of prenatal music stimulation on state/trait anxiety in full-term pregnancy and its influence on childbirth: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 31(8), 1058–1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1306511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebuza, G., Dombrowska, A., Kaźmierczak, M., Gierszewska, M., & Mieczkowska, E. (2017). The effect of music therapy on the cardiac activity parameters of a fetus in a cardiotocographic examination. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 30(20), 2440–2445. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1253056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gift, A. G. (1989). Visual analogue scales: Measurement of subjective phenomena. Nursing Research, 38(5), 286–287. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198909000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gür, E. Y., & Apay, S. E. (2020). The effect of cognitive behavioral techniques using virtual reality on birth pain: A randomized controlled trial. Midwifery, 91, 102856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2020.102856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajesmaeel-Gohari, S., Sarpourian, F., & Shafiei, E. (2021). Virtual reality applications to assist pregnant women: A scoping review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(1), 1–8.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03725-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannou, A., Papastavrou, E., Avraamides, M. N., & Charalambous, A. (2020). Virtual reality and symptoms management of anxiety, depression, fatigue, and pain: A systematic review. SAGE Open Nursing, 6, 2377960820936163. https://doi.org/10.1177/2377960820936163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JahaniShoorab, N., Ebrahimzadeh Zagami, S., Nahvi, A., Mazluom, S. R., Golmakani, N., Talebi, M., & Pabarja, F. (2015). The effect of virtual reality on pain in primiparity women during episiotomy repair: A randomize clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 40, 219–224. PMC4430883. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4430883/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kafali, H., Derbent, A., Keskin, E., Simavli, S., & Gözdemir, E. (2011). Effect of maternal anxiety and music on fetal movements and fetal heart rate patterns. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 24(3), 461–464. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2010.501122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoshkholgh, R., Keshavarz, T., Moshfeghy, Z., Akbarzadeh, M., Asadi, N., & Zare, N. (2016). Comparison of the effects of two auditory methods by mother and fetus on the results of non-stress test (baseline fetal heart rate and number of accelerations) in pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial. J Family Reprod Health, 10, 27–34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koo, C.-H., Park, J.-W., Ryu, J.-H., & Han, S.-H. (2020). The effect of virtual reality on preoperative anxiety: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(10), 3151. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Küçükkelepçe, D. Ş., & Taşhan, S. (2018). The effect of music on the results of a non-stress test: A non-randomized controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine (EuJIM), 18, 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2018.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahti, S., Suominen, A., Freeman, R., Lähteenoja, T., & Humphris, G. (2020). Virtual reality relaxation to decrease dental anxiety: Immediate effect randomized clinical trial. JDR Clinical and Translational Research, 5(4), 312–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/2380084420901679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, M. O., Kim, Y. J., Baek, C. H., Kim, J. H., Park, N. M., Yu, M. J., & Song, H. S. (2016). Effect of music intervention on maternal anxiety and fetal heart rate pattern during non-stress test. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 46(3), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.3.315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oner, N., & Le Compte, A. (1998). The discontinuous state/trait anxiety inventory handbook (2nd ed.). Bogazici University Publications, Istanbul.
   Google Scholar
• Pirhadi, P. (2015). The effect of vibroacoustic stimulation and music on fetal movement. International Journal of Pediatrics, 3, 903–908. http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_4857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirinçci, E., Polat, A., Köroğlu, A., & Kumru, S. (2010). Prenatal care conditions of women who delivered in an university hospital and influencing factors. Journal of Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, 11(2), 111–117.
   Google Scholar
• Rutkowski, S., Czech, O., Wrzeciono, A., Kiper, P., Szczepańska-Gieracha, J., & Malicka, I. (2021). Virtual reality as a chemotherapy support in treatment of anxiety and fatigue in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis and future research directions. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 61, 102767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, J.-H., Park, J.-W., Nahm, F., Jeon, Y.-T., Oh, A.-Y., Lee, H., Kim, J.-H., & Han, S.-H. (2018). The effect of gamification through a virtual reality on preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia: A prospective, randomized, and controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(9), 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shourab, N. J., Zagami, S. E., Golmakhani, N., Mazlom, S. R., Nahvi, A., Pabarja, F., Talebi, M., & Rizi, S. M. (2016). Virtual reality and anxiety in primiparous women during episiotomy repair. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 21(5), 521–526. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-9066.193417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soylu, N., Bülbül, T., & Müderris, İ. (2022). The effect of music on fetal well-being and anxiety levels and vital signs of pregnant women during non-stress test: Turkey sample. Health Care for Women International, 43(5), 499–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2021.1973010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teckenberg-Jansson, P., Turunen, S., Pölkki, T., Lauri-Haikala, M.-J., Lipsanen, J., Henelius, A., Aitokallio-Tallberg, A., Pakarinen, S., Leinikka, M., & Huotilainen, M. (2019). Effects of live music therapy on heart rate variability and self-reported stress and anxiety among hospitalized pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 28(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/08098131.2018.1546223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toker, E., & Kömürcü, N. (2017). Effect of Turkish classical music on prenatal anxiety and satisfaction: A randomized controlled trial in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 30, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2016.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toosi, M., Akbarzadeh, M., & Ghaemi, Z. (2017). The effect of relaxation on mother’s anxiety and maternal–fetal attachment in primiparous IVF mothers. Journal of the National Medical Association, 109(3), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2017.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umana, O. D., & Siccardi, M. A. (2020). Prenatal non-stress test. In Stat pearls [Internet]. Stat Pearls Publishing. Retreived 2021, July 13, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537123/
   Google Scholar