Racial Discrimination and Hirschi's Criminological Classic: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge

References

• Agnew , R. 2001 . Juvenile delinquency: Causes and control , Los Angeles : Roxbury .
   Google Scholar
• Agnew , R. 2006a . Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory , Los Angeles : Roxbury .
   Google Scholar
• Agnew , R. 2006b . “ General strain theory: Current status and directions for future research ” . In Taking stock: The status of criminological theory—Advances in criminological theory , Edited by: Cullen , F. T. , Wright , J. P. and Blevins , K. R. Vol. 15 , 101 – 123 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Akers , R. L. and Sellers , C. S. 2004 . Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application , (4th ed.) , Los Angeles : Roxbury .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , E. 1999 . Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Andrews , D. A. and Bonta , J. 2006 . The psychology of criminal conduct , (4th ed.) , Cincinnati, OH : Anderson/LexisNexis .
   Google Scholar
• Beckett , K. 1997 . Making crime pay: Law and order in contemporary American politics , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , D. 1992 . Faces at the bottom of the well: The permanence of racism , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Blau , J. R. and Blau , P. M. 1982 . The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime . American Sociological Review , 47 : 114 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobo , L. 1997 . Race, public opinion, and the social sphere . Public Opinion Quarterly , 61 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobo , L. , Kluegel , J. F. and Smith , R. A. 1997 . “ Laissez‐faire racism: The crystallization of a kinder, gentler, antiblack ideology ” . In Racial attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and change , Edited by: Tuch , S. A. and Martin , J. K. 15 – 42 . Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Brody , G. H. , Chen , Y.‐F. , Murry , V. M. , Ge , X. , Simons , R. L. Gibbons , F. X. 2006 . Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five‐year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects . Child Development , 77 : 1170 – 1189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , C. S. and Bigler , R. S. 2005 . Children's perceptions of discrimination: A developmental model . Child Development , 76 : 533 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , T. N. , Tanner‐Smith , E. E. , Lesane‐Brown , C. L. and Ezell , M. E. 2007 . Child, parent, and situational correlates of familial ethnic/race socialization . Journal of Marriage and Family , 69 : 14 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruinius , H. 2006 . Better for all the world: The secret history of forced sterilization and America's quest for racial purity , New York : Alfred A. Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Buckler , K. , Unnever , J. D. and Cullen , F. T. 2008 . Perceptions of injustice revisited: A test of Hagan et al.'s comparative conflict theory . Journal of Crime and Justice , 31 : 35 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Burton , V. S. Jr. and Cullen , F. T. 1992 . The empirical status of strain theory . Journal of Crime and Justice , 15 (2) : 1 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Cao , L. 2003 . Major criminological theories: Concepts and measurements , Belmont : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Chesney‐Lind , M. 1989 . Girls' crime and woman's place: Toward a feminist model of female delinquency . Crime and Delinquency , 35 : 5 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , R. , Anderson , N. B. , Clark , V. R. and Williams , D. R. 1999 . Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model . American Psychologist , 54 : 805 – 816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloward , R. A. and Ohlin , L. E. 1960 . Delinquency and opportunity: A theory of delinquent gangs , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohn , E. G. and Farrington , D. P. 2007 . Changes in scholarly influence in major American criminology and criminal justice journals between 1986 and 2000 . Journal of Criminal Justice Education , 18 : 6 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohn , E. G. , Farrington , D. P. and Wright , R. A. 1998 . Evaluating criminology and criminal justice , Westport, CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , S. 1975 . “ The growth of scientific knowledge: Theories of deviance as a case study ” . In The idea of social structure: Papers in honor of Robert K. Merton , Edited by: Coser , L. A. 175 – 220 . New York : Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich .
   Google Scholar
• Cose , E. 1993 . The rage of the privileged class , New York : Harper Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Costello , B. J. and Vowell , P. R. 1999 . Testing control theory and differential association: A reanalysis of the Richmond Youth Project data . Criminology , 37 : 815 – 842 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen , F. T. 2005 . The twelve people who saved rehabilitation: How the science of criminology made a difference—The American Society of Criminology 2004 presidential address . Criminology , 43 : 1 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Bois , W. E. B. 1973 [1899] . The Philadelphia Negro , Millwood, NY : Kraus‐Thomson Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Feagin , J. R. 2000 . Racist America: Roots, cultural realities, and future reparations , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Feagin , J. R. and McKinney , K. D. 2003 . The many costs of racism , Lanham, MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Feagin , J. R. and O'Brien , E. 2003 . White men on race: Power, privilege, and the shaping of cultural consciousness , Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feagin , J. R. and Sikes , M. P. 1994 . Living with racism: The black middle‐class experience , Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Felson , R. B. , Deane , G. and Armstrong , D. P. 2008 . Do theories of crime or violence explain race differences in delinquency? . Social Science Research , 37 : 624 – 641 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finestone , H. 1976 . “ The delinquent and society: The Shaw and McKay tradition ” . In Delinquency, crime, and society , Edited by: Short , J. F. Jr. 23 – 49 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Froggio , G. and Agnew , R. 2007 . The relationship between crime and “objective” versus “subjective” strains . Journal of Criminal Justice , 35 : 81 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbidon , S. 2007 . Criminological perspectives on race and crime , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons , F. X. , Gerrard , M. , Cleveland , M. J. , Wills , T. A. and Brody , G. 2004 . Perceived discrimination and substance use in African American parents and their children: A panel study . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 86 : 517 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson , M. R. 2006 . “ The empirical status of control theory in criminology ” . In Taking stock: The status of criminological theory—Advances in criminological theory , Edited by: Cullen , F. T. , Wright , J. P. and Blevins , K. R. Vol. 15 , 77 – 100 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson , M. R. and Hirschi , T. 1990 . A general theory of crime , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , S. J. 1981 . The mismeasure of man , New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Gouldner , A. W. 1970 . The coming crisis of western sociology , New York : Avon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , H. T. and Gabbidon , S. 2000 . African American criminological thought , Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hacker , A. 1995 . Two nations: Black and white, separate, hostile, unequal , New York : Charles Scribner's Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hagan , J. and Albonetti , C. 1982 . Race, class, and the perception of criminal injustice in America . American Journal of Sociology , 88 : 329 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan , J. , Shedd , C. and Payne , M. R. 2005 . Race, ethnicity, and youth perceptions of criminal injustice . American Sociological Review , 70 : 381 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , M. L. , Cullen , F. T. , Cao , L. , Browning , S. L. and Kopache , R. 1997 . The impact of race on perceptions of criminal injustice . Journal of Criminal Justice , 25 : 447 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschi , T. 1969 . Causes of delinquency , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschi , T. 1989 . “ Exploring alternatives to integrated theory ” . In Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems and prospects , Edited by: Messner , S. F. , Krohn , M. D. and Liska , A. E. 37 – 49 . Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , D. and Chen , L. 1997 . When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race‐related socialization among African American families . Applied Development Science , 1 : 200 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , D. and Johnson , D. 2001 . Correlates in children's experiences of parents' racial socialization behaviors . Journal of Marriage and Family , 63 : 981 – 990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. 2008 . Racial prejudice, perceived injustice, and the black‐white gap in punitive attitudes . Journal of Criminal Justice , 36 : 198 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempf , K. L. 1993 . “ The empirical status of Hirschi's control theory ” . In New directions in criminological theory: Advances in criminological theory , Edited by: Adler , F. and Laufer , W. S. Vol. 4 , 143 – 185 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , R. 1997 . Race, crime, and the law , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Kinder , D. R. and Sanders , L. M. 1996 . Divided by color: Racial politics and democratic ideals , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kluegel , J. R. and Smith , E. R. 1986 . Beliefs about inequality: Americans' views of what is and what ought to be , New York : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Kornhauser , R. R. 1978 . Social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kubrin , C. E. , Stucky , T. D. and Krohn , M. D. 2009 . Researching theories of crime and deviance , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , T. S. 1962 . The structure of scientific revolutions , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lakatos , I. and Musgrave , A. , eds. 1970 . Criticism and the growth of knowledge , London : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Laub , J. H. 2002 . “ Introduction: The life and work of Travis Hirschi ” . In The craft of criminology: Selected papers , Edited by: Laub , J. H. vii – xlix . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Laub , J. H. 2004 . The life course of criminology in the United States: The American Society of Criminology 2003 presidential address . Criminology , 42 : 1 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laub , J. H. and Sampson , R. J. 2003 . Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70 , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lilly , J. R. , Cullen , F. T. and Ball , R. A. 2006 . Criminological theory: Context and consequences , (4th ed.) , Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Little , R. J. A. 1988 . A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 83 : 1198 – 1202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsueda , R. L. 1982 . Testing control theory and differential association: A causal modeling approach . American Sociological Review , 47 : 489 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsueda , R. L. and Heimer , K. 1987 . Race, family structure, and delinquency: A test of differential association and control theories . American Sociological Review , 52 : 826 – 840 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauer , M. 1999 . Race to incarcerate , New York : New Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCall , N. 1994 . Makes me wanna holler: A young black man in America , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• McCord , J. and Ensminger , M. E. 2003 . “ Racial discrimination and violence: A longitudinal perspective ” . In Violent crime: Assessing race and ethnic differences , Edited by: Hawkins , D. F. 319 – 330 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McHale , S. M. , Crouter , A. C. , Kim , J.‐Y. , Burton , L. M. , Davis , K. D. Dotterer , A. M. 2006 . Mothers' and fathers' racial socialization in African American families: Implications for youth . Child Development , 77 : 1387 – 1402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton , R. K. 1972 . Insiders and outsiders: A chapter in the sociology of knowledge . American Journal of Sociology , 78 : 9 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. G. 1996 . Search and destroy: African‐American males in the criminal justice system , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , J. and Mullins , C. W. 2006 . “ The status of feminist theories in criminology ” . In Taking stock: The status of criminological theory—Advances in criminological theory , Edited by: Cullen , F. T. , Wright , J. P. and Blevins , K. R. Vol. 15 , 217 – 249 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , O. 2005 . A meta‐analysis of race and sentencing research: Explaining the inconsistencies . Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 21 : 439 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshinsky , D. M. 1996 . “Worse than slavery”: Parchman Farm and the ordeal of Jim Crow justice , New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Piquero , A. R. and Brame , R. 2008 . Assessing the race‐crime and ethnicity‐crime relationship in a sample of serious adolescent delinquents . Crime and Delinquency , 54 : 390 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt , T. C. and Cullen , F. T. 2000 . The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime: A meta‐analysis . Criminology , 38 : 931 – 964 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt , T. C. and Cullen , F. T. 2005 . “ Assessing macro‐level predictors and theories of crime: A meta‐analysis ” . In Crime and justice: A review of research , Edited by: Tonry , M. Vol. 32 , 373 – 450 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Quintana , S. M. , Chao , R. K. , Cross , W. E. Jr. , Hughes , D. , Nelson‐Le Gall , S. Aboud , F. E. 2006 . Race, ethnicity, and culture in child development: Contemporary research and future directions . Child Development , 77 : 1129 – 1141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. and Laub , J. H. 1993 . Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schuman , H. , Steeh , C. , Bobo , L. and Krysan , M. 1997 . Racial attitudes in America: Trends and interpretations , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sears , D. O. and Henry , P. J. 2003 . The origins of symbolic racism . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 259 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons , R. L. , Chen , Y.‐F. , Stewart , E. A. and Brody , G. H. 2003 . Incidents of discrimination and risk for delinquency: A longitudinal test of strain theory with an African American sample . Justice Quarterly , 20 : 27 – 854 .
   Google Scholar
• Simons , R. L. , Simons , L. G. , Burt , C. H. , Drummund , H. , Stewart , E. Brody , G. H. 2006 . Supportive parenting moderates the effect of discrimination upon anger, hostile view of relationships, and violence among African American boys . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 47 : 373 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniderman , P. M. and Piazza , T. 1993 . The scar of race , Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , E. A. , Schreck , C. J. and Simons , R. L. 2006a . “I ain't gonna let no one disrespect me”: Does the code of the street reduce or increase violent victimization among African American adolescents? . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 43 : 427 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , E. A. , Schreck , C. J. and Simons , R. L. 2006b . Structure and culture in African American adolescent violence: A partial test of the “code of the streets” thesis . Justice Quarterly , 23 : 1 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , C. 2001 . The relationship between social and self‐control: Tracing Hirschi's criminological career . Theoretical Criminology , 3 : 369 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . 2007 . Survey Snapshot: Views and Experiences of young black men: Findings from the Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University African American Men Survey Retrieved January 8, 2008, from http://www.kff.org/kaiserpolls/upload/7535.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , M. C. , Chatters , L. M. , Taylor , R. J. and Allen , W. R. 1990 . Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by black parents . Child Development , 61 : 401 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonry , M. 1995 . Malign neglect: Race, crime, and punishment in America , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tuch , S. A. , Sigelman , L. and Martin , J. K. 1997 . “ Fifty years after Myrdal: Blacks' racial policy attitudes in the 1990s ” . In Racial attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and change , Edited by: Tuch , S. A. and Martin , J. K. 226 – 237 . Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Unnever , J. D. 2008 . Two worlds far apart: Black‐white differences in beliefs about why African American men are disproportionately imprisoned . Criminology , 85 : 511 – 538 .
   Google Scholar
• Unnever , J. D. and Cullen , F. T. 2007 . The racial divide in support for the death penalty: Does white racism matter? . Social Forces , 85 : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant , L. 2001 . Deadly symbiosis: When ghetto and prison meet and mesh . Punishment and Society , 3 : 95 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. , Neighbors , H. W. and Jackson , J. S. 2003 . Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies . American Journal of Public Health , 93 : 200 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , W. J. 1987 . The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar