“A Liberal Is Someone Who Has Not Been Mugged”: Criminal Victimization and Political Beliefs

References

• Alwin , D. F. and Hauser , R. M. 1975 . The decomposition of effects in path analysis . American Sociological Review , 40 : 37 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alwin , D. F. and Krosnick , J. A. 1991 . Aging, cohorts, and the stability of sociopolitical orientations over the life span . American Journal of Sociology , 97 : 169 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Applegate , B. K. 1997 . Specifying public support for rehabilitation: A factorial survey approach , Cincinnati, OH : University of Cincinnati . Unpublished dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Applegate , B. K. , Cullen , F. T. , Fisher , B. S. and Vander Ven , T. 2000 . Forgiveness and fundamentalism: Reconsidering the relationship between correctional attitudes and religion . Criminology , 38 : 719 – 751 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkan , S. E. , Steven , E. and Cohn , S. F. 1994 . Racial prejudice and support for the death penalty by whites . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 31 : 202 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumer , E. P. , Messner , S. F. and Rosenfeld , R. 2003 . Explaining spatial variation in support for capital punishment: A multilevel analysis . American Journal of Sociology , 108 : 844 – 875 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett , K. 1997 . Making crime pay: Law and order in contemporary American politics , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , W. J. , DiIulio , J. J., Jr. and Walters , J. P. 1996 . Body count: Moral poverty and how to win America's war against crime and drugs , New York : Simon & Shuster .
   Google Scholar
• Bobo , L. and Johnson , D. 2004 . A taste for punishment black and white American's views on the death penalty and the war on drugs . Du Bois Review , 1 : 151 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Bobo , L. and Kluegel , J. R. 1993 . Opposition to race‐targeting: Self‐interest, stratification ideology, or racial attitudes? . American Sociological Review , 58 : 443 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canetti , D. and Pedahzur , A. 2002 . The effects of contextual and psychological variables on extreme right‐wing sentiments . Social Behavior and Personality , 30 : 317 – 334 .
   Google Scholar
• Cao , L. , Cullen , F. T. and Link , B. G. 1997 . The social determinants of gun ownership: Self‐protection in an urban environment . Criminology , 35 : 629 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , J. December 15 2004 . “ Americans and the death penalty Gallup reviews public opinion on the death penalty in wake of Scott Peterson case ” . In Gallup Organization December 15 ,
   Google Scholar
• Catalano , S. M. 2004 . “ Criminal victimization, 2003 ” . In Bureau of Justice Statistics Retrieved February 6, 2005, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cv03.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cesaroni , C. and Doob , A. N. 2003 . The decline in support for penal welfarism: Evidence of support among the elite for punitive segregation . British Journal of Criminology , 43 : 434 – 441 .
   Google Scholar
• Chiricos , T. and Eschholz , S. 2002 . The racial and ethnic typification of crime and the criminal typification of race and ethnicity in local television news . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 39 : 400 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiricos , T. , Welch , K. and Getz , M. 2004 . Racial typification of crime and support for punitive measures . Criminology , 42 : 359 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clear , T. R. 1994 . Harm in American penology: Offenders, victims, and their communities , Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cochran , J. K. and Chamlin , M. B. 2006 . The enduring racial divide in death penalty support . Journal of Criminal Justice , 34 : 85 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen , F. T. , Clark , G. A. , Cullen , J. B. and Mathers , R. A. 1985 . Attribution salience, and attitudes toward criminal sentencing . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 12 : 305 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen , F. T. and Gilbert , K. E. 1982 . Reaffirming rehabilitation , Cincinnati, OH : Anderson .
   Google Scholar
• DiIulio , J. J., Jr. 1997 . Are voters fools? Crime, public opinion, and representative democracy . Corrections Management Quarterly , 1 : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Duckitt , J. and Fisher , K. 2003 . The impact of social threat on worldview and ideological attitudes . Political Psychology , 24 : 199 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaway , R. G. and Cullen , F. T. 1991 . Explaining crime ideology: An exploration of the parental socialization perspective . Crime and Delinquency , 37 : 536 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , P. C. and Gross , S. R. 1994 . Hardening of the attitudes: Americans’ views on the death penalty . Journal of Social Issues , 50 : 19 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , T. D. and Adams , M. 2003 . Salvation or damnation? Religion and correctional ideology . American Journal of Criminal Justice , 28 : 15 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Feagin , J. R. and O'Brien , E. 2003 . White men on race: Power, privilege, and the shaping of cultural consciousness , New York : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feld , B. C. 2003 . The politics of race and juvenile justice: The “due process revolution” and the conservative reaction . Justice Quarterly , 20 : 765 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman , S. 2003 . Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism . Political Psychology , 24 : 41 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman , S. and Stenner , K. 1997 . Perceived threat and authoritarianism . Political Psychology , 18 : 741 – 770 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraro , K. F. 1995 . Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk , Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Franken , A. 2003 . Lies (and the lying liars who tell them): A fair and balanced look at the right , New York : Dutton .
   Google Scholar
• Garland , D. 2001 . The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gilens , M. 1995 . Racial attitudes and opposition to welfare . Journal of Politics , 57 : 994 – 1014 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasmick , H. G. and McGill , A. L. 1994 . Religion, attributional style, and punitiveness toward juvenile offenders . Criminology , 32 : 23 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. and Jonas , E. 2003 . Psychological motives and political orientation—the left, the right, and the rigid: Comment on Jost et al. (2003) . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 376 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan , J. , Shedd , C. and Payne , M. R. 2005 . Race, ethnicity, and youth perceptions of criminal injustice . American Sociological Review , 70 : 381 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddy , L. , Feldman , S. , Taber , C. and Lahav , G. 2005 . Threat, anxiety, and support for antiterrorism policies . American Journal of Political Science , 49 : 593 – 608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , D. and Carmichael , J. T. 2002 . The political sociology of the death penalty: A pooled time‐series analysis . American Sociological Review , 67 : 109 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. 2001 . Punitive attitudes on crime: Economic insecurity, racial prejudice, or both? . Sociological Forces , 34 : 33 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. Punishing views: Race, public opinion and harsh criminal justice practices . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association . August , Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Jost , J. T. , Glaser , J. , Kruglanski , A. W. and Sulloway , F. J. 2003 . Political conservatism as motivated social cognition . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 339 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinder , D. R. 1998 . “ Opinion and action in the realm of politics ” . In The handbook of social psychology , (4th ed.) , Edited by: Gilbert , D. T. , Fiske , S. T. and Lindsey , G. Vol. 2 , 778 – 867 . Boston : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Kinder , D. R. and Sanders , L. M. 1996 . Divided by color: Racial politics and democratic ideals , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kinder , D. R. and Winter , N. 2001 . Exploring the racial divide: Blacks, whites, and opinion on national policy . American Journal of Political Science , 45 : 439 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langworthy , R. H. and Whitehead , J. T. 1986 . Liberalism and fear as explanations of punitiveness . Criminology , 24 : 575 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limbaugh , R. 1993 . The way things ought to be , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Mendelberg , T. 1997 . Executing Hortons: Racial crime in the 1988 presidential campaign . Public Opinion Quarterly , 61 : 134 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , W. B. 1973 . Ideology and criminal justice policy: Some current issues . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 64 : 141 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller , G. L. 1989 . Fear of criminal victimization: The effect of neighborhood racial composition . Sociological Inquiry , 59 : 208 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neubeck , K. J. and Cazenave , N. A. 2001 . Welfare racism: Playing the race card against America's poor , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Page , B. I and Shapiro , R. Y. 1992 . The rational public: Fifty years of trends in Americans’ policy preferences , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peffley , M. and Hurwitz , J. 2002 . The racial components of “race‐neutral” crime policy attitudes . Political Psychology , 23 : 59 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center for the People & the Press . 2000 . PSRA/Pew Poll # 2000–04NII: April 2000 News Interest Index—Clinton Impeachment/Gun Control/Safety of Schools/Columbine Shooting. Princeton Survey Research Associates 2000 , Storrs, CT : The Roper Center, University of Connecticut .
   Google Scholar
• Platt , A. M. 2001 . Social insecurity: The transformation of American criminal justice, 1965–2000 . Social Justice , 28 : 138 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Reinarman , C. and Levine , H. G. 1989 . Crack in context: Politics and media in the making of a drug scare . Contemporary Drug Problems , 16 : 535 – 578 .
   Google Scholar
• Rich , R. F. and Sampson , R. J. 1990 . Public perceptions of criminal justice policy: Does victimization make a difference? . Violence and Victims , 5 : 109 – 118 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts , J. V. and Stalans , L. 1997 . Public opinion, crime, and criminal justice , Boulder, CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Sears , D. O. 1975 . “ Political behavior ” . In Handbook of political science , Edited by: Greenstein , F. I. and Polsby , N. W. Vol. 2 , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Sears , D. O. and Funk , C. L. 1990 . “ Self‐interest in Americans’ political opinions ” . In Beyond self‐interest , Edited by: Mansbridge , J. J. 147 – 170 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sears , D. O. , Lau , R. R. , Tyler , T. R. and Allen , H. M. 1980 . Self‐interest vs. symbolic politics in policy attitudes and presidential voting . American Political Science Review , 74 : 670 – 684 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims , B. 2003 . The impact of causal attribution on correctional ideology: A national study . Criminal Justice Review , 28 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Skogan , W. and Maxfield , M. 1981 . Coping with crime , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Skogan , W. G. 1995 . Crime and the racial fears of white Americans . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 539 : 59 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , T. W. 1990 . Liberal and conservative trends in the united states since World War II . Public Opinion Quarterly , 54 : 479 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soss , J. , Langbein , L. and Metelko , A. R. 2003 . Why do white Americans support the death penalty? . Journal of Politics , 65 : 397 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St. John , C. and Heald‐Moore , T. 1995 . Fear of black strangers . Social Scientific Research , 24 : 262 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St. John , C. and Heald‐Moore , T. 1996 . Racial prejudice and fear of criminal victimization by strangers in public settings . Sociological Inquiry , 66 : 267 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stack , S. 2000 . Support for the death penalty: A gender‐specific model . Sex Roles , 43 : 163 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stack , S. 2003 . Authoritarianism and support for the death penalty: A multivariate analysis . Sociological Inquiry , 66 : 267 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , G. D. , Scheppele , K. L. and Stinchcombe , A. L. 1979 . Salience of crime and support for harsher criminal sanctions . Social Problems , 26 : 413 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tygart , C. E. 1996 . Do fear of crime victimization and/or ideological orientation increase support for increased punishment? . International Journal of Group Tensions , 26 : 215 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Unnever , J. D. and Cullen , F. T. 2005 . Executing the innocent and support for capital punishment: Implications for public policy . Criminology and Public Policy , 4 : 1 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Unnever , J. D. and Cullen , F. T. 2006 . Are Christian fundamentalists radical supporters of capital punishment? . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 43 : 69 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Unnever , J. D. and Cullen , F. T. 2007a . Reassessing the racial divide in support for capital punishment: The continuing significance of race . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 44 : 124 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unnever , J. D. and Cullen , F. T. 2007b . The racial divide in support for the death penalty: Does white racism matter? . Social Forces , 85 : 1281 – 1301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unnever , J. D. , Cullen , F. T. and Applegate , B. K. 2005 . Turning the other cheek: Reassessing the impact of religion on punitive ideology . Justice Quarterly , 22 : 304 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warr , M. 1990 . Dangerous situations: Social context and fear of victimization . Social Forces , 68 : 891 – 907 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warr , M. 1995 . Poll trends: Public opinion on crime and punishment . Public Opinion Quarterly , 59 : 296 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. Q. 1975 . Thinking about crime , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Young , R. L . 1992 . Religious orientation, race and support for the death penalty . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 31 : 76 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar