3,357
Views
60
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Striking Out: Race and Support for Police Use of Force

Pages 592-623 | Published online: 23 Jul 2009

References

  • Adams , K. 1996 . “ Measuring the prevalence of police abuse of force ” . In Police violence: Understanding and controlling police abuse of force , Edited by: Geller , W. A. and Toch , H. 52 – 93 . New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
  • Adams , K. 1999 . What we know about police use of force: Use of force by police: Overview of national and local data (NCJ 176330) , Washington, DC : US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics .
  • Alpert , G. P. and Dunham , R. G. 2004 . Understanding police use of force: Officers, suspects and reciprocity , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Alpert , G. P. and Smith , M. R. 1994 . How reasonable is the reasonable man: Police and excessive force . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 85 : 481 – 501 .
  • Arthur , J. A. 1993 . Interpersonal violence, criminal victimization and attitudes toward police use of force . International Review of Modern Sociology , 23 : 91 – 106 .
  • Arthur , J. A. and Case , C. E. 1994 . Race, class and support for police use of force . Crime, Law and Social Change , 21 : 167 – 182 .
  • Barkan , S. E. and Cohn , S. F. 1998 . Racial prejudice and support by whites for police use of force: A research note . Justice Quarterly , 15 : 743 – 753 .
  • Barkan , S. E. and Cohn , S. F. 2005 . Why whites favor spending more money to right crime: The role of racial prejudice . Social Problems , 52 : 300 – 314 .
  • Bayley , D. and Mendelsohn , H. 1969 . Minorities and the police , New York : Free Press .
  • Blalock , H. 1967 . Toward a theory of minority group relations , New York : Capricorn .
  • Blauner , R. 1992 . Racial oppression in America , New York : Harper and Row .
  • Blumer , H. 1958 . Race prejudice as a sense of group position . Pacific Sociological Review , 1 : 3 – 7 .
  • Bobo , L. D. and Johnson , D. 2001 . Race, crime and public opinion study , Cambridge, MA : Department of Sociology, Harvard University .
  • Bobo , L. D. and Johnson , D. 2004 . A taste for punishment: Black and White Americans’ views on the death penalty and the war on drugs . Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , 1 : 151 – 180 .
  • Bobo , L. D. and Zubrinsky , C. 2000 . Attitudes on residential integration: Perceived status differences, mere in‐group preference, or racial prejudice? . Social Forces , 74 : 883 – 909 .
  • Brame , R. 2000 . Investigating treatment effects in a domestic violence experiment with partially missing outcome data . Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 16 : 283 – 314 .
  • Brame , R. and Pasternoster , R. 2003 . Missing data problems in criminological research: Two case studies . Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 19 : 55 – 78 .
  • Brick , J. M. and Kalton , G. 1996 . Handling missing data in survey research . Statistical Methods in Medical Research , 5 : 215 – 238 .
  • Bridenball , B. and Jesilow , P. 2008 . What matters: The formation of attitudes toward the police . Police Quarterly , 11 : 151 – 181 .
  • Browning , S. L. , Cullen , F. T. , Cao , L. , Kopache , R. and Stevenson , T. J. 1994 . Race and getting hassled by the police: A research note . Police Studies , 17 : 1 – 11 .
  • Brunson , R. K. 2007 . “Police don’t like black people”: African‐American young men’s accumulated police experiences . Criminology and Public Policy , 6 : 71 – 102 .
  • Brunson , R. K. and Miller , J. 2006 . Young black men and urban policing in the United States . British Journal of Criminology , 46 : 613 – 640 .
  • Cao , L. 1999 . Curbing police brutality: What works? A reanalysis of citizen complaints at the organizational level (NCJ‐192518) , Washington, DC : US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice .
  • Chambliss , W. J. 1999 . Power, politics and crime , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
  • Charles , C. Z. 2000 . Neighborhood racial‐composition preferences: Evidence from a multiethnic metropolis . Social Problems , 47 : 379 – 407 .
  • Cohn , S. , Barkan , S. and Halteman , W. 1991 . Punitive attitudes toward criminals: Racial consensus or racial conflict? . Social Problems , 38 : 287 – 296 .
  • Connell , N. M. , Miggans , K. and McGloin , J. M. 2008 . Can a community policing initiative reduce serious crime?: A local evaluation . Police Quarterly , 11 : 127 – 150 .
  • Cullen , F. T. , Cao , L. , Frank , J. , Langworthy , R. H. , Browning , S. L. Kopache , R. 1996 . “Stop or I’ll shoot”: Racial differences in support for police use of deadly force . American Behavioral Scientist , 39 : 449 – 460 .
  • De Leeuw , E. D. 2001 . Reducing missing data in surveys: An overview of methods . Quality and Quantity , 35 : 147 – 160 .
  • Devine , P. G. and Elliot , A. J. 1995 . Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 21 : 1139 – 1150 .
  • Engel , R. S. 2003 . How supervisory styles influence patrol officer behavior: Research for Practice (NCJ 194078) , Washington, DC : Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice .
  • Entman , R. M. 1992 . Blacks in the news: Television, modern racism and cultural change . Journalism Quarterly , 69 : 341 – 361 .
  • Entman , R. M. and Rojecki , A. 2000 . The black image in the white mind: Media and race in America , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Feagin , J. R. 1991 . The continuing significance of race: Antiblack discrimination in public places . American Sociological Review , 56 : 101 – 116 .
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation . 2007 . Crime in the United States, 2006 , Washington, DC : Department of Justice . Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2006/
  • Finn , P. 2001 . Citizen review of police: Approaches and implementation (NCJ‐184430) , Washington, DC : US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice .
  • Flanagan , T. J. and Vaughn , M. S. 1996 . “ Public opinion about police abuse of force ” . In Police violence: Understanding and controlling police abuse of force , Edited by: Geller , W. A. and Toch , H. 113 – 128 . New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
  • Frank , J. , Brandl , J. S. , Cullen , F. T. and Stichman , A. 1996 . Reassessing the impact of race on citizens’ attitudes toward the police: A research note . Justice Quarterly , 13 : 321 – 334 .
  • Fyfe , J. J. 1982 . Blind justice: Police shootings in Memphis . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 73 : 707 – 722 .
  • Garner , J. H. , Buchanan , J. , Schade , T. and Hepburn , J. 1996 . Understanding the use of force by and against the police (Research in Brief, November 1996) , Washington, DC : Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice .
  • Garner , J. H. and Maxwell , C. D. 2002 . Understanding the use of force by and against the police in six jurisdictions (NCJ 196694) , Washington, DC : Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice .
  • Geller , W. A. and Toch , H. 1995 . And justice for all: Understanding and controlling police abuse of force , Washington, DC : Police Executive Research Forum .
  • Gilliard‐Matthews , S. , Kowalski , B. R. and Lundman , R. L. 2008 . Officer race and citizen‐reported traffic ticket decisions by police in 1999 and 2002 . Police Quarterly , 11 : 202 – 219 .
  • Gomes , R. C. and Williams , L. F. 1990 . Race and crime: The role of the media in perpetuating racism and classism in America . Urban League Review , 14 : 57 – 69 .
  • Graber , D. A. 1980 . Crime news and the public , New York : Praeger .
  • Greenfield , L. A. , Langan , P. A. , Smith , S. K. and Kaminski , R. J. 1997 . Police use of force: National data collection (NCJ‐165040) , Washington, DC : US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics .
  • Hagan , J. and Albonetti , C. 1982 . Race, class, and the perception of criminal injustice in America . American Journal of Sociology , 88 : 329 – 355 .
  • Hagan , J. , Shedd , C. and Payne , M. R. 2006 . Race, ethnicity and youth perceptions of criminal injustice . American Sociological Review , 70 : 381 – 407 .
  • Halim , S. and Stiles , B. 2001 . Differential support for police use of force, the death penalty, and perceived harshness of the courts: The effects of race, gender and region . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 28 : 3 – 23 .
  • Hawdon , J. E. , Ryan , J. and Griffin , S. P. 2003 . Policing tactics and perceptions of police legitimacy . Police Quarterly , 6 (4) : 469 – 491 .
  • Hawkins , D. F. 1987 . Beyond anomalies: Rethinking the conflict perspective on race and criminal punishment . Social Forces , 65 : 719 – 745 .
  • Hawkins , H. and Thomas , R. 1991 . “ White policing of black populations: A history of race and social control in America ” . In Out of order? Policing black people , Edited by: Cashmore , E. and McLaughlin , E. 65 – 86 . New York : Routledge .
  • Henderson , M. L. , Cullen , F. T. , Cao , L. , Browning , S. L. and Kopache , R. 1997 . The impact of race on perceptions of criminal injustice . Journal of Criminal Justice , 25 : 447 – 462 .
  • Herbert , S. 2006 . Tangled up in blue: Conflicting paths to police legitimacy . Theoretical Criminology , 10 : 481 – 504 .
  • Hickman , M. J. and Reaves , B. A. 2006 . Local police departments, 2003 (NCJ‐210118) , Washington, DC : US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics .
  • Huang , W. and Vaughn , M. 1996 . “ Support and confidence: Public attitudes toward the police ” . In Americans view crime and justice: A national survey of public opinion , Edited by: Flanagan , T. and Longmire , D. 31 – 46 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Hurst , Y. G. , Frank , J. and Browning , S. L. 2000 . The attitudes of juveniles toward the police: A comparison of white and black youth . Policing , 23 : 37 – 53 .
  • Hurwitz , J. and Peffley , M. 1997 . Public perceptions of race and crime: The role of racial stereotypes . American Journal of Political Science , 41 : 375 – 401 .
  • Hurwitz , J. and Peffley , M. 2005 . Explaining the great racial divide: Perceptions of fairness in the U.S. criminal justice system . Journal of Politics , 67 : 762 – 783 .
  • International Association of Chiefs of Police . 2001 . Police use of force in America Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www.theiacp.org/documents/pdfs/Publications/2001useofforce.pdf
  • Jackson , P. I. and Carroll , L. 1981 . Race and the war on crime: The sociopolitical determinants of municipal police expenditures in 90 non‐southern U.S. cities . American Sociological Review , 46 : 290 – 305 .
  • Jacobs , D. and O’Brien , R. M. 1998 . The determinants of deadly force: A structural analysis of police violence . American Journal of Sociology , 103 : 837 – 862 .
  • Jefferis , E. , Kaminski , R. , Holmes , S. and Hanley , D. 1997 . The effect of a videotaped arrest on public perceptions of police use of force . Journal of Criminal Justice , 25 : 381 – 395 .
  • Johnson , D. 2001 . Punitiveness on crime: Economic insecurity, racial prejudice, or both? . Sociological Focus , 34 : 33 – 54 .
  • Johnson , D. 2008 . Racial prejudice, perceived injustice and the black‐white gap in punitive attitudes . Journal of Criminal Justice , 36 (2) : 198 – 206 .
  • Kalven , H. and Zeisel , H. 1966 . The American jury , Boston : Little, Brown .
  • Kent , S. L. and Jacobs , D. 2005 . Minority threat and police strength from 1980 to 2000: A fixed‐effects analysis of nonlinear and interactive effects in large U.S. cities . Criminology , 43 : 731 – 761 .
  • Kinder , D. R. and Palfrey , T. 1993 . “ On behalf of an experimental political science ” . In Experimental foundations of political science , Edited by: Palfrey , T. 1 – 42 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
  • Kinder , D. R. and Sanders , L. M. 1996 . Divided by color: Racial politics and democratic ideals , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Kinnaird , B. A. 2003 . Use of force: Expert guidance for decisive force response , New York : Looseleaf Law .
  • Langan , P. A. , Greenfeld , L. A. , Smith , S. K. , Durose , M. R. and Levin , D. J. 2001 . Contracts between the police and the public: Findings from the 1999 national survey (NCJ‐184957) , Washington, DC : Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs .
  • Lersch , K. M. 2001 . “ Police misconduct and minority citizens: Exploring key issues ” . In Police misconduct: A reader for the 21st century , Edited by: Palmiotto , M. J. 58 – 71 . Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Levin , J. and Thomas , A. 1997 . Experimentally manipulating race: Perceptions of police brutality in an arrest: A research note . Justice Quarterly , 14 : 577 – 586 .
  • Liska , A. , Chamlin , M. and Reed , M. 1985 . Testing the economic production and conflict models of crime control . Social Forces , 64 : 119 – 138 .
  • Locke , H. G. 1995 . “ The color of law and the issue of color: Race and the abuse of police power ” . In And justice for all: Understanding and controlling police abuse of force , Edited by: Geller , W. A. and Toch , H. 133 – 150 . Washington, DC : Police Executive Research Forum .
  • Mann , C. R. 1993 . Unequal justice: A question of color , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
  • Mastrofski , S. , Snipes , J. and Supina , A. 1996 . Compliance on demand: The public’s response to specific police requests . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 33 : 269 – 305 .
  • Maxson , C. , Hennigan , K. and Sloane , D. C. 2003 . Factors that influence public opinion of the police (NCJ‐197925) , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice .
  • Pate , A. M. and Fridell , L. A. 1993 . Police use of force: Official reports, citizen complaints, and legal consequences , Washington, DC : Police Foundation .
  • Petrocelli , M. , Piquero , A. R. and Smith , M. R. 2003 . Conflict theory and racial profiling: An empirical analysis of police traffic stop data . Journal of Criminal Justice , 31 : 1 – 11 .
  • Quinney , R. 1970 . The social reality of crime , Boston : Little, Brown .
  • Ross , D. L. 2002 . An assessment of Graham v. Conner, ten years later . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 25 : 294 – 318 .
  • Schmitt , E. L. , Langan , P. A. and Durose , M. R. 2002 . Characteristics of drivers stopped by police, 1999 (NCJ 191548) , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics .
  • Skolnick , J. and Fyfe , J. 1993 . Above the law: Police and the use of excessive force , New York : Free Press .
  • Smith , M. R. 1998 . Police use of deadly force: How courts and policy‐makers have misapplied . Tennessee v. Garner. Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy , 7 : 100 – 121 .
  • Smith , T. W. 1991 . Ethnic images in the United States . The Polling Report , 7 : 1 – 8 .
  • Smith , P. E. and Hawkins , R. O. 1973 . Victimization, types of citizen‐police contacts, and attitudes toward the police . Law and Society Review , 8 : 135 – 152 .
  • Stewart , E. A. 2007 . Either they don’t know or they don’t care: Black males and negative police experiences . Criminology and Public Policy , 6 : 71 – 102 .
  • Sunshine , J. and Tyler , T. R. 2003 . The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing . Law and Society Review , 37 : 513 – 547 .
  • Taylor , T. J. , Turner , K. B. , Esbensen , F. and Winfree , T. L. Jr. 2001 . Coppin’ an attitude: Attitudinal differences among juveniles toward police . Journal of Criminal Justice , 29 : 295 – 305 .
  • Terrill , W. 2003 . Police use of force and suspect resistance: The micro‐process of the police–suspect encounter . Police Quarterly , 6 : 51 – 83 .
  • Terrill , W. and Reisig , M. 2003 . Neighborhood context and police use of force . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 40 : 291 – 321 .
  • Thompson , B. and Lee , J. 2004 . Who cares if police become violent? Explaining approval of police use of force using a national sample . Sociological Inquiry , 74 : 381 – 410 .
  • Tuch , S. A. and Weitzer , R. 1997 . Trends: Racial differences in attitudes toward the police . Public Opinion Quarterly , 61 : 642 – 663 .
  • Turk , A. 1969 . Criminality and legal order , Chicago : Rand McNally .
  • Tyler , T. R. 1990 . Why people obey the law , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
  • Tyler , T. R. 2004 . Enhancing police legitimacy . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 593 : 84 – 99 .
  • Tyler , T. R. 2006 . Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation . Annual Review of Psychology , 57 : 375 – 400 .
  • Tyler , T. R. and Hou , Y. J. 2002 . Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts , New York : Russell‐Sage Foundation .
  • Unnever , J. D. and Cullen , F. T. 2007 . Reassessing the racial divide in support for capital punishment: The continuing significance of race . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 44 : 124 – 158 .
  • Walker , S. , Spohn , C. and Delone , M. 2000 . The color of justice: Race, ethnicity and crime in America , Stamford, CT : Wadsworth .
  • Weisburd , D. , Greenspan , R. , Hamilton , E. , Bryant , K. and Williams , H. 2001 . The abuse of police authority: A national study of police officers’ attitudes , Washington, DC : The Police Foundation .
  • Weitzer , R. 1999 . Citizens’ perceptions of police misconduct: Race and neighborhood context . Justice Quarterly , 16 : 819 – 846 .
  • Weitzer , R. 2000 . White, black or blue cops? Race and citizen assessments of police officers . Journal of Criminal Justice , 28 : 313 – 324 .
  • Weitzer , R. 2002 . Incidents of police misconduct and public opinion . Journal of Criminal Justice , 30 : 397 – 408 .
  • Weitzer , R. and Tuch , S. 2004 . Race and perceptions of police misconduct . Social Problems , 51 : 305 – 325 .
  • Weitzer , R. and Tuch , S. 2005 . Racially biased policing: Determinants of citizen perceptions . Social Forces , 83 : 1009 – 1030 .
  • Weitzer , R. and Tuch , S. 2006 . Race and policing in America: Conflict and reform , New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Williams , J. S. , Thomas , C. W. and Singh , B. K. 1983 . Situational use of police force: Public reactions . American Journal of Police , 3 : 37 – 50 .
  • Wilson , G. and Dunham , R. 2001 . Race, class and attitudes toward crime control: The views of the African‐American middle class . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 28 : 259 – 278 .
  • Wortley , S. , Hagan , J. and Macmillan , R. 1997 . Just des(s)erts? The racial polarization of perceptions of criminal injustice . Law and Society Review , 31 : 637 – 676 .

Cases Cited

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.